Introduction to Biological Risk Management
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Transcript of Introduction to Biological Risk Management
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Introduction to Biological Risk Management
For Beef and Dairy Producers
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Biological Risk Management (BRM)
• Overall process of awareness education, evaluation, and management
• Designed to improve disease control – Foreign and domestic diseases
• Provide tools to minimize risk
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Biological Risk Management (BRM)
• Disease risk cannot be totally eliminated– Animal, its environment– Decrease exposure to
disease agents
• Minimize threat to animals and humans
• No one-size-fits-all answer
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Overview
• Importance of BRM• Risk perception and assessment
– Routes of transmission
• Practical management plans– General prevention practices
• Increased awareness through communication
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Importance of BRM
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Importance of BRM
• Importance of agriculture• Changing food production practices • Rise in emerging and re-emerging
infectious disease• Increasing globalization• Increased interaction with animals
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Agriculture and Economics
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Agriculture and Economics
• 1 in 6 U.S. jobs are ag-related
• Our economy dependent upon agriculture– Animal production
industry– Affects everyone in
U.S. in some way
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Agriculture and Economics
• Beef production single largest segment– 1.4 million jobs– $188.4 billion– All 50 states
• Dairy industry– 900,000+ jobs– $29 billion household– $140 billion overall
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Agriculture and BRM
• Provide a safe food source– Healthy animals
• Milk supplies 73% of calcium in U.S. food supply
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Agriculture and BRM
• Realize the impact on the industry
• Provide– Income – Lifestyle
• Mitigate economic consequences of a disease outbreak
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Food Production Changes
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Food Production Changes
• Number of farms decreasing• Animal numbers rising on some farms• Opportunities
– Increasing intensity/specialization – Efficient food source: U.S. and world
• Challenges– Disease control and eradication– Devastating economic effects
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Beef Production
• Segmented industry– Cow-calf numbers
steady to increasing • Number of farms stable• Mostly small operations
(<50 head)
– Increasing intensityin feedlots
• Fewer feedlots withmore animals
• Opportunities and challenges
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Dairy Production• Lactating cow and
farm numbers decreasing– 2001: 9.16 mil cows– 97,560 operations
• Increased production– Cows and U.S.– Increased intensity
• Opportunities and challenges
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The Rise in Emergingand Re-Emerging
Infectious Diseases
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Global Travel and Commerce
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Global Travel and Commerce
• Increase in personal travel– Spread of foreign
animal disease• Within a food product• On the traveler’s person
• Importation of cattle and animal products– Animals may not show signs
of disease
• International travel waste
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Global Travel and Commerce
References: CDC and APHIS
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Global Travel and Commerce
Reference: U.S. Department of Homeland Security
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Human-Animal Interaction
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Human-Animal Interaction• Livestock producers work
with animals daily– Most have immunity
to various diseases
• Immunocompromised population more vulnerable to zoonoses– Young and old– Chemotherapy– Diabetes
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Conducting a BRM Livestock Facility
Assessment
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Components of BRM
• Risk perception• Risk assessment
– Routes of transmission
• Risk management• Risk communication
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Risk Perception
• Different perceptions of risk– First identify what is viewed as a threat
• Factors influencing perception– Previous experience – Media– Environment
• Acceptance andtolerance varies
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Risk Perception• Common beliefs
– “We have always done it this way”– “I’ve had most everything on this farm”– “It’s too expensive”
• New beliefs– Disease outbreaks can and do happen– Prevention is less costly than treatment– Too much is financially invested to lose– Prevention through awareness
and management
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Risk Assessment• Objective evaluation• Identify strengths,
weaknesses – Change over time
• Disease prediction is complicated– Underlying disease risks are not– Cattle’s vulnerability is influenced by:
• Cleanliness, stress, nutrition• Things that can be managed
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Routes of Transmission
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Routes of Transmission
• Apply to all infectious agents• Animal must be exposed to
develop disease• Understand different routes of
transmission = Gain control• Risk areas must be identified
– Design protocols to minimize exposure
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Routes of Transmission• Spread of disease agents
– Animal animal– Animal human
• Different routes of transmission– Aerosol– Direct contact – Fomite
– Oral– Vector-borne– Zoonotic
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Aerosol Transmission
• Disease agents contained in droplets– Pass through air
• Most agents not stable in droplets– Close proximity required– Infected and
susceptible animals
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Direct Contact Transmission
• Disease agent in animal or environment– Open wounds, mucous
membranes, skin– Blood, saliva, nose to nose,
rubbing, biting
• Reproductive transmission– Breeding– Dam to offspring
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Fomite Transmission
• Contaminated inanimate object
• Carries agents to other animals– Brushes,
needles
• Traffic– Vehicle, trailer,
humans
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Oral Transmission
• Consumption of contaminated feed, water– Feces, urine, saliva – Other contaminants
(ruminant protein)• Licking/chewing
contaminated environment
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Vector-borne Transmission
• Insect • Acquires pathogen
from one animal• Transmits to
another animal– Biological vectors
• Fleas, ticks, mosquitoes
– Mechanical vectors• Flies, cockroaches
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Environmental Contamination
• Disease organism in environment– Survive in soil, organic material
• Animals and humans can acquire agent(s) through:– Inhalation– Direct contact– Fomites– Oral consumption – Vectors
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Disease Transmission
• Animals may not exhibit obvious signs of disease
• Awareness of all routes of transmission is essential– Develop strategy to
minimize disease risk for livestock operation
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The Risk Management Plan
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Risk Management
• Facility/operation evaluated– Challenges identified
• Tailored management plan • Prioritize
– Easy to implement– Inexpensive yet
yield rewards
• No common formula
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Risk Management
• Management plan reflects– Immediate challenges– Short-term goals– Long-term goals
• Many possible solutions exist• Remain open to suggestions
– Recommendations vary based on individual’s experience, knowledge
Set
Goals
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General Prevention Steps
Overview• Farm perimeter• Animal identification• Animal health• Sick/dead animals• Isolation/quarantine• Supply handling• Neonatal management
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General Prevention Steps
• Limit contact with animals– Neighbor’s livestock– Wildlife, birds– Roaming cats, dogs
• Maintain fences• Establish biosecurity protocols for
delivery vehicles, personnel• Lock gates
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General Prevention
• Identify individual animals • Important for:
– Communicating health status
– Treatment needs– Location on farm– Record keeping
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General Prevention Steps
• Keep health records on every animal• Review vaccination and
treatment programs– Annually, bi-annually– Protocol versus actual
• Investigate unusual signs, unresponsive cases– Neurologic, downers, sudden death
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General Prevention Steps
• Train farm personnel to report sick animals– Inspect animals daily – Clean equipment,
boots, clothing
• Euthanize terminally ill animals promptly and appropriately – Removed or rendered
• Necropsy animals that died from unknown causes
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General Prevention Steps
• Isolate ill animals immediately – No shared ventilation, direct contact
with other animals
• Quarantine newly introduced animals– New purchases, returning animals
• Time determined with veterinarian• Test for key diseases before placing
with rest of herd
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General Prevention Steps
• Store non-refrigeratedvaccines and antibiotics out of sunlight as it can deactivate them
• Monitor refrigeration temperature monthly – Ideal temp 36-46oF
• Restrict access to medication to only properly trained personnel
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General Prevention Steps
• Ensure adequate ingestion of disease-free colostrum in first 6 hours of life
• Prevent contact with older animals, contaminated environments
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Risk Communication
• Communication is key!• Plan must be understood and
supported to be effective• Success of BRM plan
depends on:– How plan is carried out– Who is responsible
for changes– Incorporation into daily activities
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Conclusion
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Key Learning Objectives
• Biological risk management is important
• All diseases are transmitted by a few common routes
• Disease risk can be managed• Awareness education is essential• You play a critical role!
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Acknowledgments
Development of this presentationwas funded by a grant from the USDA Risk Management Agencyto the Center for Food Security
and Public Healthat Iowa State University.
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Author: Danelle Bickett-Weddle, DVM, MPH
Reviewers: James Roth, DVM, PhD
Bryan Buss, DVM, MPH
Acknowledgments