Introduction to Computing Dr. Nadeem A Khan. Lecture 5.
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Transcript of Introduction to Computing Dr. Nadeem A Khan. Lecture 5.
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Introduction to Introduction to ComputingComputing
Dr. Nadeem A KhanDr. Nadeem A Khan
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Lecture 5Lecture 5
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On the web site On the web site http://suraj.lums.edu.pk/~cs101a0http://suraj.lums.edu.pk/~cs101a0
4/4/
Assignment 2 has been Assignment 2 has been posted. posted.
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Chapter 3Chapter 3
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Program PlanningProgram Planning
1.1. AnalyzeAnalyze
2.2. DesignDesign
3.3. Choose the Choose the InterfaceInterface
4.4. CodeCode
5.5. Test and DebugTest and Debug
6.6. Complete the Complete the DocumentationDocumentation
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The Problem-Solving Process The Problem-Solving Process
Input
Processing
Output
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Program Design ToolsProgram Design Tools
►Pseudo-codePseudo-code
►Flow ChartsFlow Charts
►Hierarchy Hierarchy ChartsCharts
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Postage stamp problem:Postage stamp problem:
How many stamps to put on a How many stamps to put on a envelop given one stamp is envelop given one stamp is needed for every five sheets of needed for every five sheets of paper or a fraction thereofpaper or a fraction thereof
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PseudocodePseudocode
►Abbreviated version of actual Abbreviated version of actual computer code in English-like computer code in English-like statementsstatements
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Pseudo code: Postage Stamp Pseudo code: Postage Stamp ProblemProblem
►Program – Determine the number of Program – Determine the number of stamps for a letterstamps for a letter
Read SheetsRead Sheets
Set the number of stamps to sheets / 5Set the number of stamps to sheets / 5
Round the number of stamps Round the number of stamps
Display the number of stamps Display the number of stamps
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FlowchartsFlowcharts
►Special geometric symbols Special geometric symbols connected by arrows connected by arrows
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Postage Postage stamp stamp
problemproblem
Start
Read sheets
Set stamps = sheets/ 5
Display stamps
Round stamps up to next
whole number
End
input
processing
output
processing
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Elements of FlowchartsElements of Flowcharts
Symbol Name
Flowline
Terminal
Input/Output
Processing
Decision
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Continued…Continued…
Symbol Name
Connector
Off page Connector
Predefined process
Annotation
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Hierarchy chartHierarchy chart
►Shows overall program structureShows overall program structure
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Hierarchy Charts: Postage Hierarchy Charts: Postage Stamp ProblemStamp Problem
Postage Stamp
Problem
Read
Sheets
Calculate
stamps
Display
stamps
Set stamps = sheets/5
Round stamps to next whole
number
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Another problem:Another problem:
Given a street number of one-way Given a street number of one-way street in New York, decide the street in New York, decide the direction of the street, either direction of the street, either eastbound or westboundeastbound or westbound
Note: Note: Even numbered street: EastboundEven numbered street: EastboundOdd numbered street: WestboundOdd numbered street: Westbound
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DecisionsDecisions
►Sequence StructureSequence Structure – a sequence – a sequence followed without skipping any line.followed without skipping any line.
►Decision StructureDecision Structure – a structure – a structure which requires a decision for any lines which requires a decision for any lines of code to be executed.of code to be executed.
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Decision Structure: Decision Structure: PseudocodePseudocode
IF condition is TRUE THENIF condition is TRUE THENProcess step(s) 1Process step(s) 1
ELSEELSE Process step(s) 2Process step(s) 2
END IFEND IF
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Decision Decision Structure:Structure:FlowchartFlowchart Process
Step (s) 2
Is Condition True
Process Step (s)
1
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Decision Structure: Decision Structure: PseudocodePseudocode
What in case of multiple What in case of multiple conditions?conditions?
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Decision Structure: Decision Structure: PseudocodePseudocode
IF condition 1 is TRUE THENIF condition 1 is TRUE THENProcess step(s) 1Process step(s) 1
ELSE IF condition 2 is TRUE ELSE IF condition 2 is TRUE THENTHEN Process step(s) 2Process step(s) 2
ELSEELSEProcess step(s) 3Process step(s) 3
END IFEND IF
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Pseudo-Code: Street Direction Pseudo-Code: Street Direction ProblemProblem
Get Street
IF Street is EVEN
Display Eastbound
ELSE
Display Westbound
END IF
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Flow Flow Chart: Chart: Street Street DirectioDirectionnProblem Problem
End
Start
Get Street
Is street even?
Display Westbound
Display Eastbound
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Hierarchy Chart: Street Hierarchy Chart: Street Direction ProblemDirection Problem
Street Directio
n Program
Get Street
Number
Decide whether street
number is odd or even
Display direction
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Still Another ProblemStill Another Problem
► CCalculate and report the grade-point alculate and report the grade-point average of a class.average of a class.
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The Loop StructureThe Loop Structure
► A programming structure that A programming structure that executes instructions many times.executes instructions many times.
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Flow chart: Flow chart: loop structureloop structure No
Process Step(s)
Is condition true ?
Yes
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Pseudo code: loop structurePseudo code: loop structure
► DO WHILEDO WHILE condition is TRUE condition is TRUE
Process Step(s)Process Step(s)
LOOPLOOP
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Draw the Flowchart for the class Draw the Flowchart for the class average problemaverage problem
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Pseudo code: Class Average Pseudo code: Class Average ProblemProblem
INITIALIZE Counter and Sum to 0
DO WHILE there are more data
Get the next Grade
Add the Grade to the Sum
Increment the Counter
LOOP
Compute Average = Sum/Counter
Display Average
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Hierarchy Chart: Class Average Hierarchy Chart: Class Average ProblemProblem
Class average program
Get grade
Compute sum
Display average
Calculate
average
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Chapter 4Chapter 4
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► Already known:Already known:
StringString
SingleSingle
IntegerInteger
Data TypesData Types
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► StringsStrings
Storage:Storage: 10 bytes + string length10 bytes + string length
Range:Range: 0 to app. 2 billions chars. 0 to app. 2 billions chars.
Declaration:Declaration:
Dim strVarLen As String Dim strVarLen As String
((declares a string of a variable declares a string of a variable length)length)
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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► Fixed-Length StringsFixed-Length Strings
Storage:Storage: Length of stringLength of string
Range:Range: 1 to app. 65, 400 chars. 1 to app. 65, 400 chars.
Declaration:Declaration:
Dim strFixLen As String * 2Dim strFixLen As String * 2
(declares a string of a fix size of 2 (declares a string of a fix size of 2 chars.)chars.)
Data Types (Contd.)Data Types (Contd.)
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► Fixed-Length StringsFixed-Length StringsUsage: Usage:
ExampleExampleDim strText As String * 5Dim strText As String * 5
Let strText = “Hello” Let strText = “Hello” Picture1.Print strTextPicture1.Print strTextLet strText = “H” Let strText = “H” Picture1.Print strTextPicture1.Print strTextLet strText = “HelloWorld” Let strText = “HelloWorld” Picture1.Print strTextPicture1.Print strText
Data TypesData Types
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► Fixed-Length StringsFixed-Length StringsUsage: Usage:
Result:Result:HelloHello (Complete string) (Complete string)
H…. H…. (H followed 4 spaces)(H followed 4 spaces)
HelloHello (First 5 characters (First 5 characters only)only)
=> The length is fix=> The length is fix
Data TypesData Types
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► IntegersIntegers
Storage:Storage: 2 bytes2 bytes
Range:Range: -32,768 to 32,767 -32,768 to 32,767
Declaration:Declaration:
Dim intExample As IntegerDim intExample As Integer
(declares intExample as an Integer (declares intExample as an Integer variable)variable)
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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► IntegersIntegersUsage: Usage:
ExampleExampleDim count As IntegerDim count As IntegerLet count= 6 Let count= 6 Picture1.Print countPicture1.Print countLet count= count+1Let count= count+1Picture1.Print countPicture1.Print countLet count= 6/5 Let count= 6/5 Picture1.Print countPicture1.Print countLet count= 2.33333 * 2Let count= 2.33333 * 2Picture1.Print countPicture1.Print count
Data TypesData Types
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► IntegerIntegerUsage: Usage:
ResultResult667 7 1 1 (rounding to lower value)(rounding to lower value)55 (rounding to higher value)(rounding to higher value)
=> takes only whole number values=> takes only whole number values
Data TypesData Types
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► Long (Integer)Long (Integer)
Storage:Storage: 4 bytes4 bytes
Range:Range: -2,147,483,648 to -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 2,147,483,647
Declaration:Declaration:
Dim lngExample As LongDim lngExample As Long
(declares lntExample as a long variable)(declares lntExample as a long variable)
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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► Long (Integer)Long (Integer)
Usage:Usage: Same as Integer Type except the Same as Integer Type except the range isrange is
much largermuch larger
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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► ByteByte
Storage:Storage: 1 byte1 byte
Range:Range: 0 to 255 0 to 255
Declaration:Declaration:
Dim bytExample As ByteDim bytExample As Byte
(declares bytExample as a Byte type (declares bytExample as a Byte type variable)variable)
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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►ByteByte
Usage:Usage: Same as Integer Type except the Same as Integer Type except the range isrange is
positive and much smallerpositive and much smaller
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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► BooleanBoolean
Storage:Storage: 2 bytes2 bytes
Range:Range: TRUE(1) or FALSE(0) TRUE(1) or FALSE(0)
Declaration:Declaration:
Dim blnState As BooleanDim blnState As Boolean
(declares a Boolean type variable (declares a Boolean type variable blnState)blnState)
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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► BooleanBooleanUsage: Usage:
ExampleExampleDim blnExample As BooleanDim blnExample As BooleanLet blnExample= FALSE Let blnExample= FALSE Picture1.Print blnExamplePicture1.Print blnExampleLet blnExample= 1Let blnExample= 1Picture1.Print blnExamplePicture1.Print blnExampleLet blnExample= 6Let blnExample= 6Picture1.Print blnExamplePicture1.Print blnExample
Let blnExample= -8*7+5.2Let blnExample= -8*7+5.2Picture1.Print blnExamplePicture1.Print blnExample
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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► BooleanBooleanUsage: Usage:
ExampleExample FALSEFALSE
TRUETRUE
TRUETRUE
TRUETRUE
=>Values other than 0 are TRUE=>Values other than 0 are TRUE
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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► Single (Precision Floating-Point)Single (Precision Floating-Point)
Storage:Storage: 4 bytes4 bytes
Range:Range: -3.4…E38 to -1.4…E-45 -3.4…E38 to -1.4…E-45 (negative) (negative)
1.4…E-45 to 3.4…E38 (positive)1.4…E-45 to 3.4…E38 (positive)
Declaration:Declaration:
Dim sngAverage As SingleDim sngAverage As Single
(declares a Single type variable sngAverage)(declares a Single type variable sngAverage)
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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► Double (Precision Floating-Point)Double (Precision Floating-Point)
Storage:Storage: 8 bytes8 bytes
Range:Range: -1.7…E308 to -4.9…E-324 (negative) -1.7…E308 to -4.9…E-324 (negative)
4.9…E-324 to 1.7…E308 (positive)4.9…E-324 to 1.7…E308 (positive)
Declaration:Declaration:
Dim dblAverage As DoubleDim dblAverage As Double
(declares a Double type variable dblAverage)(declares a Double type variable dblAverage)
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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► DoubleDoubleUsage: Usage:
ExampleExampleDim sngValue As Single, dblValue As DoubleDim sngValue As Single, dblValue As Double
Let sngValue= 1/3 Let sngValue= 1/3
Picture1.Print sngValuePicture1.Print sngValue
Let dblValue= 1/3Let dblValue= 1/3
Picture1.Print dblValuePicture1.Print dblValue
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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► DoubleDoubleUsage: Usage:
ResultResult0.33333330.3333333 (Single precision)(Single precision)
0.333333333333333 (Double precision)0.333333333333333 (Double precision)
=> Value of 1/3 represented more => Value of 1/3 represented more accuratelyaccurately
by double than by single by double than by single
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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► DoubleDoubleUsage: Usage:
ExampleExampleDim sngValue As Single, dblValue As Dim sngValue As Single, dblValue As
DoubleDouble
Let sngValue= 1/3Let sngValue= 1/3
Let sngValue= sngValue * 100000 Let sngValue= sngValue * 100000
Picture1.Print sngValuePicture1.Print sngValue
Let dblValue= 1/3Let dblValue= 1/3
Let dblValue= dblValue * 100000 Let dblValue= dblValue * 100000
Picture1.Print dblValuePicture1.Print dblValue
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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► DoubleDoubleUsage: Usage:
ResultResult33333.3433333.34 (Single precision; rounding error)(Single precision; rounding error)
33333.3333333333 (Double precision)33333.3333333333 (Double precision)
=> - The decimal point is floating;=> - The decimal point is floating;
- Eventually both will be subjected to rounding errors- Eventually both will be subjected to rounding errors
value increases to large valuesvalue increases to large values
- Still Double will remain more precise than Single - Still Double will remain more precise than Single
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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► CurrencyCurrency
Storage:Storage: 8 bytes8 bytes
Range:Range: -922,337,203,685,477.5808 to -922,337,203,685,477.5808 to
922,337,203,685,477.5807 922,337,203,685,477.5807
Declaration:Declaration:
Dim curRevenue As CurrencyDim curRevenue As Currency
(declares a Currency type variable (declares a Currency type variable curRevenue)curRevenue)
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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► CurrencyCurrencyUsage: Usage:
ExampleExampleDim curValue As CurrencyDim curValue As Currency
Let curValue= 1/3Let curValue= 1/3
Picture1.Print curValuePicture1.Print curValue
Let curValue= 100*1/3 Let curValue= 100*1/3
Picture1.Print curValuePicture1.Print curValue
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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► CurrencyCurrencyUsage: Usage:
ResultResult0.33330.3333
33333.3333 33333.3333
=>=> - The decimal point is NOT floating;- The decimal point is NOT floating;
- Could be used for currency and scientific - Could be used for currency and scientific research research
- No rounding problems for high values- No rounding problems for high values
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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►Even more data types Even more data types Date Variable: for date and timeDate Variable: for date and time Object VariableObject Variable Variant VariableVariant Variable ………………..
Read the book for more info.Read the book for more info.
Data Types Data Types (Contd.)(Contd.)
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Local vs Form VariablesLocal vs Form Variables