Lecture 5

ETY494 – Introduction to Biomedical Engineering (2019 Spring Semester)

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF CRETE

Biomaterials Biocompatibility Levels Requirements

Types of biomaterials Metals Ceramics Polymers Semiconductors

Impact of biomaterials

2 https://theconversation.com/the-impact-of-impact-on-the-ref-35636

3

A man living in a futuristic sterile colony begins to question his circumscribed existence when his friend is chosen to go to the Island, the last uncontaminated place on earth.

4 https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0399201/

5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBG_ynzqpgg

6 Steve Buscemi

"You’re copies of people. The ones that get sick and need a new heart… they take it from you"

Cloning In genetics, a clone is a

genetic copy of another organism

Dolly 5 July 1996 – 14 February

2003 Roslin Institute, Uni. of

Edinburgh Originated from a mammary

gland cell of another, no-longer-living, six-year-old Fynn Dorset ewe

Premature death Is a clone really born at age

zero? https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/two-decades-after-dolly-sheep-here-s-what-we-ve-n724096

What do you think of cloning? https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0399201/mediaviewer/rm3318516736

Other solution that bypasses cloning?

9

http://iqamotion.com/home/iqa-home-panel-fabrication-icon/

ORGAN

MUSCLE

FABRICATION

http://health.sunnybrook.ca/heart/progress-treating-heart-failure/

https://www.freepik.com/free-photos-vectors/cell

10 http://dysfunctionalrequirements.com/without-data-we-are-nothing/important/

11

BUILDING BLOCKS

TISSUE ENGINEERING

APPLICATION

• Biomaterials • Bioreactors • Cells

• Repair • Replacement

https://supplychainmit.com/2017/04/20/turning-digital-disruption-into-a-building-block-for-change/

https://bespokecompositepanels.com/what-we-do/engineering-icon-blue/

https://www.cbronline.com/what-is/what-is-application-software-4910115/

Those materials — be it natural or synthetic, alive or lifeless, and usually made of multiple components — that interact with biological systems. Biomaterials are often used in medical applications to augment or replace a natural function (Lecture 4).

12 https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/materials-science/biomaterials.html

https://www.geistlich-na.com/en-us/patients/biomaterials/

https://blogs.plos.org/everyone/2018/07/01/call-for-papers-biomaterials/

https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-biomaterials-are-used-in-healthcare-4065158

Can be defined as a device that uses mechanical means to influence biological processes. In tissue engineering bioreactors can be used to aid in the in vitro development of new tissue by providing biochemical and physical regulatory signals to cells and encouraging them to undergo differentiation and/or to produce extracellular matrix prior to in vivo implantation

13 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactor https://www.roosterbio.com/products/bioreactor-scale-up-kit-kt-052

https://bioprocessintl.com/upstream-processing/upstream-single-use-technologies/development-qualification-scalable-disposable-bioreactor-gmp-compliant-cell-culture/

http://solidabiotech.com/product/compact-bioreactor-2/

The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, which is typically microscopic

14 https://www.haleo.co.uk/the-body/cells/

15 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8

16 https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-cells-in-the-body-373388

Stem cells are unique cells of the body in that they are unspecialized and have the ability to develop into specialized cells for specific organs or to develop into tissues. Stem cells are able to divide and replicate many times in order to replenish and repair tissue. In the field of stem cell research, scientists are attempting to take advantage of the renewal properties of stem cells by utilizing them to generate cells for tissue repair, organ transplantation, and for the treatment of disease. 17

https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-cells-in-the-body-373388

Bones are a type of mineralized connective tissue and a major component of the skeletal system. Bone cells form bone, which is composed of a matrix of collagen and calcium phosphate minerals. There are three primary types of bone cells in the body. Osteoclasts are large cells that decompose bone for resorption and assimilation. Osteoblasts regulate bone mineralization and produce osteoid (organic substance of bone matrix), which mineralizes to form bone. Osteoblasts mature to form osteocytes. Osteocytes aid in the formation of bone and help maintain calcium balance.

18 https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-cells-in-the-body-373388

From transporting oxygen throughout the body to fighting infection, cells of the blood are vital to life. The three major types of cells in the blood are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells determine blood type and are also responsible for transporting oxygen to cells. White blood cells are immune system cells that destroy pathogens and provide immunity. Platelets help to clot blood and prevent excessive blood loss due to broken or damaged blood vessels. Blood cells are produced by bone marrow.

19 https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-cells-in-the-body-373388

Muscle cells form muscle tissue, which is important for bodily movement. Skeletal muscle tissue attaches to bones enabling voluntary movement. Skeletal muscle cells are covered by connective tissue, which protects and supports the muscle fiber bundles. Cardiac muscle cells form involuntary cardiac muscle found in the heart. These cells aid in heart contraction and are joined to one another by intercalated discs, which allow for synchronization of the heart beat. Smooth muscle tissue is not striated like cardiac and skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle is involuntary muscle that lines body cavities and forms the walls of many organs (kidneys, intestines, blood vessels, lung airways, etc.).

20 https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-cells-in-the-body-373388

Fat cells, also called adipocytes, are the major cell component of adipose tissue. Adipocytes contain droplets of stored fat (triglycerides) that can be used for energy. When fat is being stored, fat cells swell and become round in shape. When fat is being used, these cells shrink in size. Adipose cells also have an endocrine function as they produce hormones that influence sex hormone metabolism, blood pressure regulation, insulin sensitivity, fat storage and use, blood clotting, and cell signaling. 21

https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-cells-in-the-body-373388

The skin is composed of a layer of epithelial tissue (epidermis) that is supported by a layer of connective tissue (dermis) and an underlying subcutaneous layer. The outermost layer of the skin is composed of flat, squamous epithelial cells that are closely packed together. The skin protects the internal structures of the body from damage, prevents dehydration, acts as a barrier against germs, stores fat, and produces vitamins and hormones.

22 https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-cells-in-the-body-373388

Nerve cells or neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system. Nerves send signals among the brain, spinal cord, and other body organs via nerve impulses. A neuron consists of two major parts: a cell body and nerve processes. The central cell body contains the neuron's nucleus, associated cytoplasm, and organelles. Nerve processes are "finger-like" projections (axons and dendrites) that extend from the cell body and are able to conduct and transmit signals.

23 https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-cells-in-the-body-373388

Endothelial cells form the inner lining of cardiovascular system and lymphatic system structures. These cells makes up the inner layer of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and organs including the brain, lungs, skin, and heart. Endothelial cells are responsible for angiogenesis or the creation of new blood vessels. They also regulate the movement of macromolecules, gases, and fluid between the blood and surrounding tissues, and help to regulate blood pressure.

24 https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-cells-in-the-body-373388

Sex cells or gametes are reproductive cells produced in male and female gonads. Male sex cells or sperm are motile and have a long, tail-like projection called a flagellum. Female sex cells or ova are non-motile and relatively large in comparison to the male gamete. In sexual reproduction, sex cells unite during fertilization to form a new individual. While other body cells replicate by mitosis, gametes reproduce by meiosis.

25 https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-cells-in-the-body-373388

The pancreas functions as both an exocrine and endocrine organ. Exocrine acinar cells produce and secrete digestive enzymes that are transported by ducts to the small intestine. A very small percentage of pancreatic cells have endocrine function and secrete hormones. Pancreatic endocrine cells are found in small clusters called islets of Langerhans. Hormones produced by these cells include insulin, glucagon, and gastrin. Pancreatic cells are important for regulating blood glucose concentration levels as well as for the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

26 https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-cells-in-the-body-373388

Cancer results from the development of abnormal properties in normal cells that enable them to divide uncontrollably and spread to other locations. Cancer cell development can be caused by mutations that occur from factors such as chemicals, radiation, ultraviolet light, chromosome replication errors, or viral infection. Cancer cells lose sensitivity to anti-growth signals, proliferate rapidly, and lose the ability to undergo apoptosis or programmed cell death. 27

https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-cells-in-the-body-373388

Cell differentiation is a transition of a cell from one type of cell to another and involves a switch from one pattern of gene expression to another

28 https://biologywise.com/cell-differentiation

29 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3g26p9Mh_k

30 https://elixcell.com/about-stem-cells/

31 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Va1jaBGwoT8

32 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0vyKw71rB-A

33 https://www.cnet.com/news/marvel-might-start-developing-x-men-deadpool-films-next-year/

34 https://www.infoworld.com/article/3173630/application-development/microsoft-machine-learning-program-tackles-coding-drudgery.html

DEFAULT COMMANDS 10 WAKE UP 20 Charge batteries 30 Make donut 40 GO TO 30 50 END when DONUT=5 60 SLEEP

https://www.amazon.com/iscream-Sugar-riffic-Photoreal-Microbead-Chocolate/dp/B009K8CG96

Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com

5 Donuts covered on pink chocolate

35

A lot of donuts covered on white chocolate

36

Reprogramming the command lines

37

DEFAULT COMMANDS 10 WAKE UP 20 Charge batteries 30 Make donut 40 GO TO 30 50 END when DONUT=5 60 SLEEP

Reprogramming the command lines

38

NEW COMMANDS 10 WAKE UP 20 Charge batteries 30 Make white donut 40 GO TO 30 50 END when DONUT=∞ 60 SLEEP

https://www.infoworld.com/article/3173630/application-development/microsoft-machine-learning-program-tackles-coding-drudgery.html

39

https://www.amazon.com/Scented-Donut-Pillows-Vanilla/dp/B078VWHDK6

NEW COMMANDS 10 WAKE UP 20 Charge batteries 30 Make white donut 40 GO TO 30 50 END when DONUT=oo 60 SLEEP

Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com

40

FACTORY PROGRAMMING

41

https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/2/15/14613878/national-academy-genome-editing-human

http://chittagongit.com/icon/cells-icon-2.html

https://sites.duke.edu/wcwp/2018/04/16/hublot-and-the-referee-board/

42 https://www.aiche.org/academy/product-bundles/stem-cell-engineering-bundle