Introduction to Bridge Engineering

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Page 1: Introduction to Bridge Engineering

CE 414 Introduction to Bridges Engineering

Asst Prof Mansoor Khalid

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COURSE OUTLINE CE 414: BRIDGE ENGINEERING Fall Semester 2013 PREREQUISITES: CE 206 – Structural Analysis I, CE 307 Structural Analyses II, CE 309 Structural Analyses III, CE 446 – Reinforced Concrete Design CE 411 – Steel Structures TEXTBOOK: R.S.Rakshit, Design and construction of highway Bridges: 2004. (For IRC and WPHCB provisions) Taly, N. Design of Modern Highway Bridges, McGraw Hill, 1998 (For AASHTO provisions)

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COURSE PURPOSE: To introduce concepts in the analysis and design of reinforced concrete and steel bridges commonly encountered in the highway infrastructure. Basic concepts on the analysis and design of bridges using current West Pakistan Highway Code of Bridges (WPHCB), Indian Road Congress (IRC) Code and American Association of Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) specifications COURSE OUTCOMES AND OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this course the student will be able to do the following: Ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering in the analysis and design common reinforced concrete and steel bridges. Ability to analyze bridges subjected to a variety of loading conditions. Ability to design bridges meeting existing IRC/WPHCB Specifications. Ability to design bridges meeting existing AASHTO Specifications

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TOPICS COVERED: 1. Introduction (Week 1 -2) Brief History of Bridges – Week 1 Types and classification of Bridges – Week 1 Materials Used for Bridge Construction – Week 2 2. Concepts on Bridge Aesthetics (Week 3) 3. Introduction to Bridge Design /Specifications (Week-4) AASHTO 1996 specifications AASHTO LRFD specifications IRC specifications WPHCB specifications

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Types of Loads on Bridges (Week -5) a. Gravity Loads i. Permanent Loads ii. Transient Loads Lane loads Vehicle loads Pedestrian loads b. Lateral Loads i. Fluid Loads ii. Earthquake Loads iii. Ice Loads c. Deformation -induced Loads i. Temperature ii. Creep and Shrinkage d. Collision Loads

Review of Influence Lines and Moment Distribution Method (Week 6) Influence lines Statically Determinate Beams Müller-Breslau Principle Statically Indeterminate Beams Moment Distribution Method

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Distribution of Loads in: (Week 7-9) Superstructure to include Bridge decks and Bridge girders Substructure to include abutments, Bearings, piers and foundations

Analysis and Design of Bridges (Week 10-13) Solid Concrete slab Bridge (Week-10) Slab and Girder (T- Beam) Bridge (Week-11) Steel – Concrete Composite Bridge (Week-12) Precast-Prestressed Concrete Bridge (Week-13)

Modeling, Analysis and Design of Highway Bridges Using CSIBridge and STAADPRO Software (Week 14-16 Week)

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DESIGN PROJECT:

The design project will consist of

the design of a bridge. The project

will be executed by teams of 3 to 4

students each. Each team will

select a particular type of bridge and

will analyze and design the main

structural components and verify the

results by using software along with

submission of Design calculations

and software INPUT/OUTPUT files. A

presentation of the final designs will

be required at the end of the

semester

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1. Quiz 5% 2. Mid-Term Exam/OHTs 30% 3. Assignments 5% 4. Design Project 10% 5. Final exam (during finals week) 50%

TOTAL 100%

Grading Policy:

Grades will assign in the following manner:

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What is a BRIDGE?

•Bridge is a structure which covers a gap

•Generally bridges carry a road or railway across a natural or artificial

obstacle such as, a river, canal or another railway or another road

•Bridge is a structure corresponding to the heaviest responsibility in carrying a

free flow of transport and is the most significant component of a transportation

system in case of communication over spacings/gaps for whatever reason

such as aquatic obstacles, valleys and gorges etc.

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Bridge is the KEY ELEMENT

in a Transportation System

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History

• Primitive Peoples: – Logs – Slabs of Rocks – Intertwined Vines or Ropes

• Roman Empire—First Great Bridge Builders – Timber Truss Bridges – Masonry Arch Bridges

• Europeans – Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use

• Nineteenth Century— – Modern Long Bridges – Moveable Bridges

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Rock Bridges

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Wadi Rum Rock Bridge

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Rope Bridges

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Log Bridges

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LOG BRIDGE

Members of a Denver and Salt Lake Railroad Company (D&SL) survey crew pose on a log bridge over the Colorado River in Gore Canyon (Grand County), Colorado.

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View of a settlement in (probably) Utah; shows a log bridge, a stream, and houses. People sit on a porch; a United States flag waves from a pole.

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U.S. Army soldiers from the Ohio Engineers, building a small log bridge over a ditch, at Fort Sheridan, Illinois

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LOG BRIDGE View of hot springs site enclosed by stone and wooden frame buildings, Hot Sulphur Springs, CO

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Covered Bridges

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Structure of covered bridge. Wallingford, Vermont

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Covered Bridge, Glen Canyon, Santa Cruz

County, CA

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CONSTRUCTION

• Must carry own weight and weight of traffic – Must withstand force of high winds

– Must consider effects of contraction and/or

– Expansion due to temperature changes

– Most common materials • Wood—temporary

• Steel—for long, strong spans

• Reinforced concrete—attractive designs but difficult to work with on large bridges

• Prestressed concrete—stronger than reinforced, cheaper than steel

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TYPES OF BRIDGES

•Fixed

•Moveable

•Other

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Beam or Girder Bridges

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FIXED

• Beam or Girder

– Two parallel beams w/ flooring supported by piers

– Span can be supported by trestle

– Used for hwy over/underpasses or small stream crossings

– Example—Covered Bridge

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Cars on a suspension bridge over a river, possibly in Colorado.

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Millennium Bridge, London

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ostruz.jpg www.prevodi-vertalingen.com/.../ ostruz.html

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Truss Bridges

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FIXED

• Truss

– Beam bridge strengthed by trusses (structural spts joined to form triangles with tie rods)

– Lighter than ordinary beam sections of equal length

– Useful for longer bridges

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Timber Truss Bridge

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Continuous Truss Bridges

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View west of an iron truss bridge crossing the Colorado River on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad Montrose line at Grand Junction, Colorado; people and horses are on a sand bar.

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View of the bridge crossing the White River at Meeker, CO on the Mesa and Flag Creek road.

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White Water Creek Bridge, Spanning White Water Creek, Bernard vicinity, Dubuque County, IA

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Truss Bridge

View of a trestle bridge that crosses Arastra Gulch near Silverton (San Juan County), Colorado.

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Jefferson Barracks Bridge

Location: Mississippi River, Jefferson Barracks, Missouri

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Simple Truss Bridges

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Ohio River ferry and railroad bridge, Metropolis, IL

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Arch Bridges

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FIXED

• Arch

– One or more arches

– Masonry, reinforced concrete or steel

– Roadway on toop of arches or suspended by cables

– Spans can be longer than beam or truss

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Aquaduct

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Old stone bridge at Bull Run Battlefield. Manassas, Virginia.

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Stone bridge, Elizabeth Park, Hartford, Ct..

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Old Stone Bridge, Boonton, N.J..

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Stone Bridge at Bowling Green, Gallatin vicinity, Sumner County, TN

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Segovia, Spain

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Franklin Park, Ellicott Bridge, Emerald Necklace, Boston, MA

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Pont du Gard

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Arch bridge, Bellows Falls, Vt..

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Bayonne Bridge, Spanning Kill Van Kull between Bayonne & Staten Is, Bayonne, Hudson County, NJ

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Kill van Kull Bridge

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[Hell Gate Bridge (New York Connecting RailroadBridge), New York].

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[Hell Gate Bridge (New York Connecting RailroadBridge), New York].

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Steel Arch Bridge, Niagara.

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700 A.D. Asia

100 B.C. Romans

Natural Bridges

Clapper Bridge

Tree trunk Stone

The Arch Natural Cement

Roman Arch Bridge

History of Bridge Development

Great Stone Bridge in China

Low Bridge Shallow Arch

1300 A.D. Renaissance

Strength of Materials

Mathematical Theories

Development of Metal

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First Cast-Iron Bridge

Coalbrookdale, England

1800 A.D.

History of Bridge Development

Britannia Tubular Bridge

1850 A.D.

Wrought Iron

Truss Bridges

Mechanics of Design

Suspension Bridges

Use of Steel for the suspending cables

1900 A.D.

1920 A.D.

Prestressed Concrete

Steel

2000 A.D.

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Compression Tension

Basic Concepts

Span - the distance between two bridge supports, whether they are columns, towers or the wall of a canyon.

Compression - a force which acts to compress or shorten the thing it is acting on.

Tension - a force which acts to expand or lengthen the thing it is acting on.

Force - any action that tends to maintain or alter the position of a structure

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Basic Concepts

Beam - a rigid, usually horizontal, structural element

Pier - a vertical supporting structure, such as a pillar

Cantilever - a projecting structure supported only at one end, like a shelf bracket or a diving board

Beam

Pier

Load - weight distribution throughout a structure

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Basic Concepts

Truss - a rigid frame composed of short, straight pieces joined to form a series of triangles or other stable shapes

Stable - (adj.) ability to resist collapse and deformation; stability (n.) characteristic of a structure that is able to carry a realistic load without collapsing or deforming significantly

Deform - to change shape

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To dissipate forces is to spread them out over a greater area, so that no one spot has to bear the brunt of the concentrated force.

To transfer forces is to move the forces from an area of weakness to an area of strength, an area designed to handle the forces.

Basic Concepts

Buckling is what happens when the force of compression overcomes an object's ability to handle compression. A mode of failure characterized generally by an unstable lateral deflection due to compressive action on the structural element involved.

Snapping is what happens when tension overcomes an object's ability to handle tension.

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• Bridge Definition

• Bridge type

• Aesthetics in bridge design

• Factors considered in deciding bridge types

• Bridge components

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It Controls the Capacity of the System

If the width of a bridge is insufficient to carry the number of

lanes required to handle the traffic volume, the bridge will be a

constriction to the flow of traffic. If the strength of a bridge is

deficient and unable to carry heavy trucks, load limits will be

posted and truck traffic will be rerouted.

The bridge controls both the volume and weight of the traffic

carried by the transportation system.

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Highest Cost per Mile of the System

Bridges are expensive. The typical cost per mile of a bridge is many

times that of the approach roads to the bridge.`

Since, bridge is the key element in a transportation system, balance

must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads

and the cost of heavier and wider bridge structure.

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If the Bridge Fails, the System Fails

The importance of a Bridge can be visualized by considering the comparison

between the two main components of a highway system i.e. a road and bridge itself.

EXAMPLE: Suppose in a road there occurs deterioration and ultimately a crack,

thus making a sort of inconvenience but it wont result in stopping of the flow of

traffic as traffic can pass or otherwise a bypass can be provided. The traffic no

doubt will pass with a slower speed but in case of a bridge its flow is completely

stopped incase of the failure of the bridge, that is the reason its often called “If the

bridge fails the structure fails” as the function of the structure could no longer be

served at all.

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Classification of Bridges

Steel Concrete Wood Hybrid Stone/Brick

Pedestrian Highway Railroad

Short Medium Long

Slab Girder Truss Arch Suspension Cable-Stayed

Material

Usage

Span

Structural

Form

Structural Arrangement

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Discussion on Classification According To

STRUCTURAL FORM

Distinctive Features of Girder Bridge

Distinctive Features of Arch Bridge

Distinctive Features of Truss Bridge

Distinctive Features of Suspension Bridge

Distinctive Features of Cable-Stayed

Bridges

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Distinctive Features of Girder Bridges

•Widely constructed

•Usually used for Short and Medium spans

•Carry load in Shear and Flexural bending

•Efficient distribution of material is not possible

•Stability concerns limits the stresses and associated economy

•Economical and long lasting solution for vast majority of bridges

•Decks and girder usually act together to support the entire load in highway bridges

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Distinctive Features of Arch Bridge

•Arch action reduces bending moments ( that is Tensile

Stresses )

•Economical as compared to equivalent straight simply supported Girder or Truss bridge

•Suitable site is a Valley with arch foundations on a DRY ROCK SLOPES

•Conventional curved arch rib has high Fabrication and Erection costs

•Erection easiest for Cantilever Arch and most difficult for Tied Arch

•Arch is predominantly a Compression member. Buckling must be worked to the detail so as to avoid reductions in allowable stresses.

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•Classic arch form tends to favor Concrete as a

construction material

•Conventional arch has two moment resistant components : The deck and the Arch Rib.

•Near the crown of the arch and the region where Spandrel Columns are short, undesirable B.M. can occur. By using Pin ended columns it can be avoided

•Space beneath the arch is less and hence danger for

collision with the Rib, specially on a highway

•Curved shaped is always very pleasing and arch is the

most successful and beautiful structure

Distinctive Features of Arch Bridge

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Distinctive Features of Truss Bridge

•The primary member forces are axial loads

•The open web system permits the use of a greater overall depth than for an equivalent solid web girder, hence reduced deflections and rigid structure

•Both these factors lead to Economy in material and a reduced dead weight

•These advantages are achieved at the expense of increased fabrication and maintenance costs

•Other bridge types have rendered the truss bridge types less likely to be used due to its high maintenance and fabrication costs.

•The truss is instead being used widely as the stiffening structure for the suspension bridges due to its acceptable aerodynamic behavior since the wind gusts can pass through the truss as is not with the case in girder, arch bridges.

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Distinctive Features of Truss Bridge

•It’s a light weight structure it can be assembled member by member using

lifting equipment of small capacity.

•Rarely aesthetically pleasing complexity of member intersections if viewed

from oblique direction

•In large span structures poor aesthetic appearance of the truss bridge is

compensated with the large scale of the structure. For moderate spans its

best to provide a simple and regular structure

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Distinctive Features of Suspension Bridge

•Major element is a flexible cable, shaped and supported in such a way that it

transfers the loads to the towers and anchorage

•This cable is commonly constructed from High Strength wires, either spun in situ or formed from component, spirally formed wire ropes. In either case allowable stresses are high of the order of 600 MPA

•The deck is hung from the cable by Hangers constructed of high strength ropes in tension

•As in the long spans the Self-weight of the structures becomes significant, so the use of high strength steel in tension, primarily in cables and secondarily in hangers leads to an economical structure.

•The economy of the cable must be balanced against the cost of the associated anchorage and towers. The anchorage cost may be high where foundation material is poor

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Distinctive Features of Suspension Bridge

•The main cable is stiffened either by a pair of stiffening trusses or by a system of girders at deck level.

•This stiffening system serves to (a) control aerodynamic movements and (b) limit local angle changes in the deck. It may be unnecessary in cases where the dead load is great.

•The complete structure can be erected without intermediate staging from the ground

•The main structure is elegant and neatly expresses its function.

•It is the only alternative for spans over 600m, and it is generally regarded as competitive for spans down to 300m. However, shorter spans have also been built, including some very attractive pedestrian bridges

•The height of the main towers can be a disadvantage in some areas; for example, within the approach road for an AIRPORT

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Distinctive Features of Cable-stayed Bridge

•The use of high strength cables in tension leads to economy in material, weight, and cost..

•As compared with the stiffened suspension bridge, the cables are straight rather than curved. As a result, the stiffness is greater

•The cables are anchored to the deck and cause compressive forces in the deck. For economical design, the deck must participate in carrying these forces

•All individual cables are shorter than full length of the superstructure. They are normally constructed of individual wire ropes, supplied complete with end fittings, prestretched and not spun.

•There is a great freedom of choice in selecting the structural arrangement

•Less efficient under Dead Load but more efficient in support Live Load. It is economical over 100-350m, some designer would extend the upper bound as high as 800m

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Distinctive Features of Cable-stayed Bridge

•Aerodynamic stability has not been found to be a problem in structures erected to date

•When the cables are arranged in the single plane, at the longitudinal center line of the deck, the appearance of the structure is simplified and avoids cable intersections when the bridge is viewed obliquely

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Discussion on Classification According To

SPAN

Small Span Bridges (up to 15m)

Medium Span Bridges (up to 50m)

Large Span Bridges (50-150m)

Extra Large ( Long ) Span Bridges (over

150m)

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Small Span Bridges (up to 15m)

Culvert Bridge

Slab Bridges

T-Beam Bridge

Wood Beam Bridge

Pre-cast Concrete Box Beam Bridge

Pre-cast Concrete I-Beam Bridge

Rolled Steel Beam Bridge

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Medium Span Bridges (up to

50m)

Pre-cast Concrete Box Beam & Pre-cast Concrete I-

Beam

Composite Rolled Steel Beam Bridge

Composite Steel Plate Girder Bridge

Cast-in-place RCC Box Girder Bridge

Cast-in-place Post-Tensioned Concrete Box Girder

Composite Steel Box Girder

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Large Span Bridges (50 to 150m)

Composite Steel Plate Girder Bridge

Cast-in-place Post-Tensioned concrete Box

Girder

Post-Tensioned Concrete Segmental

Construction

Concrete Arch and Steel Arch

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Extra Large (Long) Span Bridges

(Over 150m)

Cable Stayed Bridge

Suspension Bridge

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Discussion on Classification According To

Structural Arrangement

•Main Structure Below the Deck Line

•Main Structure Above the Deck Line

•Main Structure coincides with the Deck Line

The classification of the bridge types can also be according to the location

of the main structure elements relative to the surface on which the user

travels, as follows:

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Main Structure Below the Deck Line

Arch Bridge

Masonry Arch

Concrete Arch

Inclined Leg Frame Arch

Rigid Frame Arch

Truss-Arch Bridge Steel Truss-Arch

Steel Deck Truss

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Main Structure Above the Deck Line

Suspension

Bridges

Cable Stayed Bridges

Through-Truss Bridge

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Main Structure Coincides with the Deck Line

Girder Bridge

Slab (solid and voided)

T-Beam (cast-in-place)

I-beam (pre-cast or pre-stressed

Wide-flange beam (composite & non-

composite

Concrete Box (cast-in-place, segmental & pre-

stressed

Steel Plate Girder (straight & haunched)

Steel box (Orthotropic deck)

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CLASSIFICATION GIVEN BY R.S.RAKSHIT

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YOUR TASK

PREPARE A COMPARISON SHEET

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FACTORS CONSIDERED IN DECIDING

BRIDGE TYPE

•Geometric Conditions of the Site

•Subsurface Conditions of the Site

•Functional Requirements

•Aesthetics

•Economics and Ease of Maintenance

•Construction and Erection Consideration

•Legal Considerations

In general all the factors are related to economy, safety and aesthetics.

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Geometric Conditions of the Site

•The type of bridge selected will always depend on the horizontal and vertical

alignment of the highway route and on the clearances above and below the

roadway

•For Example: if the roadway is on a curve, continuous box girders and slabs are a

good choice because they have a pleasing appearance, can readily be built on a

curve, and have a relatively high torsion resistance

•Relatively high bridges with larger spans over navigable waterways will require a

different bridge type than one with medium spans crossing a flood plain

•The site geometry will also dictate how traffic can be handled during construction,

which is an important safety issue and must be considered early in the planning

stage

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Subsurface conditions of the soil

•The foundation soils at a site will determine whether abutments and piers can be

founded on spread footings, driven piles, or drilled shafts

•If the subsurface investigation indicates that creep settlement is going to be a

problem, the bridge type selected must be one that can accommodate differential

settlement over time

•Drainage conditions on the surface and below ground must be understood because

they influence the magnitude of earth pressures, movement of embankments, and

stability of cuts or fills

•For Example: An inclined leg frame bridge requires strong foundation material that

can resist both horizontal and vertical thrust. If it is not present, then another bridge

type is more appropriate.

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•The potential for seismic activity at a site should also be a part of the

subsurface investigation. If seismicity is high, the substructure details

will change, affecting the superstructure loads as well

•All of these conditions influence the choice of substructure components

which in turn influence the choice of superstructure

Subsurface conditions of the soil

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Functional Requirements •Bridge must function to carry present and future volumes of traffic.

•Decisions must be made on the number of lanes of traffic, inclusion of sidewalks

and/or bike paths, whether width of the bridge deck should include medians,

drainage of the surface waters, snow removal, and future wearing surface.

•For Example: In the case of stream and flood plain crossings, the bridge must

continue to function during periods of high water and not impose a severe

constriction or obstruction to the flow of water or debris.

•Satisfaction of these functional requirements will recommend some bridge types

over others.

•For Example: if future widening and replacement of bridge decks is a concern,

multiple girder bridge types are preferred over concrete segmental box girders.

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Economic and ease of maintenance

•The initial cost and maintenance cost over the life of the bridge govern when

comparing the economics of different bridge types.

•A general rule is that the bridge with the minimum number of spans, fewest deck

joints, and widest spacing of girders will be the most economical.

•For Example: (1) By reducing the number of spans in a bridge layout by one span,

the construction cost of one pier is eliminated. (2) Deck joints are a high

maintenance cost item, so minimizing their number will reduce the life cycle cost of

the bridge. (3) When using the empirical design of bridge decks in the AASHTO

(1994) LRFD Specifications, the same reinforcement is used for deck spans up to

4.1m. Therefore, there is little cost increase in the deck for wider spacing for girders

and fewer girders means less cost although at the “expense” of deeper sections.

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Economic and ease of maintenance

•Generally, concrete structures require less maintenance than steel structure. The

cost and hazard of maintenance painting of steel structures should be considered

in type selection studies.

•One effective way to reduce the overall project cost is to allow contractors to

propose an alternative design or designs.

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Construction and Erection Considerations

•The length of the time required to construct a bridge is important and will vary

with the bridge type.

•Generally, larger the prefabricated or pre-cast members shorter the

construction time. However, the larger the members, the more difficult they

are to transport and lift into place.

•The availability of skilled labor and specified materials will also influence the

choice of a particular bridge type.

•For Example: if there are no pre-cast plants for pre-stressed girders within

easy transport but there is a steel fabrication plant nearby that could make the

steel structure more economical.

•The only way to determine which bridge type is more economical is to bid

alternative designs.

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Legal Considerations

•Regulations are beyond the control of an engineer, but they are real and must

be considered.

Examples of certain regulations are as follows:

•Permits Over Navigable Waterways

•National Environmental policy Act

•Department of Transportation Act

•National historic preservation Act

•Clean Air Act

•Noise Control Act

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Legal Considerations

•Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act

•The Endangered Species Act

•Water Bank Act

•Wild and Scenic Rivers Act

•In addition to the environmental laws and acts defining national policies,

local and regional politics are also of concern

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Discussion on Bridge Components

•Common bridge components

•Components of a Girder bridge (Beam Bridge)

•Components of a Suspension Bridge

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General Bridge Components

Bridge Bearings: These are supports on a bridge pier, which carry

the weight of the bridge and control the movements at the bridge

supports, including the temperature expansion and contraction. They

may be metal rockers, rollers or slides or merely rubber or laminated

rubber ( Rubber with steel plates glued into it).

Bridge Dampers & Isolators: Bridge dampers are devices that absorb

energy generated by earthquake waves and lateral load

Bridge Pier: A wide column or short wall of masonry or plain or

reinforced concrete for carrying loads as a support for a bridge, but in

any case it is founded on firm ground below the river mud

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General Bridge Components

Bridge Cap: The highest part of a bridge pier on which the bridge

bearings or rollers are seated. It may be of stone, brick or plain or

reinforced concrete.

Bridge Deck: The load bearing floor of a bridge which carries and

spreads the loads to the main beams. It is either of reinforced concrete.,

pre-stressed concrete, welded steel etc.

Abutment: A support of an arch or bridge etc which may carry a

horizontal force as well as weight.

Expansion Joints : These are provided to accommodate the translations

due to possible shrinkage and expansions due to temperature changes.

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Components of a Girder bridge (Beam Bridge)

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Components of a Suspension Bridge

• Anchor Block: Just looking at the figure we can compare it as a dead

man having no function of its own other than its weight.

• Suspension girder: It is a girder built into a suspension bridge to

distribute the loads uniformly among the suspenders and thus to reduce

the local deflections under concentrated loads.

• Suspenders: a vertical hanger in a suspension bridge by which the road

is carried on the cables

• Tower: Towers transfers compression forces to the foundation through

piers.

• Saddles: A steel block over the towers of a suspension bridge which

acts as a bearing surface for the cable passing over it.

• Cables: Members that take tensile forces and transmit it through

saddles to towers and rest of the forces to anchorage block.

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BRIDGE SPECIFICATIONS • Meaning of bridge specifications.

• Need of bridge specifications.

History

Development

Lack of specification and usage of proper codes and safety factors -------reason of failure of a structure (bridge)

Use and check of safety factors case study of wasserwork bridge for the check of present working capacity.

Assignment: Main reason of failure for some bridge/bridges

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BRIDGE SPECIFICATION • Basically the word specification stands in general for a

collection of work description upon which there is a mutual agreement of the most experienced group of people based upon their practical and theoretical knowledge

• Bridge specification:

Applying the above mentioned definition, context to bridge makes it self explanatory.

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Bridge Cap and

Damper

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ARCH BRIDGE

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ARCH BRIDGE

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ARCH BRIDGE

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ARCH BRIDGE

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GIRDER BRIDGE

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GIRDER BRIDGE

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GIRDER BRIDGE

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GIRDER BRIDGE

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Totally Precast

Concrete

Bridges

FORWARD

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Is it possible to design

an “Instant Bridge?”

Almost! There are many

ways to put a bridge

together quickly with

precast concrete

products.

TOTALLY PRECAST BRIDGES -- CASE STUDIES

FORWARD BACK

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The speed and

variety of precast

prestressed

products and

methods give

designers many

options. Consider

these advantages of

an

all-precast bridge…

TOTALLY PRECAST BRIDGES -- CASE STUDIES

FORWARD BACK

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Fast construction benefits owner

agencies by reducing the duration of

the work zone. Fast construction

reduces traffic handling costs and

accident exposure risks. There’s less

inconvenience to the traveling public,

fewer delays, and fewer motorist

complaints. According to a report by

the Texas Transportation Institute,

costs incurred by drivers passing

through a work zone (along with

engineering costs) can be $10,000 to

$20,000 per day. A recent Federal

report indicates user costs of $50,000

per day for work zones in urban

areas.

Benefits to Owner Agencies:

Reduction in the duration of

work zones

Reduced traffic handling costs

Reduced accident exposure risks

Less inconvenience to the

traveling public

Fewer motorist complaints

TOTALLY PRECAST BRIDGES -- CASE STUDIES

FORWARD BACK

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Contractors benefit from

reduced exposure to traffic

hazards. More work can be

accomplished in less time,

with fewer weather delays.

Costs are lower for forms,

skilled field labor, scaffolding

and shoring, and cranes.

Benefits to Contractors:

Reduced exposure to hazards

More work -- less time

Fewer weather delays

Lower costs

Less skilled labor

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FORWARD BACK

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After foundations have been

completed, scheduling can

be controlled by a single

contractor working with a

familiar material.

Scheduling Control

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FORWARD BACK

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Precast concrete structural

elements should always be

plant produced under

carefully controlled

conditions…by plants that

are Certified by PCI.

Plant-produced Elements

TOTALLY PRECAST BRIDGES -- CASE STUDIES

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… so all structural elements

benefit from the excellent

quality and corrosion

resistance of prestressed

concrete.

Quality and Corrosion Resistance

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Fully-cured precast concrete

structural elements can be

stockpiled in advance of

need…

Stockpiled in Advance

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…and can be scheduled for

“just-in-time” delivery and

erection…

Immediate Delivery and Erection

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There’s no curing time

required at the jobsite, as

with cast-in-place concrete.

Bridge piers can be erected

in a day, and beams can

follow immediately.

No Curing Time

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The following photos

illustrate the many products

and construction methods

that enable very rapid

project completion. In

addition to the often-used

superstructure elements of

girders and deck slabs,

substructure components

such as these piers can also

be precast.

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Precast concrete piles are

quite popular in much of the

country. They come in

different sizes and shapes,

ranging from 10-inch square

piles to 66-inch diameter

hollow cylinder piles.

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Pile caps also can be precast

concrete, reducing exposure,

forming and curing in

the field.

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Piers can be made of precast

concrete pieces quickly

assembled in

the field.

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Abutments can also be made

of precast.

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The Sucker Creek Bridge in

Hague, New York, consists of

precast concrete box beams

supported on precast

concrete abutments

assembled into a jointless,

rigid frame.

Sucker Creek Bridge in Hague

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In San Juan, Puerto Rico, the

totally precast concrete

Baldorioty de Castro Avenue

bridges were built in record-

setting time, attractively, and

economically.

Puerto Rico

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FORWARD BACK MAIN

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Each of four bridges, ranging

in length from 700 to 900

feet, was erected in about

24 hours. This was well

within the owner’s

construction allowance of 72

hours per bridge, a condition

established to minimize

disruption to one of the

city’s highly traveled

corridors.

Puerto Rico -

A totally

precast bridge

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In addition to speed, the

bridges also met the city’s

budgetary needs. The four

box-beam bridges were

constructed for $2 million

less than the next lowest bid

for another material.

Puerto Rico

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Totally precast bridge systems

may be the only viable solution

in harsh field conditions.

The Confederation Bridge

connecting Canada’s Prince

Edward Island to mainland New

Brunswick is such

an example.

The bridge spanned the eight-

mile-wide Northumberland

strait, which experiences severe

winters and is covered with ice

floes for five months of the

year.

Confederation Bridge

New Brunswick, Canada

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Even in such harsh

conditions, precast concrete

was able to meet the

owner’s requirements of a

100-year service life,

a 3½-year construction

period, and attractiveness.

Confederation Bridge

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It just makes economic sense

to evaluate conversion of

cast-in-place to precast

concrete. This was done for

the Edison Bridge in Florida.

Precast piers and beams

were spliced to produce tall

pier bents.

Edison Bridge

Florida

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The state of Texas has

constructed several bridges

with segmental precast

concrete piers. The

attractive piers and pier caps

are hollow members. Some

are made of high-

performance concrete. Such

segments may be match-

cast, similar to segmental

box girder bridges, or

separated by a thin mortar

bed, much like giant

masonry units.

Texas - Precast Piers

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In Houston, the Louetta

Road Overpass utilized

precast concrete match-cast

piers, as well as precast,

prestressed U-beams and

stay-in-place deck panels.

Louetta Road Bridge

Texas

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Another famous bridge is the

Sunshine Skyway Bridge over

Tampa Bay in Florida. The

piles, piers and pier caps

were constructed of precast

concrete elements

connected together with

post-tensioning threadbars.

Sunshine Skyway Bridge

Florida

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Truss Bridges Truss Basics – Overview

A metal truss bridge is a bridge whose main structure

comes from a triangular framework of structural steel or

iron.

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Iron and Steel Truss Basics – Forms of Metal

Due to their variety of designs, there is a system that is

used to classify metal truss bridges by design.

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Truss Basics

If the trusses run beside the deck, with no cross bracing above the deck, it is called a pony truss bridge.

If cross-bracing is present above the deck of the bridge, then the bridge is referred to as a “through truss.”

Pony Truss

Through Truss

Truss Basics – Pony / Through

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Truss Basics

Trusses may run under the deck: these are called simply Deck truss bridges.

Truss Basics – Deck

Deck Truss

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The different parts of a truss bridge are all named. Some of the parts:

Top / Upper Chord Vertical (Member)

Diagonal (Member)

Bottom / Lower Chord

Portal Bracing

Sway Bracing

Lateral Bracing

Floor beam Connections

End Post

Each space between vertical members and end posts is one panel. This bridge has six panels.

Truss Bridge Parts Truss Bridge Parts

Hip Vertical (Only the verticals that meet the top of the end post)

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The chords and members of a truss bridge experience

strain in the form of tension (stretching apart) and

compression (squeezing together). Engineers often

picked different types of materials and designs for the

different parts of a bridge based on these forces. An

example is shown above.

Truss Bridge Forces Truss Bridge Forces

Tension

Compression

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Truss Bridge Connections Truss

Connections

The pieces of the framework of a truss bridge are held

together by connections. Most connections on historic

bridges are either riveted or pinned.

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Pinned Connections Truss Connections - Pinned

Pinned connections can be identified by the bolt-like

object called a pin going through the loops of the

members. They tend to show up on bridges from the first

half of the truss bridge era.

Pin

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Riveted Connections Truss Connections - Riveted

Riveted connections are identified by a “gusset plate”

which diagonals and vertical members are riveted to,

and no pin is present. These connections tend to show

up in the second half of the truss bridge era.

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Truss Configurations

Pratt

Overview: One of the two most common configurations, it tends

to occupy the earlier half of the truss bridge era, but was used

throughout. Originally developed by Thomas and Caleb Pratt in

1844.

Appearance: Diagonal members angle toward the center and

bottom of bridge.

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Truss Configurations

Pratt – Additional Notes

The Pratt may have additional diagonal members,

sometimes of a smaller size, that do not follow the

standard pattern to form an “X” shape on panels toward

the center.

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Truss Configurations

Whipple

Overview: The Whipple truss is also known as the double-

intersection Pratt truss. It was patented by Squire Whipple in 1847

as a stronger version of the Pratt truss.

Appearance: Similar to the Pratt truss, but the diagonals pass

through one vertical member before reaching the bottom chord.

They tend to show up on longer spans built in the first half of the

truss era, and with pinned connections.

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Truss Configurations

Baltimore

Overview: The Baltimore railroad designed a truss configuration

that eventually found use on both railroads and highways. It is a

Pratt truss with additional members added for additional strength.

Appearance: Characterized by a Pratt configuration with extra

smaller members branching off of the diagonals.

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Truss Configurations

Parker Overview: Charles

H. Parker modified

the Pratt design to

create what became

known as the Parker

truss configuration.

This design allowed

one to use less

materials to get the

a similar load

capacity. The

downside was the

more complex

design.

Appearance: Characterized by an arch-shaped (polygonal) top

chord, with diagonals that follow the Pratt configuration.

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Truss Configurations

Pennsylvania

Overview: Sometimes called the Petit truss. Designed by the

Pennsylvania railroad, this configuration combines the

engineering ideas behind the Baltimore with those of the Parker or

Camelback.

Appearance: Features an arch-shaped (polygonal) top chord with

a diagonal arrangement like the Baltimore.

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Truss Configurations

Warren

Appearance: Alternating diagonal members form a repeating “V”

shape. A true Warren does not have vertical members.

Overview: The other most common truss configuration, this

design tended to be used in the second half of the truss bridge

era, and with riveted connections. Originally developed in 1848 by

James Warren and Willoughby Monzoni.

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Truss Configurations

Warren: With Verticals

Most Warren truss bridges do in fact feature vertical members.

They may be referenced simply as “warren with verticals” truss

bridges. Vertical members may occur at each connection, or every

other connection.

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Truss Configurations

Double-Intersection Warren

Overview: Often called simply the Double Warren, this is an

uncommon truss configuration. Bridges with this configuration

often have riveted connections. Appearance: Looks like two Warren trusses offset and

superimposed on each other, forming a repeating “X” shape.

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Truss Configurations

Lenticular

Overview: One of the rarest bridge designs in the country.

Patented by the Berlin Iron Bridge Company of East Berlin, CT

Appearance: Both the top chord and bottom chord have an

arched appearance, forming a distinctive oval or eye-like shape.

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Truss bridge

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Truss Bridge

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Truss Bridge

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Truss Bridge

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Truss Bridge

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Truss Bridge

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Curved Cable Stayed Bridge

This is an innovative curved cable stayed bridge. It is designed to provide maximum support around turns where a whole new bridge would need to be built.

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Waldo Hancock Bridge

This the is new Waldo Hancock Bridge. It replaced the old one in the background due to corrosion. This is one of the only suspension bridges in the country that has an observation tower in the top. I have been up in the tower and would strongly suggest seeing it for yourself.

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Suspension Bridge Design

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What you need to know

A suspension bridge is a type of bridge where the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders. Suspension bridges are efficient at holding up a large amount of wait over a long span. A suspension bridge usually has two towers that hold up the horizontal cables. From these main horizontal cables hang vertical cables that are attached to the deck of the bridge. A suspension bridge must with stand forces of tension on its cables and large amounts of compression on its towers.

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Famous Suspension Bridges

The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco

The Akashi-Kaikyo bridge in Japan The longest bridge in the world at 6529 feet long.

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Verrazano-Narrows Bridge

The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the U.S. It is 4,260 feet long. It is a double decked bridge in New York City.

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Suspension Bridge

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Suspension Bridge

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Suspension Bridge

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Movable Bridges

• They span waterways

• Closed bridge to carry traffic

•Open to allow marine traffic to travel

under

• Usually powered by electric motors

•In the past they were powered by

steam engines

• There are three main types:

1.Bascule

2.Vertical lift

3. Swing

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Bascule Bridge or Drawbridge

•Used for short distances

•Have two movable spans

the rise upward, opening

in the middle

•When open the weight is

supported by the

stationary section of the

bridge

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Vertical-lift Bridge

• Used for longer distances • Straight bridge, held between two towers • Lifted by steel ropes, attached to counterweights -as the counterweights go down the bridge goes

up and vise-versa. • Operate in an elevator like fashion

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Swing Bridges

• Mounted on a central pier

• The central pier allows the bridge to rotate to the side

• Uncommonly used because the central pier is located in the area where boats like to travel

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http://www.brokk.com/images/jpg/sando.jpg

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Sydney, Australia

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Blue Water Bridge

Blue Water Bridges are a major international crossing over the St. Clair river at the southern end of Lake Huron

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Eads Bridge, St. Louis

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Port Mann Bridge, Coquitlam-Surrey BC This graceful steel arch, once the third-longest of its kind in the world, carries the Trans-Canada highway across the Fraser River. In 2002 its capacity was increased with the addition of an eastbound high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane, bringing the total to five

www.balsabridge.com/ bridge-van.htm

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Cantilever Bridges

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FIXED

• Cantilever

• Double-ended brackets supporting a center span

• Shore end of each cantilever firmly anchored

• Center supported by pier

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Quebec Bridge

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Quebec Bridge

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Quebec Bridge

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Quebec Bridge

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Quebec

Bridge

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Quebec Bridge

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Quebec Bridge

On June 15, 1907 an inspecting engineer noted that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by a quarter of an inch. Cooper called this a "not serious" problem. In the inspection report in August, 1907, it was noted that the girders had moved out alignment a bit more and "appeared bent". Although this condition was a bit more concerning, the work continued.

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Scotland's Firth of Forth

A period museum photo shows cranes atop the massive structure. The bridge was constructed from 1882-1890, 2.5 KM (1.5 miles) across Scotland's Firth

of Forth. Note reflection of photographer from glass frame. http://www.pre-engineering.com/resources/forth/forthbridge.htm

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http://www.brantacan.co.uk/cantilever.htm

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Lewis and Clark Bridge (Longview-Rainier Bridge) across the Columbia River.

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[Queensboro Bridge, Roosevelt Island, New York, N.Y.].

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Astoria bridge

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Suspension Bridges

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FIXED

• Suspension

– Roadway hangs from vertical cables supported by overhead cables strung between two or more towers

– Longest spans

– Costly

– Difficult to design

– Highly susceptible to winds and swaying

– Cables can be up to three feet in diameter

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Tanana River suspension bridge.

http://tapseis.anl.gov/guide/photo/Tanana_Bridge.html

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Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong

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Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, Japan

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Brooklyn Bridge

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The 3rd Carquinez Strait Bridge will replace the original bridge that was built in 1927.

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Ambassador Bridge

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Ambassador Bridge

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Golden Gate Bridge

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Golden Gate Structures

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When it opened in 1964, the Verrazano Narrows Bridge was the

world's longest suspension span. Today, its length is surpassed

only by the Humber Bridge in England.

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Verrazano

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Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsing, Tacoma, Washington, 1940 On the morning of November 7, 1940, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the cold waters of the Puget Sound. The disaster -- which luckily took no human lives -- shook the engineering community and forever changed the way bridges were built around the world. Roadway of Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisting violently in a windstorm, Tacoma, Washington, 1940

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Cable-Stayed Bridges

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FIXED

• Cable-Stayed

• Suspended by cables that run directly down to roadway from central towers

• Less costly than suspension

• Quickly constructable

• Spans must be limited in length

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Sunshine Skyway Bridge, St. Petersburg and Bradenton, Florida

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Sunshine Skyway Bridge, St. Petersburg and Bradenton, Florida

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Clark Bridge in Alton, IL

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Clark Bridge in Alton, IL

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Clark Bridge in Alton, IL

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Dames Port Florida

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Dames Port Florida

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Dames Port Florida

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Swing Bridges

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MOVEABLE

• Swing

• Central span turned 90 degrees on pivot pier placed in middle of waterway

• Double swing possible

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Catalog Advertisement

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Moveable Bridge

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BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB, IRAQ

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Detail of south truss showing truss configuration and connections HAER, MASS,2-WIND,1-3

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Detail of south truss showing truss configuration and connections HAER, MASS,2-WIND,1-3

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Coleman Bridge, Spanning Phelps Brook, on Windsor Bush Road, at th, Windsor, Berkshire County, MA

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Bascule Bridges

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MOVEABLE

• Bascule

– One or two sections not supported by piers

– Balanced on one end by counterweights

– Section jackknifes up to allow passage of ships

– Most common type of highway drawbridge

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View of an elevated train crossing the Van Buren Street Railroad Bridge which spanned the Chicago River from the Loop to the Near West Side community area in Chicago, Illinois.

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View of a bascule bridge over the Chicago River in Chicago, Illinois.

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Haarlem old lifting bridge.

Lifting bridges are moveable bridges which enable boats to pass. They vary from simple wooden designs such as many seen in the Netherlands to large steel structures which carry heavy roads such as the bascule bridge in Docklands.

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Erie Street Bridge, a bascule bridge, with the two leaves in raised position

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Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge

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Erie Avenue Bridge Newberry Bridge

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Vertical Lift Bridges

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MOVEABLE

• Vertical Lift

– Central span extends between two towers

– Balanced by counterweights

– Variation of this type is bridge over Shatt-al-arab River in Iraq—Roadway sinks into water to allow ships to pass over it

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Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss railroad bridge

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Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts

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Leamington Lift Bridge, Scotland

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Goethals Bridge, Spanning Arthur Kill from New Jersey to Staten Isl, Staten Island, Richmond County, NY

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Goethals Bridge, Spanning Arthur Kill from New Jersey to Staten Isl, Staten Island, Richmond County, NY

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GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE, BRAZIL

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The vertical lift bridge that carries US-41 across the Portage Canal.

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Aerial bridge, Duluth, Minn..

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Aerial bridge, Duluth, Minn..

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Aerial bridge, Duluth, Minn..

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Bailey Bridges

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OTHER

• Bailey

– Small truss bridge made in sections

– Assembled on shore

– Pushed out from shore to cover span

– Transportable to new sites

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Bailey

Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road, Italy

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Pontoon Bridges

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OTHER

• Pontoon

– Floats on water

– Can be disassembled and moved to new site

– Supported by pontoons or barges

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The U.S. Army's Sava River bridge is taken apart at nightfall and put together in the

morning

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View of James River Pontoon Bridge, from south side, above Jones' Landing.

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Pontoon bridges, North Anna, constructed by the 50th N.Y.V. Engineers, below railroad bridge, where a portion of the 2nd Corps, under Gen. Hancock crossed 23rd May, 1864

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Broadway Landing, Va. Pontoon bridge across the Appomattox

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Evergreen Floating Bridge

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Evergreen Bridge.

The official name of the bridge is the Governor Albert D. Rosellini Bridge at

Evergreen Point, after a popular former governor who was in office when the

bridge opened.

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Combined Bridges

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[Stony Brook glen, Shawmut Bridge, Dansville, N.Y.].

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Knie_bridge

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Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway-vi.jpg

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Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway-vi.jpg

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Old Alton Bridge

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Name that Bridge

Give the type for each.

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