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Transcript of Introduction. The Big questions How & why did the first civilizations arise? What role did...
Introduction
The Big questions How & why did the first civilizations arise? What role did cross-cultural contacts play in
their developments? What was the nature of the relationship
between these permanent settlements and nonagricultural peoples living elsewhere in the world?
What brought the demise of these early civilizations, and what legacy did they leave for their successors in the region?
Early Humans and Early Humans and the First the First
CivilizationsCivilizations
Chapter 1Chapter 1
I. The First Humans A. The Emergence of Homo sapiens Hominids Australo Pithecines Homo Habilis Homo Erectus Homo Sapiens Neanderthals Homo Sapiens Sapiens Out of Africa/Multiregional Theory
p3
Figure 1-1 p4
Paleolithic – “Old Stone”2,500,00 – 10,000 B.C.E.
B. The Hunter‑Gatherers Seasonal Rounds Horticulture 20-30/band
Stone tools Fire – 50,000 yrs. ago Social Advancement
Cooperation Communalism Gender equality
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C. The Neolithic Revolution, c. “New Stone” 10,000‑4000 B.C.E.
Agricultural Revolution The systematic growing of foods developed
independently throughout the world. New type of polished stone axes Shift to agriculture Domestication of animals – meat milk and fibers Seasonal patterns shifted to sedentary living for
some groups of people This led to a increase in the population
Mesolithic – Middle Stone age10,000 – 7,000 B.C.E.
Transition from food gathering society and economic system
To systematic agricultural society and economic system based on surplus
Figure 1-2 p6
Agricultural Revolutions8,000 – 5,000 B.C.E.
Neolithic Farming Villages Europe, India, Egypt, China and
Mesoamerica Jericho – in Canaan near the dead sea
8000BCE, expanded by 7000BCE Walls several feet thick Houses of sun dried brick
Catal Huyuk
Catal Huyuk in modern Turkey was larger, 32 acres, 6000 people by 6700-5700o Fruits, nuts, wheat, cattleo Artisanso Figures of gods and goddesseso Female statuettes
Statue from Ain Ghazal in Jordan, 6500 B.C.E.
p7
Women in modern Algeria harvesting grain, 4 B.C.E.
Consequences of Neolithic Revolution
Development o of trade Specialization of crafts Division o f labor Pottery & Baskets New tools Gender divisions of labor Practice of patriarchy- society dominated by
men
Bronze Age3,000 – 1200 B.C.E.
4000-3000 technical development began to transform Neolithic towns Copper works after 4000 Copper and tin = bronze 3000
Bronze Eventually replaced by iron Walled cities and armies developed to
protect new communities
II. The Emergence of Civilization
A. Early Civilizations Around the World
Civilization Civilization – complex culture in which
large numbers of people share a variety of common elements
An urban focus New political and military structures New social structure based on economic power The development of more complexity in a
material sense Distinct religious structure Development of writing New significant artistic and intellectual activity
Figure 1-3 p10
Figure 1-4 p17
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Figure 1-3 p10
City States of Mesopotamia
III. Civilization in MesopotamiaSumerian Cities
Sumerian Cities Surrounded by walls. Mud brick structures
Ziggurat – the temple
Excavation of Warka showing the ruins of Uruk
Kingship
King believed to be of divine origin Theocracy – priests and priestesses had
an important role in governance, gods ruled cities actual ruling power rested with the king
p11
Royal Standard of Ur, 2700 B.C.E.
Military society ruled by a king
Economy
Agriculture Commerce and industry (woolen textiles,
pottery, metal work) Imported copper, tin and timber Utilized the wheel that had been invented
by nomads in 3000BCE
Society Four Tiered Hierarchy
Elites Dependent commoners
elites clients who worked for the palace and temple estates
Free commoners farmers 90% OF POP, merchants, scribes,
craftspeople Slaves
belonged to palace officials, mostly female slaves to weave cloth and grind grain and to rich landowners who used them for agricultural and domestic work
III. Empires in Mesopotamia
Sargon’s Empire (2340BCE – 2100BCE) 2340BCE Sargon, leader of the Semitic
people He used former rulers as governors Power was a standing army of 5,400 men He expanded the empire to include all of
Mesopotamia and lands westward to the Mediterranean
III. Empires in Mesopotamia
Hammurabi’s Empire (1792- 1750 B.C.E.) Employed an army of foot soldiers (axes, spears, copper or
bronze daggers) Divided and subdued opponents Gained control of Sumer and Akkad creating a new
Mesopotamia Called himself sun of Babylon, the king who has made the four
quarters of the world subservient new capital at Babylon
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III. Empires in Mesopotamia
The Code of Hammurabi: Society in Mesopotamia (Discussion)
What does the code reveal about culture and society? PP 18-19 of text Do the codes evidence a “system of strict
justice” or represent a code that is written in the principle of “an eye for an eye” or system of equal punishment?
What type of justice system is it?
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Stele of Hammurabi
Depicts Kings Divinity
Records the code
III. Culture of Mesopotamia The Importance of Religion
Understanding of physical environment Polytheistic
An – God of Sky Enlil- God of wind Enki – God of earth, rivers, wells and canals and
inventions of crafts Ninhursaga – goddess of soil, mountains,
vegetation Mother goddess, mother of all children Gave birth to kings
divination
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III. Writing & Sciences
Cuneiform “wedge-shaped” Oldest texts 3000 B.C.E. Writing as a form of communication and
knowledge transference is only 5,000 years old
Math, Geometry, Astronomy, 12 month Calendar
Table 1-1 p12
Cuneiform
Developed for record keeping Scribal education established to produce
professionally trained elite scribes Temples, palaces, military, government
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Development of Cuneiform3100 – 700 B.C.E
The sign for star came to mean “god” or “Sky”
Figure 1-4 p17
IV. Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile”
IV. Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile”
A. The Impact of Geography The Nile- gentle and predicable Black land – fertile soil Red land – deserts to the west and east Lower Egypt – delta region Upper Egypt – upstream and to the south Protected from invasion Prosperous agricultural economy Development of trade
Old, Middle & New Kingdoms
Periods of Long term stability Strong Monarchical authority Competent Bureaucracy Freedom from invasion Construction of temples and pyramids Intellectual and cultural activity
Intermediate Periods
Period between the three Kingdoms Weak political structures Rivalry for leadership Invasions Decline in construction Restructuring of society
First Dynasty of Egypt3100 BCE
King Menes United Upper and Lower Egypt Double Crown Created to represent
unification
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Old Kingdom
3-6th Dynasties, 2686 – 2180 BCE Capital at Memphis Kingship: the Pharaoh – divine origin Kings Family - administrative Ruled according to principle of Ma’at
Conveyed ideas of truth and justice, right order and harmony
Development of 4th Dynasty Bureaucracy Office of Vizier “Steward of the whole
Land” Responsible to the King
Nomes & Nomarchs Egypt divided into provinces 22 – Upper Egypt 20- - Lower Egypt Nomarch – or governor administrated and
was responsible to the King and Vizier
Middle Kingdom2055 – 1650 BCE
Nomes restructured with boundaries and obligations to state clarified
Nomarchs became hereditary officeholders Collected state taxes Recruited labor for royal projects
New concern of Pharaohs for the people
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King Menkaure & Queen
Invasion my Hyksos of W. Asia ended the Middle Kingdom by 1650 BCE
Hyksos prevailed with horse-drawn Chariots
Ruled for 100 years
IV. D. Culture of Egypt
Four Tiered Hierarchy God-King Nobles & Priests Merchants & Artisans
Extensive trade & international travel
Commoners or farmers Paid taxes Military & labor service
IV. D. Culture of Egypt
Polytheistic Sun God – Atum, Re Air God – Amon River and land god and goddess – Osiris
and Isis, born Horus Osiris – symbol of resurrection and birth
Culture of Egypt - Construction
Complexes or cities of the dead Incorporated Pyramids
Larger for kings burial, smaller or family
Mastabas Rectangular structures with flat roofs, tombs for
noble officials
Tombs Rooms furnished and stocked so the Ka or
spiritual body could return to a well preserved physical body (mummification)
Culture of Egypt – Art and Writing
Hieroglyphics – “priest carvings” or “sacred Writings” Pictographic like Cuneiform
Developed to record and transmit knowledge Medical books, literature, record keeping
Children taken to educate as scribes for royalty and government Opportunity to rise in social status
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Pictographic writing of Egypt
IV. E. Egyptian Empire
18th Dynasty Pharoahs used new weapons to throw off
Hyksos and reunite Egypt New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 BCE
Most powerful state in the Middle East Massive wealth displayed by new temples
Queen Hatshepsut 1503-1480BCE
First women to become Pharaoh Built the great temple Deir el Bahri near
Thebes Sent out military expeditions Encouraged mining Fostered agriculture Sponsored trade expeditions
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Kingdom of Nubia
Akhenaten & Religious Change 18th C Amenhotep (1364-1347 BCE)
introduced the worship of Aten, god of the sun disk (Monotheistic Religion)
Changed his name to Akhenaten – Servant of Aten Closed temples of other gods Lessened power of Amon-Re and the
priesthood at Thebes Replaced the Capital of Thebes with
Akhetaten “Horizon of Aten” in modern Tell el-Amarna
IV. Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile”
F. Daily Life in Ancient Egypt: Family and Marriage Monogamy Harems for Kings Women high status
Maintained property and inheritance Could seek divorce with compensation Adultery punished
Decline of Egyptian Empire 19th Dynasty under Ramses II (1279 – 1213
BCE) restored Egyptian power Regained Canaan
13th Century invasions by “sea peoples” drove borders to original frontiers
20th Dynasty in 1070 for 1000 years Libyans Nubians/Kushites Persians Macedonians Rome