Introduction to Accelerator Physics - DESY · Introduction to Accelerator Physics Part 1 Pedro...
Transcript of Introduction to Accelerator Physics - DESY · Introduction to Accelerator Physics Part 1 Pedro...
Introduction to Accelerator PhysicsPart 1
Pedro Castro / Accelerator Physics Group (MPY)Introduction to Accelerator PhysicsDESY, 27th July 2015
Pedro Castro / MPY | Introduction to Accelerator Physics | 27th July 2015 | Page 2
Pedro Castro / MPY | Introduction to Accelerator Physics | 27th July 2015 | Page 3
Working with accelerators in the control room
The Main Accelerator Control Room
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Synchrotrons: dipoles, quadrupoles, correctors
cell
dipolemagnet
dipolemagnet
defocusingquadrupole
focusingquadrupole
focusingquadrupole
beam
corrector dipole
corrector dipole
corrector dipole
Pedro Castro / MPY | Introduction to Accelerator Physics | 27th July 2015 | Page 5
How electromagnetic fields accelerate particles
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Why we need superconducting magnets
superconducting magnets
LHC: Large Hadron Colliderat CERN
HERA: Hadron-Electron Ring Acceleratorat DESY
p: 920 GeVe: 27.5 GeV
p: 7 TeV
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Differences between proton and electron accelerators
HERA (Hadron Electron Ring Accelerator) tunnel:
protonaccelerator
electron accelerator
27.5 GeV
920 GeV
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Synchrotron radiation
dipole magnet
B
electron bunch
electrons+ photons
undulator magnet
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Which collider is better?
E : electric field
B B
Circular colliders:
Linear colliders:
E : electric field E : electric field
magneticfield
magneticfield
Pedro Castro / MPY | Introduction to Accelerator Physics | 27th July 2015 | Page 10
> About 120 accelerators for research in “nuclear and particle physics”
Worldwide …
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Applications of Accelerators (1)
Particle colliders for High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments
Fixed target experiments
Two beams collider experiments
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Applications of Accelerators (1)
Particle colliders for High Energy Physics experiments
Example: the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN
superconducting magnets(inside a cryostat)
built between 2001 and 2009Higgs discovery: July 2012Pentaquark discovery: July 2015
8.6 km
Mont BlancLake Geneva Geneva
Pedro Castro / MPY | Introduction to Accelerator Physics | 27th July 2015 | Page 13
> About 120 accelerators for research in “nuclear and particle physics”
> About 70 electron storage rings and electron linear accelerators used as light sources (so-called ‘synchrotron radiation sources’)
Worldwide …
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accelerators_in_particle_physics
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Applications of Accelerators (2)
B
Light sources for biology, physics, chemistry… experiments
Electromagnet
• structural analysis of crystalline materials• X-ray crystallography (of proteins)• X-ray microscopy• X-ray absorption (or emission) spectroscopy• …
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7 GeV
Example: Positron-Elektron-Tandem-Ring-Anlage (PETRA)‘positron-electron tandem ring accelerator’ at DESY
built between 1976 and 1978HEP experiments: 1978-1986
JADECELLO,PLUTO
TASSOMARK J
0.5 GeVe-/e+
collisions at2 x 19 GeV
gluon discovery: 1979
2.3 km long
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7 GeV
Example: Positron-Elektron-Tandem-Ring-Anlage (PETRA)‘positron-electron tandem ring accelerator’ at DESY
built between 1976 and 1978HEP experiments: 1978-1986gluon discovery: 1979
40 GeVprotons
12 GeVe-/e+
HERA
protons
pre-accelerator for HERA 1987-2007synchrotron radiation since 1987
0.5 GeVe-/e+2.3 km long
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Example: Positron-Elektron-Tandem-Ring-Anlage (PETRA)‘positron-electron tandem ring accelerator’ at DESY
e-/e+
built between 1976 and 1978HEP experiments: 1978-1986gluon discovery: 1979
pre-accelerator for HERA 1987-2007synchrotron radiation since 1987PETRA III since 2009
Max von Laue hall300 m
2.3 km long
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e-
e-
photons
14 beamlines30 exp. stations
Max von Laue hall
http://photon-science.desy.de/facilities/petra_iii/beamlines/index_eng.html
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Example: Positron-Elektron-Tandem-Ring-Anlage (PETRA)‘positron-electron tandem ring accelerator’ at DESY
pre-accelerator for HERA 1987-2007synchrotron radiation since 1987PETRA III since 2009PETRA III Extension from 2014
e-/e+
built between 1976 and 1978HEP experiments: 1978-1986gluon discovery: 1979
2.3 km long
hall nord
hall east
Pedro Castro / MPY | Introduction to Accelerator Physics | 27th July 2015 | Page 20
> About 120 accelerators for research in “nuclear and particle physics”
> About 70 electron storage rings and electron linear accelerators used as light sources (so-called ‘synchrotron radiation sources’)
> More than 7,000 accelerators for medicine
Worldwide …
Pedro Castro / MPY | Introduction to Accelerator Physics | 27th July 2015 | Page 21
Medical applications
For radioisotope production
Applications of Accelerators (3)
For radiotherapy and radiosurgery:
• x-rays and gamma-rays
• ions (from protons to atoms with atomic number up to 18, Argon)
• neutrons
proton beam + stable isotopetransmutation
radioactive isotope
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Medical applications
For radioisotope production
For example:
Applications of Accelerators (3)
18 MeV proton acceleratorcyclotron
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Medical applications
For radioisotope production
For example: p
Oxygen-18 + positron
97% of decays
Applications of Accelerators (3)
18 MeV proton accelerator Oxygen-18 (stable)
target
Fluorine-18 (half-life time = 110 min.)
(transmutation)
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Medical applications
For radioisotope production
For example: p
Fluorine-18 (half-life time = 110 min.)
Applications of Accelerators (3)
18 MeV proton accelerator Oxygen-18
target
Fludeoxyglucose (18F)
(transmutation)
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Applications of Accelerators (3)
Fluorine-18
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Positron EmissionTomography (PET)
Applications of Accelerators (3)
detectors
�
�
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X-rays PET X-rays + PET
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Positron EmissionTomography (PET)
Applications of Accelerators (3)
detectors
�
�
Pedro Castro / MPY | Introduction to Accelerator Physics | 27th July 2015 | Page 29
Positron EmissionTomography (PET)
Applications of Accelerators (3)
detectors
�
not to be confused with:
� MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)� CT (X-ray Computed Tomography)
Pedro Castro / MPY | Introduction to Accelerator Physics | 27th July 2015 | Page 30
> About 120 accelerators for research in “nuclear and particle physics”
> About 70 electron storage rings and electron linear accelerators used as light sources (so-called ‘synchrotron radiation sources’)
> More than 7,000 accelerators for medicineradiotherapy (>7,500), radioisotope production (200)
> More than 18,000 industrial accelerators
Worldwide …
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For industrial applications:
Applications of Accelerators (4)
approx. numbers from 2007 (worldwide)
Application
Ion implantation ~ 9500
Electron cutting and welding ~ 4500
Electron beam and x-ray irradiators ~ 2000
Ion beam analysis (including AMS) ~ 200
Radioisotope production (including PET) ~ 900
Nondestructive testing (including security) ~ 650
Neutron generators (including sealed tubes) ~ 1000
with energies up to 15 MeV
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For industrial applications:
an example: electron beam welding
‘deep welding effect’
up to 15 cm
acceleration up to 60-200 keV
Applications of Accelerators (4)
magnets as‘focusing lenses’as well as‘deflectors’
electron beam
Pedro Castro / MPY | Introduction to Accelerator Physics | 27th July 2015 | Page 33
> About 120 accelerators for research in “nuclear and particle physics”
> About 70 electron storage rings and electron linear accelerators used as light sources (so-called ‘synchrotron radiation sources’)
> More than 7,000 accelerators for medicineradiotherapy (>7,500), radioisotope production (200)
ion implantation (>9,000) , electron cutting and welding (>4,000) …
> More than 18,000 industrial accelerators
Worldwide …
Pedro Castro / MPY | Introduction to Accelerator Physics | 27th July 2015 | Page 34
> About 120 accelerators for research in “nuclear and particle physics”
> About 70 electron storage rings and electron linear accelerators used as light sources (so-called ‘synchrotron radiation sources’)
> More than 7,000 accelerators for medicineradiotherapy (>7,500), radioisotope production (200)
ion implantation (>9,000) , electron cutting and welding (>4,000) …
> More than 18,000 industrial accelerators
< 1%
Worldwide …
Pedro Castro / MPY | Introduction to Accelerator Physics | 27th July 2015 | Page 35
Many millions of television sets, oscilloscopes using CRTs (Cathode Ray Tube)
Applications of Accelerators (5)
TV
oscilloscope
Pedro Castro / MPY | Introduction to Accelerator Physics | 27th July 2015 | Page 36
Many millions of television sets, oscilloscopes using CRTs (Cathode Ray Tube)
Applications of Accelerators (5)
acceleration
magnets as ‘focusing lenses’as well as ‘deflectors’
25 frames / s
625lines
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Applications of Accelerators (6)
X-ray tubes
DC high voltage (20-150 kV)
VACUUM
braking radiationor bremsstrahlung
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Discussion time
Do you know an accelerator from your university / town / country ?
(if no: pick up an accelerator from the table or from the lists mentioned above)
Which kind of accelerator is it? (cyclotron, synchrotron, linear accel.)Which application area is it dedicated to? (HEP, synchrotron radiation, medicine)andWhich are the main parameters that describe it ? (particle type, energy, current…)
hint: you may search in internet ...