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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

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Main topics

Computer Hardware and Software – 6 lectures Hardware Software

Networks – 6 lectures Basic and Infrastructure Data Communication Internet Cyber Crimes and Cyber Laws

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Main topics… Contd

Office productivity software – 13 lectures Word Processing – MS Word Spreadsheet – MS Excel Presentation Software – MS Powerpoint Personal Information Manager

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Hardware

Processors Memory Bus Types Ports Secondary Storage Solid State Storage Devices Printers Screens Input Devices

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Processor

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Types

Centrino Technology Intel Combination of main board, chipset, mobile CPU and wireless network interface

Athlon Technology X86-compatible microprocessors by AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)

K6 Technology AMD K5 Technology

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Types

Core 2 Duo Processor Intel Pentium Family

Cyrix Founded by Texas Instruments (TI)

Intel Processors

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Processor

CPU – Central processing unit Brain of computer

Accepts data from an input device, changes the data according to the instructions given by the user and send the results to an output device

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Memory

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Memory

Bit : smallest unit of data memory; “b”

Byte : 8 bits = 1 byte; “B”

Kilobyte : 1 Kilobyte = 1024 bytes; “KB”

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Memory

Megabyte : 1 Megabyte = 1024 kilobytes; “MB”; unit of measurement of RAM (Random access memory)

Gigabyte : 1 Gigabyte = 1024 megabytes; “GB”

Terabyte : 1 terabyte = 1024 gigabyte; TB

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Classification of memory

Main / Primary memory : RAM (Random access memory) ROM (Read only memory)

Amount/size of main memory is insufficient and so, secondary memory is used

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Classification of memory

Secondary memory / Auxiliary memory : To store huge data Permanent nature Hard disk, floppy disk, zip disk, DVD, Pen drive

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RAM

Volatile in nature Instructions stored on RAM are temporary once

the power is switched off, the instructions stores in RAM will be erased

Where computer stores temporarily the OS and other software installed

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Types of RAM SRAM

Static RAM Fast and Expensive Used for memory caching Does not need to be refreshed

DRAM Dynamic RAM Slower and less expensive than SRAM Needs to be refreshed every second

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Types of RAM SDRAM

Synchronous dynamic random access memory Used in PC and synchronized with system

clock Knows when next cycle is coming and has

data ready, thus reducing CPU waits states Available at speeds as high as 133MHz

DDR-SDRAM Double data rate SDRAM Twice as fast as ordinary SDRAM DDR3 latest evolution

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Types of RAM RDRAM

RAMBUS dynamic RAM Very fast Chips work parallel to produce very fast

speeds Expensive because it is proprietary

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ROM

Non-volatile Data/programs and instructions are stored

permanently Does not get erased when switched off Normally programs or contents are given by

computer hardware manufacturer Contains BIOS and holds information to load OS

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Types of ROM Mask ROM

Basic ROM chip Stored at time of manufacturing Cannot be altered or erased

PROM Programmable read only memory Programmed by programmers Cannot be altered or erased

EPROM Erasable PROM Data/instructions/programs can be erased from EPROM

by exposing it to ultra violet light for few mins

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Types of ROM EEPROM

Electrically EPROM Erased using high voltage current

EAPROM Electrically Alterable ROM Information can be altered

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Types of Internal Memory SIMM:

Single in-line memory module One or more RAM Since more RAM, need to access to secondary storage is

less Usually multiples of 4MB

DIMM Dual in-line memory module Series of DRAM Used in PC, Workstations, servers

CACHE memory High speed memory which the processor cab access

much faster than main memory

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Bus Types

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Concept

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Use of bus in Computer Architecture

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BUS Types Data Bus:

Moves data between the memory, input/output devices and processor

Address Bus: Set of wires that connects CPU and RAM Carries only the memory address

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BUS Types AGP

AGP Accelerated Graphics Port allows the video care to access the RAM directly

Increases speed of graphics performance

ISA Bus Industry Standard Architecture Used for attaching devices such as input devices to CPU

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BUS Types Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)

High performance bus for interconnecting chips, expansion boards, and memory cards

Originated at Interl Inc.

Fire wire: IEEE 1394 On Fire Wire are the ports which are

used for connecting video devices such as Digital Video cameras

Universal Serial Bus (USB) Allows high speed, easy connection of

peripherals