INTRODUCTION TO CELLS

History of the Cell

________________

_____________________, 1674

_______________, 1838

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1839

_______________, 1855

_______________, 1931

Robert Hooke

naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect....(July 18, 1635 - March 3, 1703)

In 1665 Robert Hooke publishes his book, Micrographia, which contains his drawings of sections of __________ as seen through one of the first microscopes (shown at right).

He was the first person to use the term “_________”.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723

In 1673 Anton van Leeuwenhook perfects the simple _____________ and observes cells and microorganisms.

He discovered ___________ in 1674 and four years later, he discovers protozoa.

Matthias Schleiden

all plants are made of cells

Cell Theory

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Theodore Schwann

all animals are made of cells

Rudolf Virchow

all cells came from pre-existing cells

Cell Theory

Cell Theory

• _________________________________________• _________________________________________• _________________________________________

Matthias Schleiden

concluded that all plants are made of

cells (1838)

Theodore Schwann

concluded that all animals are made

of cells (1839)

Rudolf Virchowconcluded that all cells came from pre-existing cells

(1855)

Definition of Cell

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Examples of Cells

Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell

Bacteria

Two Types of Cells

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Cell TypesPROKARYOTE No nucleus No membrane-bound

organelles Most cells are 1 -10

μm in size Evolved 3.5 billion

years ago Found only in

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms

EUKARYOTE Has nucleus Many organelles Cells can be between

2 - 1,000 μm in size Evolved 1.5 billion

years ago Includes Protista,

Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms

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Prokaryotic

Do not have structures surrounded by membranes

Few internal structures

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http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

Cell Type: ProkaryotesProkaryotes, which includes all bacteria,

are the simplest cellular organisms. They have genetic material but no nucleus.

Typical bacteria cell

Eukaryotic Contain organelles surrounded by membranes ___________________________________

Plant Animal

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

Cell Types: EukaryotesEukaryotic cells

contain a membrane-bound nucleus and numerous membrane -enclosed organelles (e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus) not found in prokaryotes.

“Typical” Animal Cell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif

“Typical” Plant Cell

What Are the Parts of Cells

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have some things in common.

All cells have¤ cell membrane ¤ cytoplasm¤ ribosomes¤ nuclear material

cytoplasmribosomesnuclear materialcell membrane

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Parts of Cellscytoplasm: semi-liquid material that fills the cell

(p. 175)

nucleus: controls most cell processes, contains hereditary information (DNA)

chloroplast: capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy (food), (photosynthesis occurs here)

vacuole: sac-like structure that stores water, salts, foods, etc

ribosomes: manufacture proteinsmitochondria: convert chemical energy stored in food into ATP (cellular respiration occurs here)

cell membrane: regulates what enters and leaves the cell, protection and support

cell wall: outer layer in plant cells, support and protection

Cell Membrane

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Nucleus

LysosomeVacuole

Cell Wall

Cell Organelles

Animal Plant

Surrounding the Cell

Cell Membrane

____________________________________________________________________________

Double layer

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Cell Wall

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Inside the Cell

Nucleus

_________________________________Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear

membrane_________________________________

Nuclear Membrane

Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers Openings allow

material to enter and leave nucleus

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

NUCLEUS (Chromosomes)

In nucleus Made of DNA _________________

___________________________________________________

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Cytoplasm

Gel-like mixtureSurrounded by cell membrane________________________________

_________________________________

_______________________________

Mitochondria

______________________through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates

Controls level of water and other materials in cell

Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Lysosome ___________________

_________________________________________________________

Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal

Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Vacuoles

Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal

_________________

___________________

___________________ Help plants maintain

shape

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Chloroplast

Usually found in plant cells

Contains green chlorophyll

_________________

___________________

___________________

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___________________http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Cell Specialization

Cells in organisms are specialized to perform different tasks.

Photos from Biology, Prentice Hall

Multicellular organisms are arranged from simple to complex according to their level of cellular grouping.

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The Levels of Organization

Level Function Example

What is the benefit of being made of all of these cells?

Nervous System

Brain

Nervous Tissue

Neuron

Levels of Organization