Introduction to Biotechnology

Ms. Schuller

What is biotechnology?

Discuss with your group and formulate a definition.

Technology(Use of Knowledge)

Useful Products

+ =

Bio(Living Things)

+ =

BiotechnologyUsing living organisms,

or the products of living organisms, for human benefit

(or to benefit human surroundings), to make a product or solve a problem.

Biotechnology

• How many of you know someone who works in the biotech industry?

• How many of you are interested in the biotech industry?

Maryland Biotechnology Centerhttp://marylandbiocenter.org/Pages/Homepage.aspx

Maryland Biosciences• More than 400 bioscience companies—the fastest growing

cluster in the U.S. • Ranks second per capita in federal R&D obligations—$12.2

billion • State investment of over $450 million in bioscience

infrastructure • Ranked second among the states in the percentage of

professional and technical workers (24.9%) • Ranked second among the states in concentration of doctoral

scientists and engineers • Home to eight percent of the U.S. bioscience market • Among the top states in percentage of population who hold a

bachelor’s degree or higher (34.5%)

http://marylandbiocenter.org/Pages/Homepage.aspx

Maryland Biosciences

• Biotherapeutics and Diagnostics — MedImmune , Human Genome Sciences, Advancis, GenVec, Martek, Otsuka, BD Diagnostics, Digene, Invitrogen and Qiagen

• Agricultural Biotechnology— Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Center for Biosystems Research and Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology II

• Pharmaceutical & Biomanufacturing/Bioprocessing — Cambrex , Chesapeake Biological Laboratories, Shire U.S. Manufacturing, and Pharmaceutics International

• Bioinformatics — Gene Logic , Celera Genomics and the National Institutes of Health

Examples of Biotechnology

Examples of Biotechnology

• Humans have been using organisms for their benefit for several thousands years!o Fermentation – yeast break down sugars to make alcoholo Selective breeding – improve the production of crop and livestock for

food purposes; organisms with desirable traits are mated to produce offspring with the same characteristics

o Antibiotics – substances produced by microorganisms that will inhibit the growth of other microorganisms

o Gene cloning – the ability to identify and reproduce a gene of interesto Genetic engineering – manipulating the DNA of an organismo Recombinant DNA technology – combining DNA from different

organismso Human Genome Project – chromosomal location and code of every

human gene, ~25,000

Biotechnology Today

• Since the 1970s, biotechnology refers to the use of modern molecular and microbial techniques to make useful products

Interdisciplinary?

Bioethics• Ethics– How society choses to use scientific discovery

• Biotechnology– How should scientists use the information gained

from research? – How much should organisms be manipulated?

Bioethics

• Consider:– Would you accept cancer therapy with a drug made

from a genetically engineered virus?– Would you drink milk from a cow treated with a

recombinant growth hormone?– Would you eat genetically modified fish? – Would you clone a pet? – Would you genetically modify a pre-implantation

embryo to fix a genetic disease?– Would you clone yourself?

Types of Biotechnology• Human Genome Project• Medical

– Drug development– Antibiotics– Vaccines

• Nanotechnology• Personalized Medicine

(pharmacogenomics)• Clinical Diagnostics

– Microbial – Antibodies

• Agriculture– Genetically modified crops– Pharming

• Industrial Manufacturing– Detergents– Plant-based plastics

• Biofuels• Mining• Pollution monitoring and

waste management– Biosensors– Bioremediation

• Conservation – DNA profiling

• Biodefense• Forensics – DNA

fingerprinting• Human origins

Types of Biotechnology Project• Medical (Cory & Walters)

– Drug development– Antibiotics– Vaccines

• Nanotechnology (DiBiagio & Ryan)• Personalized Medicine (Dobson &

Roddy)• Clinical Diagnostics (Faber & Pica)

– Microbial – Antibodies

• Agriculture (Freiji & Noppenberger)– Genetically modified crops– Pharming

• Industrial Manufacturing (Haley & Moynihan)– Detergents– Plant-based plastics

• Biofuels (Hopkins & McGrath)• Mining• Pollution monitoring and waste

management (Hurley, Illiano & Marlowe)– Biosensors– Bioremediation

• Conservation – DNA profiling• Biodefense (Iverson, Jlopleh, &

Jones)• Forensics – DNA fingerprinting • Human origins (Iverson, Jlopleh,

& Jones)

Why is Biotechnology Such a BIG deal?

1. Agriculture– More efficient/higher crop yields– Increased quality/quantity of animal products– Improved quality, flavor, and shelf life– Reduces agrochemicals

Why is Biotechnology Such a BIG deal?

2. Industry- Microbes are used to convert biomass into other useful products- Organisms are used as factories producing chemical compounds

Why is Biotechnology Such a BIG deal?

3. Health/Medicine- Develop diagnostic tools- Vaccinations, antibiotics, and other therapeutics- Gene therapy

Why is Biotechnology Such a BIG deal?

4. Environmental – Developing alternative fuels– Bioremediation

5. Forensic– DNA fingerprinting

6. Advancement of knowledge

Biotechnology Can Be Abused

• Ethics – o The study of the general nature of

morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by a person; moral philosophy. (American Heritage Dictionary).

o The determination of how scientific discovery and technology are used to help the human condition

What are the steps of the scientific method?

The Scientific Method

An unanswered QUESTION arises

- OR -a PROBLEM exists that

requires a solution

1. OBSERVE nature.2. Make INFERENCES3. Conduct RESEARCH4. COLLABORATE with

other scientists

HYPOTHESIS “educated guess”

1. A possible answer to the question.

2. A possible solution to the problem

EXPERIMENTATION

Must be controlled, repeatable,

ethical,

INTERPRETATIONDoes analysis of the experimental data

provide an answer or solution?

The

Scie

ntific

Met

hod

Prompts scientists to…

which may lead to a…

If YES, then THEORY may arise.

If NO, then A. QUESTION is revisedB. More observation and

research is doneC. HYPOTHESIS is revised.D. EXPERIMENT is

improved or repeated.

Yields data that can be interpreted and peer reviewed …

Will inevitably lead to new questions

tested using…

Biotechnology Timeline• 1830 – Proteins discovered• 1833 – First enzymes isolated• 1863 – Mendel’s discoveries• 1944 – DNA confirmed as genetic material• 1954 – Cell culturing techniques developed• 1967 – First protein synthesized by automation• 1973 – First recombinant DNA experiments• 1983 – PCR technique developed• 1984 – DNA fingerprinting technique developed• 1985 – First field test of genetically engineered plant

(unauthorized); first biotech drug• 1987 – First field test of GMO (authorized)• 1988 – HGP approved by Congress• 1997 – Dolly the sheep cloned• 2000 – Human genome sequence produced

Biotechnology Timeline1. Go to the web site http://www.bio.org/speeches/pubs/er/timeline.asp2. Read through the timeline of biotechnology. 3. Choose the 3-4 significant contributions to the advancement of biotechnology. Following a class discussion, each student will pick ONE event in the timeline to present to the class4. Create a one-page document outlining the significance of the event. The document should show the year, the definition of the event, and identify its significance to advancing biotechnology. Students should find at least one other good resource to support their information. 5. Documents will be printed and presented in class (less than a minute).

Presentations in class tomorrow!

Grading:

• Timeline Information (10 points):– Thorough and accurate description of event– Necessary definitions needed to understand event and the

technology used– Analytic description of its importance to the field of biotechnology

• Presentation (3 points):– One page – easy to read and understand– Grammatically correct with no typos

• Citations (2 points):– Used at least one reputable resource to support information

presented– Listed the sources used in the presentation

Biotechnology Timeline Example:

8000 B.C.Domestication of Livestock

• Animals were domesticated for use by humans as food and labor

• Once wild goats, sheep, cattle, pigs, and fowl were used by humans as food source; fisheries formed in marine environments

• Blah, blah, blah….• Significance, blah, blah, blah….

Sources used: http://www.unep-wcmc.org/resources/publications/1_sourcebook/5.docPhotos taken from: http://www.planetpinkngreen.com/can-cow-poo-be-eco-chic-3/

http://scienceblogs.com/thoughtfulanimal/2010/08/pigs_emotion.php

1 Omoefe Abugo  1920 HGH discovered2 James Cohen  1997 Dolly the sheep cloned3 Patrick Crumbling  2005 Successful cow cloning4 Tyler Delaney  1911 First cancer causing virus5 Sean Dolan  1933 Hybrid corn6 Joseph Fiocco  1857 Pasteur proposes using

microbes7 Kyle Fowler  500 B.C. First Antibiotic8 James Holder  1663 Hooke discovers cell 9 Bryan Howe 1590  Jansen invents the microscope

10 Matthew Langrehr  1675 Leewenhoeke discovers bacteria

11 Matthew Lazzati  1830 Proteins are discovered12 Zachary Mather 4000-2000 BC Fermentation 13 Zachary Noel  1998 Eight calves cloned14 Matthew O'Brien  4000-2000 BC Fermentation15 Christopher Sheppard  1950s First synthetic antibiotic16 Garrett Smith  1997 Rhesus monkey cloned17 James Stose  1981 First cloned fish18 Evan Tompros  1993 creation of Biotechnology

Industry Org. 19 Noah Walker  1963 New wheat variety20 Brandon Young  1980s Use of microbes in oil spills21 William Youngblood  1911 cancer causing virus

discovered