Introduction to Animals Essential Questions: What makes an animal an animal? How are animals...
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Transcript of Introduction to Animals Essential Questions: What makes an animal an animal? How are animals...
Introduction to AnimalsIntroduction to AnimalsEssential Questions:Essential Questions:
What makes an animal an animal?What makes an animal an animal?
How are animals classified?How are animals classified?
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia EukaryoticEukaryotic HeterotrophicHeterotrophic MulticellularMulticellular
Tissues and organsTissues and organs formed by specialized cells formed by specialized cells
No cell wallsNo cell walls
Likely evolved from Likely evolved from animal-like animal-like protistsprotists
Essential FunctionsEssential Functions
All animals carry out the following:All animals carry out the following:1.1. Obtain food from the environmentObtain food from the environment
2.2. Exchange OExchange O22 & CO & CO2 2 through skin, gills, lungs, etcthrough skin, gills, lungs, etc
3.3. Move materials around bodyMove materials around body
4.4. Get rid of wastesGet rid of wastes
5.5. Process information with nervesProcess information with nerves
6.6. All animals are motile at some pointAll animals are motile at some point
7.7. Most reproduce sexually, some asexuallyMost reproduce sexually, some asexually
Reproduction & DevelopmentReproduction & Development Animals mainly reproduce Animals mainly reproduce sexuallysexually
FertilizationFertilization – sperm meets egg, either within – sperm meets egg, either within or outside the bodyor outside the bodyExternalExternal fertilization (in water) fertilization (in water)InternalInternal fertilization (on land) fertilization (on land)
What are the positives What are the positives
and negatives of each and negatives of each
type of fertilization?type of fertilization?
Reproduction & DevelopmentReproduction & Development Steps of Development:Steps of Development:
Fertilization results in a Fertilization results in a unicellular unicellular zygotezygote
The unicellular The unicellular zygotezygote divides divides by by mitosismitosis = = cleavagecleavage
A hollow ball of cells A hollow ball of cells ((blastula)blastula) formsforms
GastrulationGastrulation (folding inward) (folding inward) forms 2 cells layers: forms 2 cells layers: ectodermectoderm and and endodermendoderm
MesodermMesoderm forms forms
Coelomate vs AcoelomatesCoelomate vs Acoelomates CoelomCoelom – fluid filled cavity that supports internal – fluid filled cavity that supports internal
organs.organs. AcoelomatesAcoelomates – no internal cavity. – no internal cavity. ExampleExample: Flatworms: Flatworms PseudocoelomatesPseudocoelomates – body cavity develops between – body cavity develops between
endoderm and mesoderm. endoderm and mesoderm. ExampleExample: Roundworms: Roundworms CoelomatesCoelomates – internal organs suspended in a body – internal organs suspended in a body
cavity surrounded by mesoderm. cavity surrounded by mesoderm. ExampleExample: Earthworms: Earthworms
Why the Coelom?The coelom is significant because as animals evolved, so did the presence of a complex body cavity to support more complex organs!
SymmetrySymmetry Animals can be described in terms of their symmetry: Animals can be described in terms of their symmetry: AsymmetryAsymmetry – irregular in shape – irregular in shape ExampleExample: Sponge: Sponge Radial SymmetryRadial Symmetry – can be divided through along any plane – can be divided through along any plane
into halves from the mouth. into halves from the mouth. ExampleExample: Anemone: Anemone Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry – can be divided lengthwise into 2 mirror – can be divided lengthwise into 2 mirror
images.images. Example Example: Humans: Humans CephalizationCephalization: concentration of sense organs at the front : concentration of sense organs at the front
(top) of the body(top) of the body
Body PositioningBody Positioning
Bisymmetrical animalsBisymmetrical animals have have 4 parts4 parts::
AnteriorAnterior: the head end, : the head end, where sensory organs are where sensory organs are locatedlocated
PosteriorPosterior: the tail end : the tail end (anus)(anus)
DorsalDorsal: Back surface where : Back surface where the spine is locatedthe spine is located
VentralVentral: The belly side: The belly side
Framework for support: SkeletonsFramework for support: Skeletons ExoskeletonsExoskeletons – hard, waxy – hard, waxy
covering on the exterior of the covering on the exterior of the body. body. Prevent water loss, protect soft Prevent water loss, protect soft
tissuestissues
EndoskeletonsEndoskeletons – internal skeleton – internal skeleton for support made of for support made of Calcium Calcium CarbonateCarbonate, , cartilagecartilage or or bonebone Protects internal organs and an Protects internal organs and an
internal brace for muscles to pull internal brace for muscles to pull againstagainst
To survive on land, why is it important to have a strong skeleton?
Framework for support: SkeletonsFramework for support: Skeletons InvertebratesInvertebrates – an – an
animal without a animal without a backbone; usually has backbone; usually has exoskeletonexoskeleton Echinoderms have Echinoderms have
endoskeletonsendoskeletons
VertebratesVertebrates – an animal – an animal with a backbone; with a backbone; bilaterally symmetry; bilaterally symmetry; exoskeletonexoskeleton
InvertebratesInvertebrates Make up 95% of all animalsMake up 95% of all animals No backboneNo backbone, or vertebral column. , or vertebral column.
Most have Most have exoskeletonsexoskeletons.. Open circulatory systems (with a one Open circulatory systems (with a one
chambered “heart”)chambered “heart”) Cannot process Cannot process OxygenOxygen very well, restricts very well, restricts
their size and survival on land.their size and survival on land.
Invertebrate PhylaInvertebrate Phyla
Phylum Phylum PoriferaPorifera - Sponges - Sponges Phylum Phylum CnidariaCnidaria – Corals, Hydra & – Corals, Hydra &
JellyfishJellyfish Phylum Phylum PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes - Flatworms - Flatworms Phylum Phylum NematodaNematoda – Roundworms – Roundworms Phylum Phylum MolluscaMollusca – Snails, squid & – Snails, squid &
ClamsClams Phylum Phylum AnnelidaAnnelida - Segmented Worms - Segmented Worms Phylum Phylum ArthropodaArthropoda – Insects, spiders, – Insects, spiders,
lobsterslobsters Phylum Phylum EnchinodermataEnchinodermata – Starfish – Starfish Invertebrate members of Phylum Invertebrate members of Phylum
ChordataChordata– Sea squirts, Lancelets– Sea squirts, Lancelets
Phylum AnnelidaPhylum Annelida
The segmented The segmented worms. worms. Example: Example: earthworms, leechesearthworms, leeches
Segmentation Segmentation allows movement allows movement of individual partsof individual parts
Possess a true Possess a true coelomcoelom
Specialized organs Specialized organs and systemsand systems
Phylum Chordata Phylum Chordata Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
Class Agnatha (jawless fishes) Class Chondrichthyes
(cartilaginous fishes) Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Class Amphibia (amphibians) Class Reptilia (reptiles) Class Aves (birds) Class Mammalia (mammals)
VertebratesVertebrates 5% of all animals5% of all animals Have aHave a vertebral column.vertebral column.
The The backbonebackbone gives gives supportsupport to the to the body and body and protectionprotection to the spinal to the spinal cordcord
Have Have endoskeletonsendoskeletons.. Closed circulatory systemClosed circulatory system with with
a a multichamberedmultichambered heart heart
ClassificationClassification: Kingdom – Animalia, : Kingdom – Animalia, Phylum – Chordata, Subphylum - Phylum – Chordata, Subphylum - VertebrataVertebrata
Types of MammalsTypes of Mammals Subclasses – based on type Subclasses – based on type
of reproductionof reproduction PlacentalPlacental (95%) – young fully (95%) – young fully
develops in uterus before birthdevelops in uterus before birth MarsupialsMarsupials – short period of – short period of
development inside the mother development inside the mother followed by a second period of followed by a second period of development inside pouchdevelopment inside pouch
MonotremesMonotremes - lay eggs. # - lay eggs. # species: platypus and 2 species: platypus and 2 echidnasechidnas
Vertebrates: Am I hot or not?Vertebrates: Am I hot or not? The major difference between The major difference between
vertebrates is whether or not they can vertebrates is whether or not they can regulate their own body temperature.regulate their own body temperature.
EctothermsEctotherms – regulated by – regulated by environment environment
ExampleExample: fish, frogs, snakes: fish, frogs, snakes
EndothermsEndotherms – regulated by their – regulated by their own body own body
ExampleExample: mammals: mammals
Animals that are ectothermic (like snakes) don’t Animals that are ectothermic (like snakes) don’t require food as much as endotherms.require food as much as endotherms.
• • What does this indicate about the relationship What does this indicate about the relationship between food requirements and the generation of between food requirements and the generation of
body heat?body heat? • • How does this fact restrict where certain types How does this fact restrict where certain types of animals can live?of animals can live? • • If the environment were to suddenly get cold If the environment were to suddenly get cold (like an ice age), which of the (like an ice age), which of the animals could survive?animals could survive?