INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AND POWER

Lecture 1

ERT 244 / 4ENERGY AND POWER IN

BIOSYSTEMS

NOOR SHAZLIANA AIZEE BT ABIDIN

EVALUATION CONTRIBUTION

Final examination: 50%Course work: 50%

Test 1: 10%Test 2: 10% Lab report: 20%Design project / Assignment: 10%

TEXTBOOKGREEN ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY

AYHAN DEMIRBAS, SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON Ltd, 2009READ EACH CHAPTER BEFORE THE

LECTURE/DISCUSSION PERIOD

REFFERENCE BOOKBIOFUELS ENGINEERING PROCESS

TECHNOLOGYCAYE M. DRAPCHO, NGHIEM PHU NHUAN, TERRY H.

WALKER, THE MCGRAW HILL Co, 2008

IDEALLY, A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SOURCE IS ONE THAT IS NOT SUBSTANTIALLY DEPLETED BY CONTINUED USE, DOES NOT ENTAIL SIGNIFICANT POLLUTANT EMISSIONS OR OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, AND DOES NOT INVOLVE THE PERPETUATION OF SUBSTANTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS OR SOCIAL INJUSTICIES.

Energy sources classification

Fossile - mineral fuels – hydrocarbons - petroleum, coal, bitumens, natural gas, oil shales, and tar sands (nonrenewable)

Renewable - biomass, hydro, wind, solar (both thermal and photovoltaic), geothermal, and marine energy sources

Nuclear (Fissile) - uranium and thorium

WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2002

32%

21%6%6%

22%

11%2%

OIL

NATURAL GAS

NUCLEAR

LARGE HYDRO

COAL

BIOMASS

RENEWABLES

Fossil FuelsPetroleum - broad range of hydrocarbons

found as gases, liquids, or solids.Color ranges from pale yellow – red – brown -

black or greenish, while by reflected light - green hue.

Formed - remains of tiny sea plants and animals that died millions of years ago, and sank to the bottom of the oceans. This organic mixture was subjected to enormous hydraulic pressure and geothermal heat. Over time, the mixture changed, breaking down into compounds made of hydrocarbons by reduction reactions. This resulted in the formation of oil-saturated rocks. The oil rises and is trapped under non-porous rocks that are sealed with salt or clay layers.

Properties of petroleum and crude oil refiningCrude oil - complex mixture of 50%-95% hc

by weightDistillation –

Natural gasPetroleum etherLigroin (light naphtha)GasolineJet fuelKeroseneNo. 2 diesel fuelFuel oilsLubricating oilsAsphalt or petroleum coke

An important non-fuel use of petroleum is to produce chemical raw materials. The two main classes of petrochemical raw materials are olefins (including ethylene and propylene) and aromatics (including benzene and xylene isomers)

Oil shale is a sedimentary rock that contains the solid hydrocarbon wax kerogen in tightly packed limy mud and clay.

Tar sands are oil traps not deep enough in the Earth to allow for geological conversion into the conventional oil.

OPEC is the Organization of Oil Exporting Countries and its current members are Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador and Gabon. OPEC members try to set production levels for petroleum to maximize their revenue. According to supply/demand economics, the less oil they produce, the higher the price of oil on the world market, and the more oil they produce, the lower the price.

Petroleum is the most important energy source, as 35% of the world’s primary energy needs is met by crude oil, 25% by coal, and 21% by natural gas

The transport sector (i.e., automobiles, ships, and aircrafts) relies to well over 90% on crude oil. In fact, the economy and lifestyle of industrialized nations relies heavily upon a sufficient supply of crude oil at low cost.

1973 and 2005 fuel shares of total primary energy supply (TPES) (excludes electricity and heat trade)

Global oil production scenarios based on today’s productionSource: Demirbas, 2008

Natural gas (NG) - Natural gas is a mixture of lightweight alkanes. Natural gas contains methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane and isobutane (C4H10),

and pentanes (C5H12). Natural gas -consist mainly of the lower

paraffins, with varying quantities of CO2, CO, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, in some cases also hydrogen sulfur and possibly ammonia

Cleaner fuel than oil or coal and not as controversial as nuclear power

Production and consumption trends of natural gas in the world

Coal - Coal can be defined as a sedimentary rock that burns. It was formed by the decomposition of plant matter, and it is a complex substance that can be found in many forms.

Divided into four classes:AnthraciteBituminousSubbituminousLignite

FOSSIL FUELS AND CLIMATE CHANGEPROBLEM – CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSED

BY EMISSION OF GREENHOUSE GASES FROM FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION

GREENHOUSE GASES – WATER VAPOR, CARBON DIOXIDE, METHANE

ATMOSPHERE KEEPS EARTH TEMPERATURE AT 15 OC – OTHERWISE TEMP WOULD BE – 18 OC

WHAT ABOUT POPULATION GROWTH

CLIMATE CHANGEANTHROPOGENIC (HUMAN-INDUCED)

EMISSIONS CAUSED A 0.6 oC INCREASE IN GLOBAL MEAN SURFACE TEMPERATURE.

RENEWABLE ENERGYDEFINITIONS: Types of energy that are readily renewed.

Renewable energy sources (RES) – can be readily renewed in a short time period.

RES - alternative sources of energy that use domestic resource and have the potential to provide energy service with zero or almost zero emission of both air pollutants and greenhouse gases.

Examples RES – BiomassHydro powerSolarWindGeothermalWaveTidalBiogasOcean thermal energy

Derived from – Natural, mechanical, thermal and growth processes that repeat themselves within our lifetime and may be relied upon to produce predictable quantities of energy when required.

Main renewable energy sources and their usage forms

Energy source

Energy conversion and usage options

Hydropower Power generation

Modern biomass

Heat and power generation, pyrolysis, gasification, digestion

Geothermal Urban heating, power generation, hydrothermal, hot dry rock

Solar Solar home system, solar dryers, solar cookers

Direct solar Photovoltaic, thermal power generation, water heaters

Wind Power generation, wind generators, windmills, water pumps

Wave Numerous designs

Tidal Barrage, tidal stream

Non-combustible Renewable Energy SourcesHydro, geothermal, wind, solar, wave, tidal,

and ocean thermal energy sourcesThe potential of sustainable small hydro

(<10 MW) power, Photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind energy, Geothermal and solar thermal sources will be more significant as energy sources in future. PV will then be the largest renewable electricity source with a production of 25.1% of global power generation in 2040.

Other non-combustible RES

Wave energyTidal energyOcean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)

RENEWABLES

2.31%

30.11%

57.21%

9.53%

0.06%

0.21%

0.57%0.84%

Geothermal

Hydro

Traditional Biomass

New Biomass

Tidal

Solar

Wind

Biorenewable Energy Sources

BiomassBioalcoholsBio-oilBiodieselBiogasBiohydrogen