Introduction to computer hardware
-
Upload
yousaf-alam -
Category
Technology
-
view
307 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Introduction to computer hardware
Introduction to ITIntroduction to IT
MBAMBA
IMS University of PeshawarIMS University of Peshawar
AbduSalam 2
Course ObjectivesCourse Objectives Computer is one of the most advanced and fast growing
technologies of the world. Each and every day a lot of improvement is emerging in both Software and Hardware of the computer.
In response to this trend this course has been designed.
It focuses on brief Introduction to Computers History and Types of computer, the Basics Concepts of Computer Software, Hardware and Input/Output Device.
Basic aspect of Information Technology, Social Impacts of Information Technology and Policies.
AbduSalam 3
Week-1Week-1
IntroductionIntroduction Introduction to Computer ApplicationIntroduction to Computer Application ComputerComputer Information TechnologyInformation Technology Organization of ComputerOrganization of Computer
AbduSalam 4
ComputerComputer The word computer comes from the Latin word “computa” which
means “to calculate”. A computer is normally considered as calculating machine that
can perform arithmetic operation at a very high speed.
It is not only a machine which perform different functions on numeric data but today more than 80% work perform by computer is non numeric in nature.
Nowadays computer is used for multiple purposes.
An electronic device which is capable of performing series of An electronic device which is capable of performing series of arithmetic and logical operations at a very high speed is arithmetic and logical operations at a very high speed is
called computer.called computer.
AbduSalam 5
Computer (Computer (Cont’dCont’d)) So what will be the more elaborate definition of computer??
All computer processing requires data, which is a collection of raw facts, figures and symbols, such as numbers, words, images, video and sound, given to the computer during the input phase.
Computers manipulate data to create information with the help of CPU.
Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.
Computer is an electronic device which takes certain input Computer is an electronic device which takes certain input (Data)(Data), manipulate that input , manipulate that input (Process)(Process), store it in memory or , store it in memory or storage devices and then gives the desired results storage devices and then gives the desired results (Output).(Output).
AbduSalam 6
Computer (Computer (Cont’dCont’d)) Memory is an area of computer which holds data that is
Waiting to be processed, Storing or output The information can also be put in computer storage for future
use. During the output Phase, the information that has been created
is put into some form, at output devices.
AbduSalam 7
Computer OrganizationComputer Organization
AbduSalam 8
Information Technology
First you have to understand the differences between science, engineering & technology.
Science is a systematic & specialized way of thinking. A Science is a systematic & specialized way of thinking. A scientist thinks & makes principles & hypothesisscientist thinks & makes principles & hypothesis.
Engineering means the practical implementation of principles & Engineering means the practical implementation of principles & hypothesis for the welfare of human beings with the help of hypothesis for the welfare of human beings with the help of
machines. At first he makes drawings on the basis of principles, machines. At first he makes drawings on the basis of principles, and then take it to real world for use.and then take it to real world for use.
Technology always deals with OPTIMIZATION (MAXIMUM GAIN Technology always deals with OPTIMIZATION (MAXIMUM GAIN WITH MINIMUM EFFORTS) with the help of newer supports like WITH MINIMUM EFFORTS) with the help of newer supports like
computers & transfer machines. computers & transfer machines. The aim of IT is to make our information more profitable by The aim of IT is to make our information more profitable by
making it recently & attractive.making it recently & attractive.
AbduSalam 9
Information Technology is the application of Computers towards organizing and efficient retrieval/reporting of information.
Information Technology refers to the creation, gathering, Information Technology refers to the creation, gathering, processing, storing, protecting, presenting and dissemination of processing, storing, protecting, presenting and dissemination of information using information using , , hardware, software and telecommunication hardware, software and telecommunication
technology.technology.
Information Technology (Cont’d)
10
Introduction to Computer HardwareIntroduction to Computer Hardware Introduction to Computer HardwareIntroduction to Computer Hardware
System UnitSystem Unit MotherboardMotherboard
BIOSBIOS Basic Unit of MeasurementBasic Unit of Measurement ProcessorProcessor MemoryMemory
RAMRAM ROMROM
Storage DevicesStorage Devices Magnetic Storage DevicesMagnetic Storage Devices
FormattingFormatting Optical Storage DevicesOptical Storage Devices
Abdus Salam
HardwareHardware
The physical components of a computer is called Hardware. The physical (electronic and mechanical) parts of a computer is
called Hardware. Hardware is one that is tangible. The storage devices (Hard disk, CD’s etc.,), mouse, keyboard
CPU and display devices (Monitor) are Hardware. The hardware devices attached to the computer are called
peripheral devices.
Abdus Salam
System UnitSystem Unit The System Unit is a case which is just like a box made up of a
metal or plastic. This casing actually contain the electronic components of a computer used to process data.
The casing is some time called Chassis, that protect the internal electronic components from damage.
The most important component of this System box is Mother Board. All the components are then installed on this Mother Board.
System Unit consist of the following devices:- Mother Board Processor Memory Disk systems
Abdus Salam
System Unit (Cont’d)System Unit (Cont’d)power supply
ports
drive bays
processor
memory
sound card
video cardmodem cardnetwork card
Abdus Salam
Mother BoardMother Board It is the main circuit board of the system unit.
It is the centralized platform where all the hardware components of a computer are connected.
Many electronic components are attached to the mother board, others are built-in on it.
Each and every Motherboard has a small battery cell.
It gives to Motherboard a small amount of power to remember the settings such as hardware configurations, date and time etc
Abdus Salam
System Unit (Cont’d)System Unit (Cont’d)
Abdus Salam
System Unit (Cont’d)System Unit (Cont’d)
processor chipadapter cards
memory chips
memory slots
motherboard
Expansionslots for adapter cards
Abdus Salam
Mother Board (Cont’d)Mother Board (Cont’d) BIOS is kind of software which holds the most important data for
machine. It informs the PC about the compatibility of Motherboard with
different hardware components such as CPU etc… It is the most important component which resides in the ROM
(Read Only Memory) of the Motherboard.
Abdus Salam
Basic Units Of MeasurementBasic Units Of Measurement BIT
BInary digiT Smallest unit of measurement Two possible values 0 & 1
ON OFF or
BYTE
8 bits
Abdus Salam
Basic Units Of Measurement Basic Units Of Measurement ((Processor And Memory Speed))
Millisecond (ms) – a thousandth of a second (1/1,000 = 10-3) Microsecond (µs) - a millionth of a second (1/1,000,000 = 10-6) Nanosecond (ns) – a billionth of a second (1/1,000,000,000 = 10-9)
Large Units Of Measurement (Memory, Storage) Note: powers of two are used because computer memory and
storage are based on the basic unit (bit). Kilobyte (KB) – a thousand bytes (1,024 = 210) Megabyte (MB) -1,024 KB - a million (1,048,576 = 220) Gigabyte (GB) –1,024 MB - a billion (1,073,741,824 = 230) Terabyte (TB) – a trillion (1,099,511,627,776 = 240)
Abdus Salam
ProcessorProcessor The Processor is also called Central Processing Unit (CPU). All the CPUs looks very similar, but they are different in the way,
they have different numbers of pins and different layouts.
The processor significantly impact over all computing power & manages most of computer operations.
Some computer manufacturer use the term Microprocessor which refers to a personal computer chip.
Most PC’s today use processors manufactured by IntEL, AMD etc..
“Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an electronic device that interprets and carries out the instructions that operates the computer.
Abdus Salam
Processor (Cont’d)Processor (Cont’d)
Abdus Salam
Processor (Processor (Cont’dCont’d)) The combination of Arithmetic Logic Unit and Control Unit is
called as Central Processing Unit (CPU). OR The two main parts of CPU are ALU & CU.
Abdus Salam
Processor (Processor (Cont’dCont’d)) Registers are the part of the processor, not a part of memory
or storage devices. It contain different type of registers, each with a specific
storage functions. E.g. General purpose registers used for arithmetic operations & data movement. AX, BX, CX, DX
Register function includes Storing the location from where an instruction is fetched, Storing the location while the CU encode/decode it, Storing data while the ALU compute it and Storing the results after a calculation.
Today, most PCs have 32-bit registers, mean the CPU can process four bytes of data at one time.
Register sizes are rapidly growing to 64 bits.
Abdus Salam
Multi-Core ProcessorMulti-Core Processor A Multi-Core Processor is a processing system composed of two or
more independent cores. The cores are typically integrated onto a single integrated circuit die(known as a chip multiprocessor or CMP).
Core Basic processing area of a computer processor Die A die in the context of integrated circuits is a small block of
semiconducting material, on which a given functional circuit is fabricated.
A medium-scale integrated circuit die
Abdus Salam
Multi-Core Processor Multi-Core Processor (Cont’d)(Cont’d)
A Dual-Core and Core 2 Duo Processor contains two cores, and a Quad-Core Processor contains four cores.
A Multi-core processor implements multiprocessing in a single physical package.
Cores in a multi-core device coupled together tightly. Cores may or may not share caches. Dual Core and Core 2 Duo’s are both dual core processor. Core2 duo only takes advantage because The Core 2 Duo has the same L2 cache but it has more cache size than
a Dual core. However, There are architectural changes to the silicon that give the Core 2 Duo
more sophisticated processing. The single- and dual-core models are single-die, whereas the quad-core
models comprise two dies, each containing two cores, packaged in a multi-chip module.
Differences between Dual Core, Core 2 Duo, Core i3, Core i5, Core i7. Cache memory and Core’s
Abdus Salam
Memory The electronic component which provides storage capability to a
computer is called Memory. Memory contains one or more sets of
chips that store data/program instructions need processing, either temporarily or permanently.
All the computers which are used today needs memory or storage capability.
The CPU accesses each location in memory by using a unique number, called the memory address.
Each byte stored in unique location called an address, similar to addresses on a passenger train
Seat #2B4 Seat #2B3
Abdus Salam
Memory Memory (Cont’d)(Cont’d)
The are two types of Memory Random Access Memory Read Only Memory
Abdus Salam
Random Access MemoryRandom Access Memory RAM is also called volatile memory and Keeps the information for
a shorter period of time because RAM Lost information if powered off or the computer is shutdown.
RAM store data or instructions, the computer then uses these instructions to perform any processing work.
The contents of RAM change rapidly and often. Typical ranges from Mega Bytes to Giga Bytes Random Access means direct access to any part of memory
The more RAM a The more RAM a computer has, the computer has, the faster it respondsfaster it responds
Also called Also called main memorymain memory
or or primary primary storagestorage
Most RAM is Most RAM is volatilevolatile, it is lost , it is lost when computer’s when computer’s
power is power is turned offturned off
Memory chips that can be Memory chips that can be read from and written read from and written
to by processorto by processor
Abdus Salam
How do program instructions transfer in and out of RAM?How do program instructions transfer in and out of RAM?
Step 1. When you start the computer, certain operating system files load into RAM from the hard disk. The operating system displays the user interface on the screen.
Operating system Operating system instructionsinstructions
Operating system Operating system interfaceinterface
RAM
RAM
Web browser program Web browser program instructions are instructions are
removed from RAMremoved from RAM
Web browser Web browser window no longer is window no longer is displayed on desktopdisplayed on desktop
Step 2. When you start a word processing program, the program’s instructions load into RAM from the hard disk. The word processing program, along with the Web Browser and certain operating system instructions are in RAM. The word processing program window is displayed on the screen.
Step 3. When you quit a program, such as the Web browser, its program instructions are removed from RAM. The Web browser no longer is displayed on the screen.
Word processing Word processing program instructionsprogram instructions
Word processing Word processing program windowprogram window
Abdus Salam
Where does Memory Reside?Where does Memory Reside?
Resides on small Resides on small circuit board called circuit board called memory modulememory module
Memory slotsMemory slots on on motherboard hold motherboard hold memory modulesmemory modules
memory chip memory slot
dual inline memory module
Abdus Salam
Random Access Memory Random Access Memory (Cont’d)(Cont’d)
The amount of RAM in a PC has a direct affect on the system's speed.
The more RAM a PC has, the more program instructions and data can be held in memory, which is faster than storage on disk.
More RAM = Better Performance !
There are two types of RAM Dynamic RAM Static RAM
Abdus Salam
Random Access Memory Random Access Memory (Cont’d)(Cont’d)
Dynamic RAM Dynamic RAM (DRAM) chips must be recharged with
electricity very frequently, or they will lose their contents. DRAM is further divided in two types
SDRAM DDR-SDRAM
It achieves twice the bandwidth of the preceding single data rate SDRAM
Static RAM Static RAM (SRAM) does not need to be recharged as often as
DRAM, and can hold its contents longer.
Abdus Salam
Random Access Memory Random Access Memory (Cont’d)(Cont’d)
DDR SDRAM DDR 2 SDRAM
Abdus Salam
Read Only MemoryRead Only Memory ROM is non-volatile memory. The kind of memory is generally programmed by manufacturer. It contains information that is permanently stored. The contents of ROM are set during manufacturing process. Most
of the ROMs are special purpose memories. Example of ROM is BIOS (Basic Input Output System).
TYPES OF ROM
PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) Normally ROM’s are not writable but PROM’s are writable. Data can
be written to PROM’s using special devices. Data once written cannot be removed. Ultraviolet Rays are used to
write data in PROM’s.
Abdus Salam
Read Only Memory (Cont’d)Read Only Memory (Cont’d)
EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
EEPROM needs an electric impulse to write or erase data. It has all the features of EPROM except the difference of
erasing technique i.e. it uses electric impulse instead of ultraviolet light rays for erasing.
Therefore erasing can be achieved through the use of keyboard commands without removing the chip physically from the computer.
Abdus Salam
Cache MemoryCache Memory Cache memory is high-speed memory that holds the most recent
data and instructions that have been loaded by the CPU. Cache is located directly on the CPU or between the CPU and RAM,
making it faster than normal RAM. CPU-resident cache is called Level-1 (L1) cache. L1 cache usually has a very small capacity, ranging from 8 KB
to 128 KB. The most common size is 128 KB. Level-2 (L2) cache.
L2 cache is slower then L1 cache but has much larger capacity, ranging from 64 KB to 4 MB.
The amount of cache memory has a tremendous impact on the computer's speed.
When the processor needs an instruction or data, it searches memory in this order, L1 cache, then L2 cache, then RAM.
If the instructions or data is not found in memory then it must search a slower speed storage medium such as a hard disk, compact disc etc.
Abdus Salam
Storage DevicesStorage Devices Storage devices holds data, instructions & information for future
use. Every computer uses storage devices to holds software,
specifically system software & application software's. It is also called Secondary Storage or Auxiliary Storage Devices. Example of storage media are Magnetic Storage Devices
Hard Disk Drive, Floppy Disk
Optical Discs: CD-R, CD-RW, DVD
AbduSalam 38
Hard DisksHard Disks
Auxiliary storage is a hard disk. Hard disks use multiple platters, stacked on a spindle. or A hard disk consists of one or more rigid metal plates coated with a
metal oxide material that allows data to be magnetically recorded on the surface of the platters.
Each platter has two read/write heads, one for each side. The hard disk platters spin at a high rate of speed, typically 5400 to
7200 RPM. Storage capacities of hard disks for personal computers range from 10
GB to 320 GB (TB is possible but rare). Read/write heads
Abdus Salam
FormattingFormatting Formatting is the process of preparing a disk for reading and writing. Before a magnetic disk can be used, it must be formatted—a process
that maps the disk's surface and determines how data will be stored. During formatting, the drive creates circular tracks around the disk's
surface, then divides each track into sectors. The OS organizes sectors into groups, called clusters, then tracks
each file's location according to the clusters it occupies.
Abdus Salam
Hard DiskHard DiskSectorseach track is divided into pie-shaped wedges
Clustertwo or more sectors combined
Tracksdata is recorded in circular bands
The hard disks available today is called an optically assisted hard drives. It combines optical technology with magnetic media, which have potential storage capacity up to 500 GB.
AbduSalam 41
Optical Storage DevicesOptical Storage Devices An optical disc is a high-capacity storage medium. An optical drive uses
reflected light to read data. To store data, the disc's metal surface is covered with tiny dents (pits)
and flat spots (lands), which cause light to be reflected differently. When an optical drive shines light into a pit, the light cannot be
reflected back. This represents a bit value of 0 (off). A land reflects light back to its source, representing a bit value of 1 (on).
01
AbduSalam 42
Optical Storage Devices (Cont’d)Optical Storage Devices (Cont’d) CD's (Compact Disc) 700 MB storage
CD-ROM (read only) CD-R: (Record) to a CD CD-RW: Can write and erase CD to reuse it (Re-Writable) DVD (Digital Video Disc)
A compact disk (CD), also called an optical disc, is a flat round, portable storage medium that is usually 4.75 inch in diameter.
A CD-ROM (read only memory), is a compact disc that used the same laser technology as audio CDs for recording music.
In addition it can contain other types of data such as text, graphics, and video.
The capacity of a CD-ROM is 650 MB of data, about 70 minutes of audio.
Once data is written to a standard CD-ROM disk, the data cannot be altered or overwritten.
AbduSalam 43
Optical Storage Devices (Cont’d)Optical Storage Devices (Cont’d) A CD-Recordable (CD-R) drive lets you record your own CDs, but
data cannot be overwritten once it is recorded to the disk. A CD-Rewritable (CD-RW) drive lets you record a CD, then write
new data over the already recorded data. A variation of CD-ROM is called Digital Video Disk Read-Only
Memory (DVD-ROM), and is being used in place of CD-ROM in many newer PCs.
Standard DVD disks store up to 4.7 GB of data—enough to store an entire movie.
AbduSalam 44
Optical Storage Devices (Cont’d)Optical Storage Devices (Cont’d) Dual-layer DVD disks can store up to 9.4 GB. DVD disks can store so much data because of sophisticated data
compression technologies. At a glance, a DVD-ROM look like a CD-ROM, the size and shape
are similar, but DVD-ROM store data, instructions & information in a slightly
different manner and thus it achieves high storage capacity.
HD-DVDs can store 15 GB
Blue-Ray DVDs can store 25 GB