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College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Hargeisa,

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Introduction to Biotechnology• Biotechnology helps to meet our basic needs.

– Food, clothing, shelter, health and safety• Improvements by using science. Science helps in production

plants, animals and other organisms• Also used in maintaining a good environment that promotes

our well being• Using scientific processes to get new organisms or new

products from organisms.• Large area

– Includes many approaches and methods in science and technology.

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Biotechnology Involves many disciplines or branches of learning Includes all areas of Life Sciences :-

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BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biology: The study of science of living things

Combination of Biology and

Technology. Any technique that

uses any organisms or part

of organism to make or modify

products.

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Technology:The use of science in solving problems or the making of products which are beneficial to mankind

Definition of Biotechnology

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• Biotechnology is the use of living organisms and their components in Animal, food and other industrial processes.

What is Animal Biotechnology

Fourteen month-old genetically engineered (“biotech”) salmon (left) and standard salmon (right).

Example: biotech engineering use to improve animal size

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• What is exactly Biotechnology?• Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those

organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals for specific purpose

• Specific purposes such e-g to produce medicine and vaccine, increase animal milk production rate, increase animal size, reduce cost of tradition animal breeeding etc

More Definition of Biotechnology

7Biotech history ( timeline )are divided into three: 1- Ancient time (BC), 2- Classical time (industrial Revolution), and 3- Modern time (after 1970)

History of biotechnology (Biotech timeline)

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Ancient time: Biotechnology in B.C.

• 500 BC: The Chinese use moldy curds as an antibiotic to treat boils

• 250 BC: The Greeks practice crop rotation to increase soil fertility

• 100 BC: Chinese use powdered chrysanthemum as an insecticide

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Pre-20th Century Biotechnology

• 1675: Leeuwenhoek discovers invented microscope

• 1797: Jenner inoculates a child with a viral vaccine to protect him from smallpox

• 1802: 1st time the term “biology” is used

Leeuwenhoek first microscope

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Pre-20th Century Biotechnology

• 1833: The nucleus of the cell is discovered

• 1855: The E. coli bacterium is discovered

• 1855: Pasteur works with yeast, eventually proving they are living organisms

• 1863: Mendel discovers genes while working with peas. He lays the ground work for genetics.

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Pre-20th Century Biotechnology

• 1879: Flemming discovers chromatins

• 1883: The rabies vaccine is developed

• 1888: Waldyer discovers the chromosome

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Biotechnology In The First Part Of The 20th Century

• 1902: The term "immunology" first used• 1906: The term "genetics" is used• 1915: Bacterial viruses, called phages, are

discovered• 1919: The word "biotechnology" is first used• 1927: Muller discovers that X-rays cause

mutation• 1928: Fleming discovers penicillin• 1938: The term "molecular biology" is used• 1941: The term "genetic engineering" is first used

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Biotechnology In The First Part Of The 20th Century

• 1942: The electron microscope is used and characterizes viruses that infect bacteria, called bacteriaphages

• 1944: DNA is shown to be the building block of the gene

• 1949: Pauling proves that sickle cell anemia is a "molecular disease" caused by a mutation

Electron Microscope

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Biotechnology in the1950s and 1960s

• 1953: Watson and Crick understand the structure of DNA

• 1954: Cell-culturing techniques are first used

• 1955: An enzyme involved in the production of a nucleic acid is isolated

• 1956: The fermentation process is perfected

• 1960: Messenger RNA is discovered• 1961: The genetic code is understood

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Biotechnology in the 1970s• 1972: The DNA composition of humans is

shown to be 99% similar to that of chimps and gorillas

• 1977: Genetically-engineered bacteria are used to make human growth protein

• 1978: North Carolina scientists, Hutchinson and Edgell, prove it is possible to introduce specific mutations at specific sites in a DNA molecule

• 1979: The first monoclonal antibodies are synthesized

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Biotechnology in the 1980s• 1980: The U.S. Supreme Court approves the patenting of

genetically-engineered life forms• 1980: The U.S. patent for gene cloning is awarded to Boyer

and Cohen.• 1981: The North Carolina Biotechnology Center is created—

the 1st state-sponsored research center for biotechnology• 1981: The first genetically-engineered plant is reported• 1981: 1st mice to be successfully cloned• 1982: Humulin, human insulin drug, produced by genetically-

engineered bacteria (first biotech drug approved by the FDA)

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Biotechnology in the 1980s• 1983: The first artificial chromosome is

made• 1983: The first genetic markers for specific

inherited diseases are found• 1984: The DNA fingerprinting technique is

developed.• 1984: The first genetically-engineered

vaccine is developed.1986: The first biotech-derived interferon drugs for the treatment of cancer are synthesized

• 1988: Congress funds the Human Genome Project

• 1989: Microorganisms are used to clean up the Exxon Valdez oil spill

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Biotechnology in the 1990s

• 1990: The first federally-approved gene therapy treatment is performed successfully

• 1992: The structure of HIV RT is elucidated • 1993:The FDA declares that genetically engineered

foods are "not inherently dangerous" • 1994: The first breast cancer gene is discovered • 1996: Scientists clone identical lambs from early

embryonic sheep

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Biotechnology in the 1990s• 1998: Scientists clone three generations of mice from

nuclei of adult ovarian cells • 1998: Embryonic stem cells are used to regenerate

tissue and create disorders that mimic diseases• 1998: The Biotechnology Institute is founded by BIO

as an independent, national • 1999: The genetic code of the human chromosome is

deciphered

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Biotechnology 2000 and Beyond• 2000: A rough draft of the human genome is completed • 2000: Pigs are the next animal cloned by researchers to

help produce organs for human transplant• 2001: The sequence of the human genome is published

in Science and Nature• 2002: Scientists complete the sequence of the pathogen

of rice, a fungus that ruins enough rice to feed 60 million people annually

• 2003: Dolly, the cloned sheep from 1997, is euthanized

Ka akhri halkan macluumad badan oo ku saabsan taariikhda biotech : http://www.biotechinstitute.org

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History of Biotechnology: 3 stages

1. Ancient biotechnology- early history as related to food and shelter; Includes domestication

2. Classical biotechnology- built on ancient biotechnology; Fermentation promoted food production, and medicine.

3. Modern biotechnology- manipulates genetic information in organism; Genetic engineering

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Branches of biotechnology

Modern biotech used to improve many areas include:

1. Animal Biotech2. Medical Biotech3. Environment Biotech4. Industrial process Biotech5. Plant Biotech

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1- Animal

• Animals provide a number of products we use in every day life:–Milk–Leather–Meat –Wool–Egg–Enzymes–And many more e-g medicine

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1- Animal Biotech

a) Improve animals or the products they produce Animals may be used to

produce products that promote human health

Increase milk productivity , Example Transgenic organisms are organisms that are injected with foreign DNA from another organism

Cows engineered to produce human hemoglobin

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1- Animal Biotechb) Animal Cloning• Cloning is the copying animal gene

into many copies,• Start with Embryo Twinning

(splitting embryos in half)

• Advantage of cloning: preservation of endangered animals, studying the effect of drugs etc on duplicates, improve agricultural production

Dolly and her surrogate mother.

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1- Animal Biotech

c) Improvement animal Health.• Animal health and well being have become increasingly

important issues for animal producers and consumers.• Biotechnology can improve animal health by producing

genetically engineered animal that resist disease.• The development of genome resources and

technologies allow for identification of several host resistance genes.

• Aim: to prepare and present about genetic bases of disease resistance in the livestock sector

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1- AnimalD) Artificial Insemination (AI)• What AI?• Artificial insemination- the

transfer of collected semen to a recipient female

• Semen is collected from males of desired quality

• Semen is graded and stored

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1- Animal : Artificial insemination

• Female must be in estrus for conception

• Hormone injections may be used to synchronize estrus

• Semen is placed in the cervix near the horns of the uterus

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1-Animal Biotech: Creating test tube babyE) What is test tube baby?• In vitro fertilization-

fertilization of collected ova outside the reproductive tract; Usually in a test tube– Semen is collected

from males of desired quality

– Ova are removed from females

– Sperm and ova are placed in a petri dish or test tube

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1- Animal BiotechF) Embryo transfer• What is Embryo Transfer?• Embryo transfer-

removing fertilized ova (embryos) from donor and implanting in a recipient– Surgical and nonsurgical

methods are used to remove and implant

– A quality donor female can produce more offspring

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1- Animal biotech

G) What is Multiple Ovulation• Multiple ovulation- promoting increased

release of ova during estrus– Hormone injections administered prior to estrus– Used with embryo transfer– AI may be used to fertilize ova– After fertilization, embryos are removed and

placed in recipients

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2- Medical Biotech

2- Medical Biotechnology• is applied to

medical processes.• Some examples are

the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genomic manipulation. Example Genomic Manipulation: Gene

Therapy

Erythromycin Antibiotic

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3- Environment Any biotechnological

process that may promote a good environment

Genetically engineered organisms developed during the gulf war to “eat” oil

Organism used in gold mining to “eat” contaminants

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3- Environment Biotech• Example: Bioremediation• Bioremediation- using biological

processes to solve environmental problems

• Biodegradation- natural processes of microbes in breaking down hydrocarbon materials

• Advantage: – Remove Oil spills– Used Wastewater treatment– Heavy metal removal– Chemical degradation

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4- Industrial process• also known as industrial biotechnology, is

biotechnology applied to industrial processes.

• An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical.

• Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals.

• White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods

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5- Plant biotech• 1- Plant biotech • is biotechnology applied to agricultural (plant)

processes. • An example would be the selection and

domestication of plants via micropropagation (Tissue Culture).

• Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environmental conditions or in the presence (or absence) of certain agricultural chemicals.

• One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a pesticide,there by eliminating the need for external application of pesticides 37

38Does the Biotechnology solve world Hunger?

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Review Question• What is biotechnology• What is animal biotechnology• Mention three stages of animal history and define each one.• What are the five branches of biotechnology• How animal biotechnology helps animal production?• What is artificial insemination?• What is the test tube?• What is animal cloning ?• What is Embryo Transfer?• What is Multiple Ovulation• Define bioremediation• What is medical biotechnology?• What is plant biotechnology ?