Introduction to EN 1991 (Eurocode 1: Actions on structures)

Moscow, 9-10 December 2010 – Workshop on Eurocodes

N. MalakatasChairman

CEN/TC250/SC1

Introduction to EN 1991(Eurocode 1: Actions on structures)

Dr-Ing. Nikolaos E. MalakatasDirector of Design and Studies of Road Projects

Ministry of Infrastructures, Transports and Networks - GREECE

Chairman of CEN/TC250/SC1



CEN/TC250/SC1LINKS BETWEEN THE EUROCODES

EN 1990

EN 1991

EN 1992 EN 1993 EN 1994EN 1995 EN 1996 EN 1999

EN 1998EN 1997

Actions on structures

Design and detailing

Geotechnical and Seismic design

Structural safety, serviceability and durability



CEN/TC250/SC1

Past and future of the EN 1991 (and the other Eurocodes)

Time Period Phase CEN/TC250 Chairman

CEN/TC250/SC1 Chairman

1980 ’sTechnical

preparation under EC Steering Committee

1990 – 1998/2000

ENV (under CEN)Dr Breitschaft

(until 1993)Dr Lazenby

Dr Menzies

1998/2000 – 2007

EN (under CEN)Prof.

BossenmeyerProf.

Gulvanessian

2008 - ?

Implementation Maintenance Harmonization Dissemination Further development

Prof. Calgaro Dr Malakatas



CEN/TC250/SC1Parts and implementation of EN 1991

Part of Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures Title (Subject) Issued

EN 1991-1-1 General actions – Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings

April 2002

EN 1991-1-2 General actions – Actions on structures exposed to fire

November 2002

EN 1991-1-3 General actions – Snow loads July 2003

EN 1991-1-4 General actions – Wind actions April 2005

EN 1991-1-5 General actions – Thermal actions November 2003

EN 1991-1-6 General actions – Actions during execution

June 2005

EN 1991-1-7 General actions – Accidental actions July 2006

EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges September 2003

EN 1991-3 Actions induced by cranes and machinery

July 2006

EN 1991-4 Silos and tanks May 2006



CEN/TC250/SC1

Partitioning of the NDPs among the Eurocodes



CEN/TC250/SC1Types of NDPs in the Eurocodes

Type 1: Value (s) of (a) parameter (s).Type 2: Reference to some set of values – table (s).

Type 3: Acceptance of the recommended procedure, choice of calculation approach, when alternatives are given, or introduction of a new procedure.

Type 4: Country specific data (geographical, climatic, etc.). Type 5: Optional National chart (s) or table (s) of a parameter.

Type 6: Diagram (s).Type 7: References to non-contradictory complementary information to assist the user to apply the Eurocodes.

Type 8: Decisions on the application of informative annexes. Type 9: Provision of further, more detailed information.

Type 10: Reference to information

400

163

501

115 23

247

104

2918

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Type 6 Type 7 Type 8 Type 9 Type 10



CEN/TC250/SC1

EN 1991-1-1: Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings

Forward Section 1 – General Section 2 – Classification of actions Section 3 – Design situations Section 4 – Densities of construction and stored materials Section 5 – Self-weight of construction works Section 6 – Imposed loads on buildings Annex A (informative) – Tables for nominal density of construction

materials, and nominal density and angles of repose for stored materials.

Annex B (informative) – Vehicle barriers and parapets for car parks



CEN/TC250/SC1

EN 1991-1-2: Actions on structures exposed to fire

Forward Section 1 – General Section 2 – Structural Fire design procedure Section 3 – Thermal actions for temperature analysis Section 4 – Mechanical actions for temperature analysis Annex A (informative) – Parametric temperature-time curves Annex B (informative) – Thermal actions for external members –

Simplified calculation method Annex C (informative) – Localised fires Annex D (informative) – Advanced fire models Annex E (informative) – Fire load densities Annex F (informative) – Equivalent time of fire exposure Annex G (informative) – Configuration factor



CEN/TC250/SC1

EN 1991-1-2: Actions on structures exposed to fire ( cont.)



CEN/TC250/SC1EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads

Forward Section 1 – General Section 2 – Classification of actions Section 3 – Design situations Section 4 – Snow load on the ground Section 5 – Snow load on roofs Section 6 – Local effects



CEN/TC250/SC1EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads (cont.)

Annex A (normative) – Design situations and load arrangements to be used for different locations

Annex B (normative) – Snow load shape coefficients for exceptional snow drifts

Annex C (informative) – European Ground Snow Load Maps

Annex D (informative) – Adjustment of the ground snow load according to the return period

Annex E (informative) – Bulk weight density of snow



CEN/TC250/SC1EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads (cont.)



CEN/TC250/SC1EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions

Forward Section 1 – General Section 2 – Design situations Section 3 – Modelling of wind actions Section 4 – Wind velocity and velocity pressure Section 5 – Wind actions Section 6 – Structural factor cs cd

Section 7 – Pressure and force coefficients Section 8 – Wind actions on bridges



CEN/TC250/SC1EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions (cont.)

Annex A (informative) – Terrain effects Annex B (informative) – Procedure 1 for determining the

structural factor cs cd

Annex C (informative) – Procedure 2 for determining the structural factor cs cd

Annex D (informative) – cs cd values for different types of structures

Annex E (informative) – Vortex shedding and aeroelastic instabilities

Annex F (informative) – Dynamic characteristics of structures



CEN/TC250/SC1EN 1991-1-5: Thermal actions

Forward Section 1 – General Section 2 – Classification of actions Section 3 – Design situations Section 4 – Representation of actions Section 5 – Temperature changes in buildings Section 6 – Temperature changes in bridges Section 7 – Temperature changes in industrial chimneys,

pipelines, silos, tanks and cooling towers



CEN/TC250/SC1EN 1991-1-5: Thermal actions (cont.)

Annex A (normative) – Isotherms of national minimum and maximum shade air temperatures.

Annex B (normative) – Temperature differences for various surfacing depths

Annex C (informative) – Coefficients of linear expansion Annex D (informative) – Temperature profiles in

buildings and other construction works



CEN/TC250/SC1EN 1991-1-6: Actions during execution

Forward Section 1 – General Section 2 – Classification of actions Section 3 – Design situations and limit states Section 4 – Representation of actions Annex A1 (normative) – Supplementary rules for

buildings Annex A2 (normative) – Supplementary rules for bridges Annex B (informative) – Actions on structures during

alteration, reconstruction or demolition



CEN/TC250/SC1EN 1991-1-7: Accidental actions

Forward Section 1 – General Section 2 – Classification of actions Section 3 – Design situations Section 4 – Impact Section 5 – Internal explosions Annex A (informative) – Design for consequences of localised

failure in buildings from an unspecified cause Annex B (informative) – Information on risk assessment Annex C (informative) – Dynamic design for impact Annex D (informative) – Internal explosions

- D.1 : Dust explosions in rooms, vessels and bunkers- D.2 : Natural gas explosions- D.3 : Explosions in road and rail tunnels



CEN/TC250/SC1EN 1991-1-7: Accidental actions



CEN/TC250/SC1EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges

Forward Section 1 – General Section 2 – Classification of actions Section 3 – Design situations Section 4 – Road traffic actions and other actions

specifically for road bridges Section 5 – Actions on footways, cycle tracks and

footbridges Section 6 – Traffic actions and other actions specifically for

railway bridges



CEN/TC250/SC1

EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges (cont.)

Annex A (informative) – Models of special vehicles for road bridges

Annex B (informative) – Fatigue life assessment for road bridges assessment method based on recorded traffic

Annex C (normative) – Dynamic factors 1 + φ for real trains Annex D (normative) – Basis for the fatigue assessment of railway

structures Annex E (informative) – Limits of validity of load model HSLM and

the selection of the critical universal train from HSLM-A Annex F (informative) – Criteria to be satisfied if a dynamic

analysis is not required Annex G (informative) – Method for determining the combined

response of a structure and track to variable actions Annex F (informative) – Load models for rail traffic loads in

transient design situations



CEN/TC250/SC1

EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges (cont.)



CEN/TC250/SC1

EN 1991-3: Actions induced by cranes and machinery

Forward Section 1 – General Section 2 – Actions induced by hoists and cranes on

runway beams Section 3 – Actions induced by machinery Annex A (normative) – Basis of design - Supplementary

clauses to EN 1990 for runway beams loaded by cranes Annex B (informative) – Guidance for crane

classification for fatigue



CEN/TC250/SC1EN 1991-4: Silos and tanks

Forward Section 1 – General Section 2 – Representation an classification of actions Section 3 – Design situations Section 4 – Properties of particulate solids Section 5 – Loads on the vertical walls of silos Section 6 – Loads on silo hoppers and silo bottoms Section 7 – Loads on tanks from liquids



CEN/TC250/SC1EN 1991-4: Silos and tanks (cont.)

Annex A (normative) – Basis of design – Supplementary paragraphs to EN 1990 for silos and tanks

Annex B (normative) – Partial factors and combinations of actions on tanks

Annex C (informative) – Measurements of properties of solids for silo load evaluation

Annex D (informative) – Evaluation of properties of solids for silo load evaluation

Annex E (informative) – Values of the properties of particulate solids

Annex F (informative) – Flow pattern determination Annex G (informative) – Alternative rules for pressures in hoppers Annex H (informative) – Actions due to dust explosions



CEN/TC250/SC1EN 1991-4: Silos and tanks (cont.)



CEN/TC250/SC1

Background Documents and other supporting material

Almost all Eurocodes represent the state-of-the-art in the respective scientific and technical field at the time of their drafting

The scientific and technical basis of EN 1991 included mainly :

- the systematic review of the existing relevant national codes and practices

- consideration of relevant international standards (e.g. ISO Standards) or codes (e.g. JCSS Model Codes)

- recent (prenormative) research results (e.g. European Snow Map)

- calibration of load models based on probabilistic approaches and appropriate measurements (e.g. traffic loads for road bridges)



CEN/TC250/SC1

Background Documents and other supporting material (cont.)

- Well-established relevant international literature Strictly speaking, as Background Documents (BD) are considered

all of the aforementioned material that has been taken into account by the relevant Project Team, during the drafting of the Eurocodes.

All other relevant material, including literature, workshops and seminars, handbooks, guides and books or articles, are considered to be additional information and supporting material. A typical example are the 5 handbooks prepared in the framework of a Leonardo Da Vinci European Project (Handbook 3 is very closely linked to EN 1991, since it is dedicated to “Action Effects on Buildings”, and Handbook 4 is dedicated to the “Design of Bridges”). This material is accessible on the Eurocodes website.



CEN/TC250/SC1

Background Documents and other supporting material (cont.)

The uploading of the Background Documents (BD) for EN 1991 is under way by the Secretary of EN/TC250/SC1. Until recently BD have been uploaded for the following Parts of EN 1991 :- EN 1991-1-1- EN 1991-1-2- EN 1991-1-3- EN 1991-1-6- EN 1991-1-7and Handbooks 1 to 5

Additional information can also be found in the relevant websites, e.g. http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu, and other links (e.g. NSO et al.)



CEN/TC250/SC1Present and Future of the EN 1991

On national level : Full implementation. Several countries have already issued their national standard EN 1991, but uploading of the NDPs in the ad-hoc data base of JRC Ispra goes is still in progress

Some prospects for the future :

- Establishing additional load models for new railway loads

- Including eventually the ISO Standards on “Waves and Currents” and on “Atmospheric Icing”

- Extending the Eurocodes to include structural glass, FRP, membrane structures

(- Extending the snow map and other climatic data to cover the new EU Member States)



CEN/TC250/SC1

THANK YOU FOR THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTIONYOUR ATTENTION

Introduction to EN 1991 (Eurocode 1: Actions on structures)

Documents

Transcript of Introduction to EN 1991 (Eurocode 1: Actions on structures)