Introduction to AstronauticsSissejuhatus kosmonautikasse

Vladislav Pustõnski

2009 – 2012

Tallinn University of Technology

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Main goals of Astronautics andways to space

• Role of Astronautics in the modern lifeNo Astronautics means:1. Back to global cable relay, decrease of speed and deterioration of

quality of TV broadcast, Internet etc.2. No global navigation and positioning (no GPS etc.)3. Degradation of weather forecast and mapping4. Limited research of the upper atmosphere, solar activity etc.5. Deterioration of military reconnaissance, no precise guidance of

missiles etc.6. Degradation of space science: no space telescopes, no in situ

research throughout the Solar System, particles and fields, no precise physical experiments, no biological experiments in space

7. No manned spaceflights: no International Space Station, no Moon nor planetary missions

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• Main types of spacecraft1. Satellites for practical applications:

I. Radio relay (TV broadcast, Internet etc.)II. Global navigation and positioning (GPS etc.)III. Earth observations (weather forecast, mapping, global and local changes)IV. Applied science (research of the upper atmosphere, solar activity, radiation etc.)V. Military (reconnaissance, positioning, guidance of missiles etc.)

2. Astronomy, physical and other sciences:I. Space telescopes (optical, IR, UV, , X-ray etc.)II. Solar System missions (Moon and planetary missions, missions to comets,

asteroids etc.)III. Research of particles and fields, spacecraft for verification of physical theoriesIV. Biological experiments

3. Manned space flights:I. Experiments in space and servicing of unmanned spacecraftII. The Space Station, long-term living in spaceIII. Manned missions to the Moon and the planets

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• Example satellites and spacecraft

Navstar GPS satellite GOES-8 weather satellite

Sputnik-3USSR research satellite

Hubble space telescope

Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn

Apollo-16 Lunar Module and LRV

Mir Space Station

Telstar communication satellite

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1. Possible with current technology:I. Space gun

II. Electromagnetic catapult

III. Space plane

IV. Ramjet/scramjet

2. Need for advanced technology or new materials with still unavailable properties:

I. Space tower

II. Space elevators (mostly constructions based on tethers)

III. Momentum exchange tethers (rotovators)

IV. Laser propulsion

• Alternative ways to spaceTasks: use cheaper alternative methods to reach space (mostly Low Earth Orbit)

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I. Old and new

II. Small and large

III. From ground, water & air

IV. Reliable, but sometimes fail

• Rocket as launch vehicleFact: rocket propulsion is currently the only way to space

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End of Lecture 1

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1. Passive satellites:I. Echo 1A: August 12, 1960, ~30 m inflated reflecting sphere.

First communication satellite

2. Active satellites:I. Telstar 1/2: July 10, 1962, ~1 m sphere, ~80 kg. First active

communication satellite (also first privately sponsored satellite). Elliptical orbit, P~2.5h, availability ~20 min/orbit

II. Syncom 2: July 26, 1963, first operational geosynchronous satellite (height of orbit ~ 36 000 km, P = 24h, i ~ 33º)

III. Syncom 3: August 19, 1964, first geostationary satellite (height of orbit ~ 36 000 km, P = 24h, i ~ 0º)

IV. Molniya-1: April 23, 1965. First soviet communication satellite. Highly elliptical orbit, apogee ~ 40 000 km, P ~ 12h, i ~ 63º, availability ~ 10 hours/2 orbits

• Communication satellitesTasks: telephony, TV, radio, Internet, fixed services, other communication

issues (i.e. communication with ISS etc.)

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1. Early era:I. Transit 1B: April 13, 1960. System entered service in 1964.

Polar orbits, accuracy ~200 m

II. Kosmos-1000: March 31, 1978. Russian “Tsykada” navigation system

2. Modern systems:I. GPS: 24 satellites in 6 orbital planes (plus reserve). 1978, first

experimental satellite (Block-I)

II. GLONASS: 24 satellites in 3 orbital planes. 1982, first operational satellite. 1995 – 24 satellites, now again 24.

III. Galileo: 30 satellites in 3 orbital planes. 2005, first esperimental satellite (GIOVE-A)

• Navigation satellitesTasks: navigation, positioning, time transfer, mapping, geographical &

geophysical sciences, search, tracking and rescue, location-based media

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1. Early era:I. TIROS I: April 1, 1960. First successful weather satellite

II. Kosmos-122: 1966. The first USSR dedicated weather satellite

2. Later and present systems:I. USA: GOES

II. Europe: Meteosat

III. USSR/Russia: Meteor, Meteor-M

IV. China: Fengyun

V. Japan: MTSAT-1R

• Weather satellitesTasks: weather forecast, climate changes, pollution, prediction of

catastrophic events (storms, typhoons etc.), long-term & short-term changes (ocean level, deserts areas, volcanoes, vegetation, snow etc.)

Weather satellites are mostly on geostationary or polar orbits

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1. Early era:I. Sputnik-2: November 3, 1957. The first animal in space

II. Explorer 1: February 1, 1958. Research of space in different heights, van Allen belts discovered. First USA satellite

2. Later noticible missions:Explorer series, Orbital Geophysical Observatory (OGO) satellites (USA), Proton satellites (USSR heavy satellites launched by 2-stage version of Proton rocket)

3. Today’s outstanding missionsI. Gravity Probe B: Space experiment for verification of the general

theory of relativity (2004 – 2005, data is still being analyzed)

II. Planck satellite: ESA space experiment to study anisotropies of cosmic microwave background (2009).

• Research satellitesTasks: research of atmosphere, the Sun, particles, fields, verification of

physical theories, biological experiments and many more

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1. Early era:I. OAO: 3 satellites 1968 – 81, prominent UV and X-ray space observatories

II. Uhuru: 1970-73, famous X-ray observatory

2. Great Observatories:I. Hubble Space Telescope (HST): launched 1990. Optical, UV, near IR. Still

in service

II. Compton -Ray Observatory: 1991 – 2000

III. Chandra X-Ray Observatory: 1999 –

IV. Spitzer Space Telescope: 2003 – , IR-telescope

3. Recent & future missions:I. Kepler mission: 2009. Exoplanets search through detection of stellar transits

II. Hershel Space Observatory: 2009, ESA mission, IR & sub-mm

III. James Webb Space Telescope: 2018 (?). IR telescope in the L2 point

• Space telescopesTasks: observations of fields and particles free of influence of the Earth’s

atmosphere

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1. Early era:I. Luna-1: January 2, 1959, the first solar satellite (gained the escape velocity)II. Luna-2: September 12, 1959, first reached the Moon (Sep. 14)III. Luna-3: October 4, 1959, first photographed the far side of the Moon IV. Mariner 4: First Mars fly-by, first close photos of Mars (Jul. 1965)V. Venera-3: First reached the planet (Mar. 1965)VI. Luna-9: First lunar soft landing Feb. 6, 1966, first Moon panoramasVII. Luna-17: First automatic rover Lunokhod, 1970 – 71VIII. Pioneer 10/11: First Jupiter & Saturn fly-byes (1973, 1979), close-up images

2. Later outstanding missions:I. Voyager 1/2: great planets fly-byes (Uranus 1986, Neptune 1989)II. Viking 1/2: First Mars landers & orbiters, 1975 – 80III. Magellan: Venus high-resolution mapping, 1990 – 94IV. Galileo: Jupiter orbiter & atmospheric probe, 1995 – 2003V. Mars Exploration Rovers: Twin martian rovers mission, 2004 –VI. Cassini/Huygens: Saturn orbiter & Titan probe, 2004 –

• Solar System missionsTasks: probes to the Moon, the planets, their satellites, comets, asteroids

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1. Early era:I. Vostok-1: April 12, 1961, first human to space, Yu.Gagarin

II. Voskhod: October 12, 1964, first spacecraft for more than one men

III. Voskhod-2: March 18, 1965, first spacewalk (A.Leonov)

IV. Gemini VIII: March 1966, first docking

V. Soyuz-1: April 1967, first disaster and casualty (at landing), V.Komarov

VI. Salyut: 1971, first space station

2. New age:I. Space Shuttle: 1981 – 2011, first reusable space winged vehicle

II. Mir: 1986 – 2001, first modular consistently inhabited space station

III. International Space Station (ISS): 1998 –

• Manned orbital spacecraftTasks: provide flights of human beings to Low Earth Orbit, their long-term

stay and work

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1. Moon race, 1961- mid 1970’s:I. May 25, 1961, Kennedy speech that started the Moon race

II. Apollo 8: December, 1968, first human beings on the lunar orbit

III. Apollo 11: July, 21, 1969, first lunar walk (N.Armstrong)

IV. Apollo 13: April 1970, serious failure in the deep space, emergency return without landing

V. Apollo 15: 1971, first car on the Moon

VI. mid 1960’s – mid. 1970’s, USSR program (failed)

2. Future plans:I. ISS: till 2020

II. Next generation expendable manned spacecraft and heavy launch vehicles, possible return to the Moon or visits to asteroids (uncertain)

III. Beyond 2030: Mars exploration with manned vehicles

• Manned Moon and planetary missionsTasks: flights of human beings to the Moon and the planets

Syncom 3 geostationary communication satellite

Geostatinonary orbit and Molniya orbit

Syncom 3

first geostationary satellite

Molniya communication satellite

Molniya orbit

TIROS I weather satellite

First TV picture from space

TIROS I launch

Sputnik-2 satellite

Layka inside sealed container

Model of Sputnik-2

Luna-3 Moon probe

One of the first photos of the far side of the Moon

Luna-3

Mars Exploration Rovers

Martian panorama;

landing platformMER, artistic concept

Vostok manned spaceship

Gagarin’s reentry capsuleSchematic representation of Vostok spaceship and

its launch vehicle

Space Shuttle

Space Shuttle landing after the first orbital flight

Space Shuttle Columbia inauguration launch

Apollo program

Apollo CSM on the lunar orbitApollo 11 Lunar Module on the Moon (Buzz Oldrin

is in front)

Soviet lunar program

Moon fly-by spaceships ZondN1 rocket launch

Space gun

HARP gun shot

Columbiad of

Jules Vern

Advantages:• Launch is very cheap

Problems:• High acceleration

• Atmospheric drag

• Need for upper stage

Historical background:

•HARP 16 inch gun, barrel 40 m, projectile

180 kg, velocity 3,6 km/s, altitude 180 km

•Project Babylon Gerald Bull supergun project for

Iraq, parameters uncertain

Electromagnetic catapult (mass driver)

Electromagnetic catapult

for launch from the Moon

(artist’s conception)

Advantages:• Launch is very cheap

• Enables moderate acceletations

• May be useful on small planets to propel small objects

Problems:• Even high accelerations on the Earth

• Atmospheric drag

• Massive bearing structure

Historical background:

•Mass Driver 1 Prototype built by students in MIT,

1976 – 77

Space plane

Mock-up of Dyna-Soar X-33 artist’s concept

Advantages:• No oxidizer onboard needed

• Aerodynamic forces available

• Lower thrust is sufficient for start

Problems:• Extra weight of wings

• High aerodynamic drag

• Complexity of engines

• Harsh flight environment

Historical background:• X-20 Dyna-Soar Rocket-launched space plane. Weight

~5 tons 1957 – 63

• HOTOL British government call, several tons to

orbit, 1986 – 88

• VentureStar/X-33 (prototype) NASA call, Lockheed Martin project.

Mass ~130 tons. Cancelled 2001

Ramjet/scramjet

Scramjet engine

X-43A attached to Pegasus

Advantages:•No oxidizer onboard needed

Problems:• Nonoperational at low velocities

• Orbital velocity inachievable

• Low trust-weight ratio

• High cost

Historical background:• X-30 DARP call. McDonnel Douglas,

Rocketdyne etc. project, mid 1980 – 93

• HyShot University of Queensland, Australia, 2002.

First scramjet tests, rocket-launched engine

•X-43 X-43A scramjet launched by Pegasus

rocket, 2004. Glider 3,7 m long, ~1400 kg.

3,4 km/s achieved

Exotic launch systems (proposals)

Space elevator

Rotovator

Laser propulsion, artist’s concept

Old rockets and new rockets

Launch of Delta IV HeavySoviet R-7 ICBM

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Arian 5 launch

Arian 5 launch

Small rockets and large rockets

Saturn V, Energia, R-7, Vanguard

Ground, water & air launches

Proton-K ground launch

Baikonur

Zenit-3SL sea launch

Odyssey Launch Platform, Pacific

Pegasus before its air launch

aboard Lockheed L-1011 plane

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Delta II failure

Delta II failure