Introduction to Boiler

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Introduction of Boiler

Lecture # 3 & 4

Mujahid Mehdi Abro Indus University


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Basic principle of SteamGeneration


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What is steam?When water boils and evaporates at 100C under

atmospheric pressure is called steam

!team "eneration# Within the boiler, fuel and air are forced

into the furnace by the burner. here, it burns to produce heat.

!rom there, the heat "ue $ases% traelthrou$hout the boiler.

he 'ater absorbs the heat, andeentually absorb enou$h to chan$e into

a $aseous state ( steam. o the left is the basic theoretical desi$nof a modern boiler.

Boiler ma)ers hae deeloped ariousdesi$ns to s*uee+e the most ener$y outof fuel and to maimi+ed its transfer tothe 'ater.


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Water enters the boiler, preheated, at the top.

he hot 'ater naturally circulates throu$h the tubesdo'n to the lo'er area 'here it is hot.

he 'ater heats up and o's bac) to the steam drum'here the steam collects.

-ot all the 'ater $ets turn to steam, so the processstarts a$ain.

Water )eeps on circulatin$ until it becomes steam.

ean'hile, the control system is ta)in$ the temperatureof the steam drum, alon$ 'ith numerous other readin$s,to determine if it should )eep the burner burnin$, orshut it do'n.

/s 'ell, sensors control the amount of 'ater enterin$the boiler, this 'ater is )no' as feed'ater.

!eed'ater is not your re$ular drin)in$ 'ater. It is treated 'ith chemicals to neutrali+e arious

minerals in the 'ater, 'hich untreated, 'ould clin$ tothe tubes clo$$in$ or 'orst, rustin$ them.

his 'ould ma)e the boiler epensie to operatebecause it 'ould not be ery e0cient.


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he 1ld Steam /$e

Steam 'as the driin$ force durin$ the daysof the industrial reolution and 'as used topo'er the $iant tetile mills, steam trainsand ocean $oin$ ships of the time.

In those days steam boilers 'ere 2ust li)ethe common domestic )ettle 'here aolume of 'ater is heated in a containerand steam is e2ected throu$h the spout.

1ne such steam boiler desi$n 'as the

famous Lancashire Boiler that 'as the mostadanced of its time. In this boiler coal 'asused as fuel to heat t'o 5retubes 'hich inturn heated the 'ater that surroundedthem. /s the temperature of the 'ater rose,steam bubbled o6 the 'ater surface and

into the steam pipe.


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he -e' Steam /$e

Instead of heatin$ a lar$e amount of 'ater andsteel ( heat a small amount of 'ater and steel.

his is possible by pumpin$ 'ater throu$h theinside of a small diameter heated coiled tube sothat cold 'ater $oes in one end and hi$hpressure steam comes out the other.

he 7layton Steam Generator uses only threemain components.

hese components are a special pump, aspecial 'ater tube coil and a special steam

separator. Water is heated as it is pumpedthrou$h the coil and it is then fed to the to thesteam separator to produce ery hi$h *ualitydry steam.


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Understandin$ %eat&rans'er In boiler


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%eat &rans'er %eat always moves 'rom a warmer place to a

cooler place %ot objects in a cooler room will cool to room

temperature

Cold objects in a warmer room will heat up toroom temperature

%eat &rans'er Methods

%eat trans'ers in three ways#

Conduction

Convection (adiation


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Conduction

When you heat a metal strip at one end, the heat travels to the other end.

As you heat the metal, the particles vibrate, thesevibrations make the adjacent particles vibrate, and so on

and so on, the vibrations are passed along the metal and

so is the heat. We call this as conduction.


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Convection

What happens to the particles in a liquid or a

gas when you heat them?

The particles spread out andbecome less dense.

What is a fluid? A liquid or gas.

This effects fluid movement.


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Radiation

ow does heat energy get!rom the "un to the #arth?

?

$here are no particles between

the "un and the #arth so it

%A&&'$ travel by conduction or

by convection.

(A)*A$*'&

Radiation travels in straight lines

Radiation can travel through a vacuum

Radiation requires no particles to travel

Radiation travels at the speed of light


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Steam Boiler


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What is boiler?!team boileror simply a boileris basically a

closed essel into 'hich 'ater is heated untilthe 'ater is conerted into steam at re*uiredpressure. his is most basic de)nition o'boiler.

Purposeof boilers!or $eneratin$ po'er in steam en$ines or

steam turbines

In tetile industries for si+in$ and bleachin$

!or heatin$ the buildin$s in cold 'eather and

for producin$ hot 'ater for hot 'ater supply


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*asic boiler terminolo$ies and de)nitions

+urnace8 it is the chamber formed by the space in'hich combustion ta)es place.

%eatin$ sur'ace# /bsorption of heat from furnace.

!team , water separators# Separate 'ater fromsteam.

+eed Water supply# 9roides 'ater as a 'or)in$medium for conersion to steam.

+uel !upply# 9roides the ener$y source.

Control -.uipment# 7ontrollin$ start, operation,

shutdo'n, and safety trappin$ of plant.!i/e and Capacity# odular Boilers are small insi+e and capacity and are often intended to replacea lar$e sin$le boiler 'ith seeral small boilers.


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Worin$ rinciple o' *oiler

he basic worin$ principle o' boiler is erysimple and easy to understand. he boiler isessentially a closed essel inside 'hich 'ater isstored. !uel "$enerally coal% is bunt in a furnace andhot $asses are produced. hese hot $asses come in

contact 'ith 'ater essel 'here the heat of thesehot $ases transfer to the 'ater and conse*uentlysteam is produced in the boiler. hen this steam ispiped to the turbine of thermal po'er plant. hereare many di6erent types of boiler utili+ed fordi6erent purposes li)e runnin$ a production unit,saniti+in$ some area, sterili+in$ e*uipment, to 'armup the surroundin$s etc.
http://www.electrical4u.com/thermal-power-generation-plant-or-thermal-power-station/http://www.electrical4u.com/thermal-power-generation-plant-or-thermal-power-station/


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&ypes o' boilers used in te2tile mills

List of boiler machine for etile ills and /pparel Industry is closed essel

in 'hich 'ater or other li*uid is heated, steam or apor is $enerated, steamis superheated, or any combination thereof, under pressure or acuum, foruse eternal to itself, by the direct application of ener$y from the combustionof fuels, from electricity or nuclear ener$y. !ollo'in$ are the types of boilerused in tetile8

!ire ube Boiler for !ashion Industry Water tube boiler,

!ulton boilers,

9ac)a$ed,

!luidi+ed Bed 7ombustion,

/tmospheric !luidi+ed Bed 7ombustion,

9ressuri+ed !luidi+ed Bed 7ombustion,

7irculatin$ !luidi+ed Bed 7ombustion,

Sto)er !ired,

9uleri+ed !uel,

Waste ;eat and hermic !luid ;eater.
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&here are mainly two types o'

boiler used#

13+iretube boiler

43Watertube boiler


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+ire tube boiler/s it indicated from the name, the 5re tube boilerconsists

of numbers of tubes throu$h 'hich hot $asses are passed.hese hot $as tubes are immersed into 'ater, in a closedessel. /ctually in 5re tube boiler one closed essel or shellcontains 'ater, throu$h 'hich hot tubes are passed. hese5re tubes or hot $as tubes heated up the 'ater and conert

the 'ater into steam and the steam remains in sameessel. /s the 'ater and steam both are in same essel a5re tube boiler cannot produce steam at ery hi$h pressure
http://www.electrical4u.com/fire-tube-boiler-operation-and-types-of-fire-tube-boiler/http://www.electrical4u.com/fire-tube-boiler-operation-and-types-of-fire-tube-boiler/


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Advanta$es o' +ire &ube *oiler


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Water tube boiler

/ 'ater tube boiler issuch )ind of boiler 'herethe 'ater is heated insidetubes and the hot $asses

surround them. his is thebasic de5nition of 'atertube boiler. /ctually thisboiler is 2ust opposite of5re tube boiler 'here hot$asses are passed throu$htubes 'hich aresurrounded by 'ater.


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Advanta$es o' Water &ube *oiler

here are many adanta$es of 'ater tube boilerdue to 'hichthese types of boiler are essentially used in lar$e

thermal po'er plant.


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Comparison of fire tube and water

tube boilers

Particulars Fire-tube boilers Water-tube boilers

Position of water and hotgases

Hot gases inside the tubesand water outside thetubes

Water inside the tubesand hot gases outside thetubes

Mode of firing Generally internally fired Externally firedperation pressure !imited to "# bar Can go up to "$$ bar

%ate of steam production !ower Higher

&uitability 'ot suitable for largepower plants

&uitable for large powerplants

%is( on bursting )n*ol*es lesser ris( ofexplosion due to lowerpressure

More ris( on burstingdue to high pressure

Floor area For a gi*en power itoccupies more floor area

For a gi*en power itoccupies less floor area

Construction &imple +ifficult


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Cont,

Particulars Fire-tube boilers Water-tube boilers

Transportation Simple Difficult

Shell diameter Large for same power Small for same power

Chances of explosion Less More

Treatment of water Not so necessary More necessary

Accessibility of variousparts

arious parts not so easilyaccessible for cleaning!repair and inspection

More accessible

"e#uirement of s$ill "e#uire less s$ill forefficient and economicwor$ing

"e#uire more s$ill andcareful attention


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Construction and operation o' other boilers#

6ertical aca$e#

%t consist of a cylindrical shell! the greaterportion of which is full of water & remaining

is the steam space'

At the bottom of the fire box is grate onwhich fuel is burnt and the ash from it fallsin the ash pit'

A simple vertical boiler is self(contained &can be easily transported'


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7ancashire

eliable, has simplicity of desi$n, ease of operation and less operatin$ andmaintenance costs

7ommonly used in su$ar(mills and tetile industries 'here alon$ 'ith the po'ersteam and steam for the process 'or) is also needed

7onsists of cylindrical shell inside 'hich t'o lar$e tubes are spaced

Shell is constructed 'ith seeral rin$s of cylindrical from it is placed hori+ontally

oer a bric) 'or) 'hich forms seeral channels for the o' of hot $ases

he furnace is placed at the front end of each tube


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*abcoc and Wilco2 boilers

It consists of a drum connected to a series of front endand rear end header by short riser tubes

o these headers are connected a series of inclined "

Introduction to Boiler

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