Introduction to Computers & Management Information System Lesson 1.
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Transcript of Introduction to Computers & Management Information System Lesson 1.
Introduction to ComputersIntroduction to Computers & &
Management Information Management Information SystemSystem
Lesson 1Lesson 1
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Elements of Computer Systems 2/17
Topics to cover Topics to cover
Charecteristics of a ComputerCharecteristics of a Computer The Binary StoryThe Binary Story Computer System OrganisationComputer System Organisation Memory Memory History & classification of Computers History & classification of Computers
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Elements of Computer Systems 3/17
Charecteristics of a Charecteristics of a ComputerComputer
SpeedSpeed Process voluminous data at amazing Process voluminous data at amazing
speed speed StorageStorage
Important feature of Computing Important feature of Computing technology is storing the data technology is storing the data
AccuracyAccuracy Accurate alwaysAccurate always
VersatilityVersatility Can compute arithmetic, text & Logical Can compute arithmetic, text & Logical
operations too operations too
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Elements of Computer Systems 4/17
Charecteristics of a Charecteristics of a ComputerComputer
CompactnessCompactness From big Machines to palmtopFrom big Machines to palmtop
ReliabilityReliability More reliable than the human brainMore reliable than the human brain
RepititivenessRepititiveness Performs similar iterative task without Performs similar iterative task without
loosing speed or accuracyloosing speed or accuracy DiligenceDiligence
Does not loose concentration or get Does not loose concentration or get fatigued fatigued
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Elements of Computer Systems 5/17
The Binary StoryThe Binary Story
BITBIT BYTEBYTE WORDWORD
1 1 BIT1 1 BIT
2211 2 200
2 1 = 32 1 = 3
(3 )(3 )1010 (11) (11)22
Each symbol of 0 or 1 is known as a Each symbol of 0 or 1 is known as a BIT BIT
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Elements of Computer Systems 6/17
B I TB I T Binary Two-State-OperationBinary Two-State-Operation A number system using the base of A number system using the base of
22 Only 2 numeric symbols - 0 & 1Only 2 numeric symbols - 0 & 1 Conversion of Decimal to Binary & Conversion of Decimal to Binary &
Binary to decimal Binary to decimal
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Elements of Computer Systems 7/17
ConversionConversion
Decimal to BinaryDecimal to Binary 15 = 2 15 - 1 L S D15 = 2 15 - 1 L S D
= 2 7 - 1 = 2 7 - 1
= 2 3 - 1= 2 3 - 1
= 2 1 - 1 M S D = 2 1 - 1 M S D
= 1 1 1 1 = 1 1 1 1 Binary to Decimal Binary to Decimal
1 1 1 1 = 21 1 1 1 = 233 2 22 2 2 211 2 200
8 +4 + 2 + 1 = 158 +4 + 2 + 1 = 15
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Elements of Computer Systems 8/17
BYTEBYTE
The alphabets or numbers are The alphabets or numbers are represented with 8 bits or 16 bits represented with 8 bits or 16 bits or 32 bits and so on or 32 bits and so on
A group of BITs used to represent A group of BITs used to represent an alphabet or a numeral or a an alphabet or a numeral or a character is called a BYTEcharacter is called a BYTE Ex in an 8 bit machine 1 alphabet or Ex in an 8 bit machine 1 alphabet or
numeral is represented using 8 BITS numeral is represented using 8 BITS Here 1 BYTE = 8 BITS Here 1 BYTE = 8 BITS
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Elements of Computer Systems 9/17
WORDWORD
No. of bits needed by a computer No. of bits needed by a computer memory to store one unit of memory to store one unit of information is called a WORD.information is called a WORD.
1 byte = 8 bits1 byte = 8 bits
1 kilobyte(KB) = 1024 bytes1 kilobyte(KB) = 1024 bytes
1 Megabyte(MB) = 1024 KB1 Megabyte(MB) = 1024 KB
1 Gegabyte (GB) = 1024 MB 1 Gegabyte (GB) = 1024 MB
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Elements of Computer Systems 10/17
The C P U The C P U
Input
Store
Retrive
Output
Storage Device
Auxiliary & Backup Store
Display
Main Memory
Control Unit
Arithmetic & Logic Unit Output
Central Processing Unit
( C P U )
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Elements of Computer Systems 11/17
MemoryMemory ROM ROM
Masked ROMMasked ROM PROM - Programmable Read only PROM - Programmable Read only
Memory Memory EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read
only Memory only Memory UVEPROM - Ultra Violet Erasable UVEPROM - Ultra Violet Erasable
Programmable Read only Memory Programmable Read only Memory EEPROM - Electrically Erasable EEPROM - Electrically Erasable
Programmable Read only Memory Programmable Read only Memory
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Elements of Computer Systems 12/17
Main MemoryMain Memory
Main Memory
Control Unit
Arithmetic & Logic Unit
Random Access Memory ( R A M ) for Read & Write
Read Only Memory (R O M )
O/S Appln Prgm
Exec Prgm
BIOS
Supervisory Memory
User memory
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Elements of Computer Systems 13/17
R O MR O M
Control Unit
Arithmetic & Logic Unit
Main Memory
Random Access Memory ( R A M ) for Read & Write
(R O M )
O/S Appln Prgm
Exec Prgm
BIOS
Supervisory Memory
User memory
1. Masked ROM 2. P R O M 3. E P R O M 4. E E P R O M
D A T A
Random Access Memory
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Elements of Computer Systems 14/17
4 Type of R O M4 Type of R O M Masked R O M – Masked R O M –
A bit pattern is permanently recorded.A bit pattern is permanently recorded. Specialised Manufacturing Process.Specialised Manufacturing Process. Very ExpensiveVery Expensive
P R O M - Programmable Read Only MemoryP R O M - Programmable Read Only Memory Can be programmed by UserCan be programmed by User Using PROM Prgm can burn the fuses according to the Using PROM Prgm can burn the fuses according to the
bit pattern - “Burning the PROM”bit pattern - “Burning the PROM”
E P R O M – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.E P R O M – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. Info stored is Semi-Permanent.Info stored is Semi-Permanent. Can be erased by exposing the memory to Ultra Violet Can be erased by exposing the memory to Ultra Violet
Rays.Rays. Can be programmed again Can be programmed again Most commonly usedMost commonly used
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Elements of Computer Systems 15/17
E E P R O M – Electricity Erasable - E E P R O M – Electricity Erasable -
Programmable Read Only MemoryProgrammable Read Only Memory Similar to EPROMSimilar to EPROM Info can be altered using electrical signalsInfo can be altered using electrical signals Manufacturing process is quite complexManufacturing process is quite complex Not commonly UsedNot commonly Used Very ExpensiveVery Expensive
E A P R O M - Electricity Alterable - E A P R O M - Electricity Alterable -
Programmable Read Only MemoryProgrammable Read Only Memory
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Elements of Computer Systems 16/17
RAM - Random Access RAM - Random Access MemoryMemory
DRAM - Dynamic Random Access DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory ( uses capacitors)Memory ( uses capacitors)
Disadvantage - discharges slowly ie Disadvantage - discharges slowly ie memory requires refreshingmemory requires refreshing
SRAM - Static Random Access SRAM - Static Random Access MemoryMemory
uses Flip-Flop Registers uses Flip-Flop Registers Faster & Cheaper so widely Faster & Cheaper so widely
used used
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Elements of Computer Systems 17/17
Types of ComputerTypes of Computer
Analog
Digital
Hybrid
Analog - Solves Problem by operating on Analog - Solves Problem by operating on contineous Variables.contineous Variables.
Digital - performs arithmetic, logical & Digital - performs arithmetic, logical & comparative functions on info in digital formcomparative functions on info in digital form
Combines features of Analog & DigitalCombines features of Analog & Digital