Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology How does the form relate to the function?

Introduction to Introduction to Anatomy & Anatomy & PhysiologyPhysiology

How does the form relate to the function?

IntroductionIntroduction All living organisms share

the following characteristics: Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Movement Metabolism

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy & Physiology SciencesAnatomy & Physiology Sciences

Biology◦The Study of Life

Anatomists study: Internal and external structure Physical relationships among body parts

Physiologists study: How organisms perform vital functions


Anatomy & Physiology SciencesAnatomy & Physiology Sciences

Gross anatomy◦“Naked eye” anatomy◦Macroscopic anatomy

◦Surface anatomy General form and superficial markings

◦Regional anatomy All superficial and internal features of a specific part of the body Sectional anatomy


Systemic Anatomy◦Anatomy of individual body systems

Microscopic Anatomy◦Study of structures that cannot be seen

with the unaided eyeComparative Anatomy

◦Comparative study – compares anatomy of one type of organism to another type

Developmental Anatomy◦Study of body features from fertilization

to maturityPathological Anatomy

◦Study of the effect of disease on the body

Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy & Physiology SciencesSciences

Microscopic anatomy◦Cytology: study of individual cells◦Histology: study of tissues◦Embryology: study of embryonic structures


Anatomy & Physiology SciencesAnatomy & Physiology SciencesHuman physiology: Study of human body function

Cell physiologyStudy of the functions of human cells

Special physiologyStudy of functions of specific organs

System physiologyStudy of functions of body system

Pathological physiologyStudy of effects of diseases on organs or organ function


Additional Subdivisions Additional Subdivisions Pathology

◦ Study of disease – effects of disease on the human body Immunology

◦ Study of immune response and disorders of the body’s defense mechanism

Hematology◦ Study of blood and its disorders

Endocrinology◦ Study of the endocrine system – hormones and their roles

Genetics◦ Inheritance

Psychology◦Study of mental processes and behavior

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity:

Chemical (or Molecular) Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism



OrganismLevel

Integumentary

SkeletalMuscular

NervousEndocrine

CardiovascularLymphatic

RespiratoryDigestive

Urinary

Reproductive

OrganLevel

Theheart

Cardiacmuscletissue

Tissue Level(Chapter 4)

Cellular Level(Chapter 3)

Heartmuscle

cell

Protein filaments

Complex proteinmolecule

Atoms incombination

Chemical orMolecular Level

(Chapter 2)

OrganSystem Level

(Chapters 5–20)

Figure 1-1 1 of 7



Atoms incombination


(Chapter 2)

Figure 1-1 2 of 7



Heartmuscle

cell

Protein filaments


Atoms incombination


(Chapter 2)

Figure 1-1 3 of 7


Cardiacmuscletissue



Heartmuscle

cell

Protein filaments


Atoms incombination


(Chapter 2)

Figure 1-1 4 of 7


Cardiovascular

OrganLevel

Theheart

Cardiacmuscletissue



Heartmuscle

cell

Protein filaments


Atoms incombination


(Chapter 2)

OrganSystem Level

(Chapters 5–20)

Figure 1-1 5 of 7


Integumentary

SkeletalMuscular

NervousEndocrine



Urinary

Reproductive

OrganLevel

Theheart

Cardiacmuscletissue



Heartmuscle

cell

Protein filaments


Atoms incombination


(Chapter 2)

OrganSystem Level

(Chapters 5–20)

Figure 1-1 6 of 7


Integumentary

SkeletalMuscular

NervousEndocrine



Urinary

Reproductive

OrganLevel

Theheart

Cardiacmuscletissue



Heartmuscle

cell

Protein filaments


Atoms incombination


(Chapter 2)

OrganismLevel

OrganSystem Level

(Chapters 5–20)

Figure 1-1 7 of 7

Overview of Organ SystemsOverview of Organ Systems

The human body is arranged in 11 organ systems:

◦Integumentary◦Skeletal◦Muscular◦Nervous◦Endocrine

◦Cardiovascular◦Lymphatic◦Respiratory◦Digestive◦Urinary◦Reproductive


The Integumentary SystemThe Integumentary System

Figure 1-2(a)

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

Figure 1-2(b)

The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System

Figure 1-2(c)

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

Figure 1-2(d)

The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System

Figure 1-2(e)

The Cardiovascular SystemThe Cardiovascular System

Figure 1-2(f)

The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System

Figure 1-2(g)

The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

Figure 1-2(h)

The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System

Figure 1-2(i)

The Urinary SystemThe Urinary System

Figure 1-2(j)

Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System

Figure 1-2(k)

Female Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive System

Figure 1-2(l)

Homeostatic RegulationHomeostatic Regulation

Homeostasis◦Maintains stable internal conditions

Temperature

Ionic concentrations

Blood sugar levels, etc.

◦Utilizes negative feedback mechanisms



Regulation depends on:◦ Receptor sensitive to a

particular stimulus◦ Effector that affects the

same stimulus



HOMEOSTASISNormalroom

temperature

Figure 1-3

2 of 6


RECEPTOR

Thermometer

STIMULUS:Room temperature

rises

Normalconditiondisturbed


temperature

Figure 1-3

3 of 6


RECEPTOR

Thermometer


rises



temperature

Informationaffects

CONTROL CENTER(Thermostat)

20o 30o 40o

Figure 1-3

4 of 6


RECEPTOR

Thermometer


rises



temperature

EFFECTOR

Air conditionerturns on

Sendscommands

to

Informationaffects


20o 30o 40o

Figure 1-3

5 of 6

RECEPTOR

Thermometer


rises



temperature

RESPONSE:Room temperature

dropsNormalconditionrestored

EFFECTOR

Air conditionerturns on

Sendscommands

to

Informationaffects


20o 30o 40o


Figure 1-3

6 of 6


Negative Feedback:◦Variation outside normal limits

triggers automatic corrective response

◦Response negates disturbance


Figure 1-4

1 of 10Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensorsSTIMULUS

Body temperaturerises above 37.2oC(99oF)

RESPONSE

Increased blood flowto skinIncreased sweatingStimulus removedHomeostasis restored

Controlmechanismwhen body

temperaturerises

EFFECTOR

Blood vesselsand sweat

glands in skin

Negativefeedback

Sendscommands

to

Informationaffects

Informationaffects

CONTROLCENTER

Thermoregulatorycenter in brain

Sendscommands

to

EFFECTOR

Blood vesselsand sweat glands

in skinSkeletal muscles

Negativefeedback


temperaturefalls

RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensors STIMULUS

Body temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)

RESPONSE

Decreased blood flowto skinDecreased sweatingShiveringStimulus removedHomeostasis restored


STIMULUS


Controlmechanismwhen bodytemperature

rises

CONTROLCENTER


Figure 1-4

2 of 10


RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensorsSTIMULUS



rises

CONTROLCENTER


Informationaffects

Figure 1-4

3 of 10


RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensorsSTIMULUS



rises

EFFECTOR


glands in skin

Sendscommands

to

CONTROLCENTER


Informationaffects

Figure 1-4

4 of 10


RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensorsSTIMULUS


RESPONSEIncreased blood flowto skinIncreased sweatingStimulus removedHomeostasis restored


rises

EFFECTOR


glands in skin

Negativefeedback

Sendscommands

to

CONTROLCENTER


Informationaffects

Figure 1-4

5 of 10


STIMULUSBody temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)


falls

CONTROLCENTER


Figure 1-4

6 of 10


RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensors STIMULUSBody temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)


falls

CONTROLCENTER


Informationaffects

Figure 1-4

7 of 10


RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature



falls

EFFECTOR



Sendscommands

to

CONTROLCENTER


Informationaffects

Figure 1-4

8 of 10


RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature


RESPONSEDecreased blood flowto skinDecreased sweatingShiveringStimulus removedHomeostasis restored


falls

EFFECTOR



Negativefeedback

Sendscommands

to

CONTROLCENTER


Informationaffects

Figure 1-4

9 of 10

Figure 1-4

10 of 10Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensorsSTIMULUS


RESPONSE

Increased blood flowto skinIncreased sweatingStimulus removedHomeostasis restored


temperaturerises

EFFECTOR


glands in skin

Negativefeedback

Sendscommands

to

Informationaffects

Informationaffects

CONTROLCENTER


Sendscommands

to

EFFECTOR



Negativefeedback


temperaturefalls

RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensors STIMULUS

Body temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)

RESPONSE

Decreased blood flowto skinDecreased sweatingShiveringStimulus removedHomeostasis restored


Positive Feedback:◦Stimulus produces response

that reinforces the stimulus◦Response rapidly completes

critical process



Figure 1-5


Homeostasis and Disease ◦Failure of homeostatic regulation◦Symptoms appear◦Organ system malfunction



Physiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment.

They monitor and adjust internal conditions.


The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy

Surface Anatomy◦Anatomical Position

Hands at side Palms forward Feet together

◦Supine: Face up

◦Prone: Face down



Figure 1-6(a)


Figure 1-6(b)


Anatomical Regions◦Two methods to map abdominal

and pelvic regions Four abdominopelvic quadrants Nine abdominopelvic regions



Figure 1-7(a)


Figure 1-7(b)


Figure 1-7(c)


A few anatomical directions:◦Anterior (= ventral)◦Posterior (= dorsal)◦Superior◦Inferior◦Lateral◦Medial◦Proximal◦Distal



Figure 1-8


Sectional Anatomy: Planes and Sections◦Transverse plane

Transverse section

◦Frontal plane Frontal section

◦Sagittal plane Sagittal section



Figure 1-9


Ventral body cavity◦Protects delicate organs

◦Permits organ growth and movement

◦Surrounds: Respiratory Cardiovascular Digestive Urinary Reproductive organs



Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity:◦Thoracic cavity

Pleural cavities (R and L) Pericardial cavity

◦Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Peritoneal membrane



Key Note Anatomical descriptions refer to an

individual in the anatomical position: standing, with the hands at the sides,

palms facing forward, and feet together.



Figure 1-10(a)


Radiological Procedures◦X-rays

◦CT Scans

◦MRIs

◦Ultrasound


X-RaysX-Rays

Figure 1-11(a)

X-RaysX-Rays

Figure 1-11(b)

Common Scanning TechniquesCommon Scanning Techniques

Figure 1-12(a)


Figure 1-12(b)


Figure 1-12(c)


Figure 1-12(d)

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology How does the form relate to the function?

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Transcript of Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology How does the form relate to the function?