Introduction To Animal Evolution
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Transcript of Introduction To Animal Evolution
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Introduction To Animal Evolution
Chapter 32
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• Animals 1st appeared in Precambrian in waters, spread to land.
• 5 criteria that define animal:• 1Animals multicellular, must get
food through ingesting other organisms or organic material.
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http://www.biology.wustl.edu/plant/simplealgalsystems1.jpg
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• 2Animals do not have cell walls.• 3Animals have nervous tissue to
conduct impulses and muscle tissue for movement.
• 4Most animals reproduce sexually with diploid stage being dominant.
• 5Animals have special regulatory genes (Hox genes) help zygote form into animal.
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Branching of evolutionary tree
• 1st branch point splits Parazoa (lack true tissues) from Eumetazoa (true tissues).
• Parazoa include sponges.• Eumetazoans divided into 2
major branches, partly based on body symmetry.
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http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2007/07/070705153000.jpg
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• Radial symmetry - phylum Cnidaria and phylum Ctenophora.
• Bilateral symmetry (left and right side) - rest of phyla.
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• Bilateral symmetry - cephalization, - concentration of sensory equipment towards head.
• Difference between 2 groups - presence of germ layers - layers of embryonic tissue that form various tissues and organs.
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• Bilaterally symmetric animals - 3 germ endoderm (innermost), mesoderm (middle) ectoderm (outermost).
• Bilateral animals split according to presence of body cavity (fluid-filled space separating digestive tract from outer body wall) and what cavity looks like.
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http://universe-review.ca/I10-13-layers.jpg
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• Acoelomates (phylum Platyhelminthes) have solid body, lack body cavity.
• Some organisms - body cavity - not completely lined by mesoderm.
• Pseudocoelomates include rotifers (phylum Rotifera), roundworms (phylum Nematoda).
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• Coelomates organisms with true coelom, (fluid-filled body cavity completely lined by mesoderm).
• Body cavity has many purposes including cushioning organs, allowing them more room to grow.
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• Coelomate phyla divided based on differences in development.
• Many protostomes (mollusks, annelids, arthropods) undergo spiral cleavage.
• In many protosomes, blastopore develops into mouth; 2nd opening at opposite end of gastrula develops into anus.
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• Zygotes of many deuterostomes undergo radial cleavage.
• Deuterostomes - blastopore usually develops into anus, mouth derived from 2nd opening.
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