INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL SCIENCE 320. COURSE OUTCOMES.
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Transcript of INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL SCIENCE 320. COURSE OUTCOMES.
COURSE OUTCOMES1. Identify and explain methods of laboratory analysis of feed nutrients. 2. Identify and explain in vivo methods for the measurement of the nutritional value of
feedstuffs. 3. Assemble and interpret feed composition measurements from laboratory analyses,
NRC publications, or scientific literature to be used in diet formulation and problem-solving.
4. Interpret commercial feed labels. 5. Identify the nutritional and physical characteristics and production of available
feedstuffs used in livestock, poultry and companion animal diets. 6. Identify feeds by both gross and microscopic techniques 7. Recall and evaluate the suitability and limitations of specific feedstuffs in the
preparation of diets for different species and production classes of animals. 8. Identify the effects of cropping, harvest, storage, and processing practices on the
nutritional and physical characteristics of feedstuffs. 9. Use manual calculation techniques to balance rations for animals. 10. Understand and use computer ration balancing software for specific classes of
animals. 11. Evaluate diets for nutritional adequacy and practicality within the limitations of
preparation, transport, storage, feeding, and economic feasibility. 12. Understand the mechanisms of action and appropriate use of feed additives and
implants in animal feeding programs. 13. Develop feeding systems appropriate for different animal classes entering different
phases of production or life. 14. Understand and evaluate diet mixing and delivery systems.
SCHEDULEDate Lecture/Lab Topic Instructor1/9 Lecture 1 Introduction. Reviewing nutrient digestion in nonruminant and ruminant
animalsJ Russell
1/9 Lecture 2 Chemical analysis of feedstuffs J Russell
1/11 Lab Calculating the composition of feedstuffs and diets J Russell
1/18 Lecture 1 Determining the digestibility of feedstuffs J Russell
1/18 Lecture 2 Energy systems for feedstuffs J Russell
1/18 Lab Use of energy systems for calculating feed intake or animal production J Russell
1/23 Lecture 1 Energy feedstuffs L Baumgard
1/23 Lecture 2 Protein supplements L Baumgard
1/25 Lab Quiz 1. Feedstuff identification L Baumgard
1/30 Lecture 1 Protein supplements L Baumgard
1/30 Lecture 2 By-product feedstuffs L Baumgard
2/1 Lab Exam 1
2/6 Lecture 1 Forage species and quality J Russell
2/6 Lecture 2 Grazing systems J Russell
2/8 Lab Calculating feed inventories J Russell
2/13 Lecture 1 Harvested forages (Hay) J Russell
2/13 Lecture 2 Harvested forages (Silages) J Russell
2/15 Lab Quiz 2. Basic ration formulation methods J Russell
2/20 Lecture 1 Mineral and vitamin supplements L Baumgard
2/20 Lecture 2 Feed processing and mixing L Baumgard
2/22 Lab Formulating premixes L Baumgard
2/27 Lecture 1 Feed additives L Baumgard
2/27 Lecture 2 Interpreting feed tags L Baumgard
2/29 Lab Exam 2
3/5 Lecture 1 Feeding companion animals (Dogs) L Baumgard
3/5 Lecture 2 Feeding companion animals (Cats) L Baumgard
3/7 Lab Diet preparation for Dogs and Cats L Baumgard
3/19 Lecture 1 Feeding beef cattle (Breeding herd) J Russell
3/19 Lecture 2 Feeding beef cattle (Growing-finishing cattle) J Russell
3/21 Lab Balancing rations for beef cattle (Beef Brands) J Russell
3/26 Lecture 1 Feeding swine (Breeding herd) J Patience
3/26 Lecture 2 Feeding swine (Growing-finishing pigs) J Patience
3/28 Lab Quiz 3. Balancing rations for swine (National Swine Nutrition Guide) J Patience
4/2 Lecture 1 Feeding calves L Baumgard
4/2 Lecture 2 Feeding developing heifers L Baumgard
4/4 Lab Exam 3
4/9 Lecture 1 Feeding dairy cattle (Lactating herd) L Baumgard
4/9 Lecture 2 Feeding dairy cattle (Dry and transition cattle) L Baumgard
4/11 Lab Balancing rations for dairy cattle (CNCPS) L Baumgard
4/16 Lecture 1 Feeding Poultry (Layers) M Persia
4/16 Lecture 2 Feeding Poultry (Meat birds) M Persia
4/18 Lab Quiz 4. Balancing rations for poultry M Persia
4/23 Lecture 1 Feeding sheep D Morrical
4/23 Lecture 2 Feeding horse P Miller-Auwerda
4/25 Lab Balancing rations for sheep/ horses (Sheep & Horse Brands D Morrical/P. Miller-Auwerda
Final Exam
Exam 4
EVALUATION AND GRADE SCALE
Item Number Points each Total points
Problem sets 12 25 300
Quizzes 4 25 100
Exams 4 100 400
Drop lowest total quiz or exam score (No make-up quizzes or exams will be given)
-100 -100
Total 700
Grades %
A 93-100
A- 90-93
B+ 87-90
B 83-87
B- 80-83
C+ 77-80
C 73-77
C- 70-73
D+ 67-70
D 63-67
D- 60-63
F <60
FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF THE NONRUMINANT DIGESTIVE TRACT
• Mouth– Chewing – Taste– Secretion of saliva
• Amylase?
• Stomach– Secretions
• Hydrochloric acid • Protease
– Pepsinogen → Pepsin• Hormone
– Gastrin
• Small intestine– Secretions
• Pancreas– Proteases
» Trypsinogen → Trypsin» Chymotrypsinogen → Chymotrypsin» Procarboxypeptidase → Carboxypeptidase
– Carbohydrase» Amylase
– Lipase» Lipase
• Liver– Bile salts
• Intestinal mucosa– Carbohydrases
» Maltase» Lactase» Sucrase
– Peptidases– Gut hormones
» Secretin» Cholecystokinin
– Absorption
• Large intestine– Structural carbohydrate fermentation
REVIEW OF NUTRIENT DIGESTION IN NONRUMINANTS
Nutrient Mouth Stomach Small intestine Large intestine
Starch Amylase initiates
digestion to
maltase
Pancreatic amylase & intestinal
maltase to glucose
Disacharides Intestinal disacharidases
to monosacharides
Structural carbohydrates
Fermented to volatile fatty acids
REVIEW OF NUTRIENT DIGESTION IN NONRUMINANTS
Nutrient Mouth Stomach Small intestine Large intestine
Protein HCL and pepsin
initiates digestion
topeptides
Pancreatic proteases &
intestinal dipeptidases
to amino acids
Lipids (Including fat-
soluble vitamins)
Bile salts & pancreatic lipase to
monoglycerides, fatty acids, and
fat-soluble vitamins
Water soluble vitamins
Absorption Produced during
fermentation
SIGNIFICANCE OF NONRUMINANT DIGESTION
• Endproducts of nonruminant digestion are the simple nutrients derived directly from the complex nutrients in the diet– Implications
• Nonruminant nutrient requirements must be met directly from the diet
– Essential Amino acids» Phenylalanine» Valine» Tryptophan» Threonine» Isoleucine» Methionine» Histidine» Arginine» Leucine» Lysine
• Nutrient composition of nonruminant animal products resemble the nutrient composition of the diet
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AVIAN AND NONRUMINANT MAMMALIAN DIGESTIVE TRACTS
• Mouth– No teeth– No amylase
• Esophagus– Has crop for feed storage
• Stomach– Proventriculus before feed is ground
• Gizzard (Venticulus)– Grinds feed
• Small intestine– No lactase
• Large intestine– Small in most species
• Cloaca– Organ where feces mixed with urinary waste products
FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF THE RUMINANT DIGESTIVE TRACT
• Mouth– Prehension of feed
• Lips and tongue– Chewing
• Eating and Rumination– Taste
• Avoidance– Secretion of saliva
• Secretion of buffers– NaHCO3 and NaH2PO4
– Maintain rumen pH• Recycling of N, Na, P, and water to rumen• Bloat prevention
• Esophagus– Involved in rumination and eructation
• Stomach– Reticulum, rumen & omasum
• Fermentation• Absorption of fermentation endproducts
– Abomasum• Secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen
• Small intestine– Similar to nonruminant– No sucrase
• Large intestine– Similar to nonruminant– More important in browsing species
CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS
Starch Structural CHO
Methane Undegraded Small intestine (Digestion similar to NR) Fermented
Volatile fatty acids (VFA)
Liver & peripheral tissues
Energy and fat synthesis
PROTEIN DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS
True protein NPN
Undegraded Small intestine Metabolizable Degraded proteinRecycled viasaliva (20% of dietary N) NH3 Microbial protein
NH3
Liver
Urea Kidney Excreted
LIPID DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS
Fat
Undegraded Small intestine (Digestion similar to NR) Degraded
Glycerol
VFA Long chain FA Saturated FA
Liver & peripheral tissues
Energy and fat synthesis
SIGNIFICANCE OF RUMINANT DIGESTION
• Greater digestion of plant fiber than nonruminants• Major endproducts of carbohydrates are the VFAs
– High forage diets→More acetate (C2)→More milk fat– High grain diets→More propionate (C3)→Greater body weight
• Low amounts of glucose absorbed– High producing dairy cows subject to ketosis
• Protein requirement is primarily met by rumen degradable N– Rumen undegradable protein needed by high producing dairy
cows or growing cattle– No requirement for essential amino acids
• Ruminant animal products (meat and milk) contain high concentrations of saturated fatty acids (and CLA)