NOTES

Introduction

1. Ovid, Metamorphoses VI.114, ed. and trans. Frank Justus Miller, Loeb Classical Library (London: William Heinemann, 1916, repr. 1984), p. 296.

2. Mary ]. Carruthers, The Craft of Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 67.

3. Hesiod, Theogony, trans. Richmond Lattimore (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1959, repr. 1978), p. 127.

4. Hesiod, Theogony, trans. Lattimore, p. 128. 5. Plato, Phaedrus and Letters VII & VIII, ed. and trans. Walter Hamilton

(Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1973), p. 96. 6. Daniel Schacter, Searching for Memory (New York: BasicBooks, 1996),

p. vii. 7. Martha Banta, "Ifi Forget Thee, Jerusalem," PMLA 114.2 (March 1999):

p. 175. 8. Schacter, Searching, p. 8. 9. Schacter, Searching, pp. 2-3, 48-9.

10. Schacter, Searching, p. 23. 11. Schacter, Searching, p. 47. 12. Schacter, Searching, p. 57. 13. Gail McMurray Gibson, The Theater of Devotion (Chicago: University of

Chicago Press, 1989), p. 114. 14. The reference to plays as "quike bookis" occurs throughout the anony­

mous fifteenth-century "tretise of miraclis pleyinge," a tract against plays, ed. Clifford Davidson (Washington DC: University Press of America, 1981), p. 45 and elsewhere. The "tretise" is discussed in more detail later in the text.

15. Carruthers, The Book of Memory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 221-57.

16. Charles Pythian-Adams, "Ceremony and the Citizen: The Communal Year at Coventry, 1450-1550," in Crisis and Order in English Towns, 1500-1700, ed. Peter Clark and Paul Slack (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972), p. 58.

17. Pythian-Adams, "Ceremony," in Crisis and Order, p. 69.

148 NOTES

18. Kathleen Ashley, "Sponsorship, Reflexivity, and Resistance: Cultural Readings of the York Cycle Plays," in The Performance of Middle English Culture, ed. Kathleen Ashley (Cambridge, UK: D.S. Brewer, 1998), p. 9.

19. Ashley, "Sponsorship," in Performance of Middle English Culture, p. 9.

1 Medieval Culture and the Memory Arts

1. Quintilian states "Nee audiendi quidam, quorum est Albucius, qui tris modo primas esse partis volunt, quoniam memoria atque actio natura non arte contingant ... "in Institutio Oratoria (vol. 4) III. iii. 4, ed. H.E. Butler, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1922, repr. 1936 ... 1961, 1968), p. 24.

2. Cicero writes in Book II of a man, "doctus ... atque in primis eruditus," who offered to teach Themistocles the art of memory [artem memo­riae) "quae tum primum proferebatur" (De Oratore II. lxxiv. 299, ed. E.W. Sutton, 2 vols. [Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942, repr. 1948, 1959, 1967), p. 426). In the later dialogue, Antony describes the subject of memory and its systems as "nota et pervulgata [well known and familiar)" in Cicero's day; see De Oratore II. lxxxvii. 358, pp. 468-70.

3. Cicero, De Oratore, I. xviii, p. 14. 4 .... et totus de quo diximus adhuc inanis est labor nisi ceterae partes hoc

velut spiritu continentur (Quintilian, Insitutio Oratoria XI. 2. 1, p. 59). 5. Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria XI. 2. 1, p. 58. 6. Cicero, De Oratore II. lxxxvi. 351, p. 464. 7. . .. hac tum re admonitus invenisse fertur ordinem esse maxime qui

memoriae lumen afferret. Itaque esi qui hanc partem ingeni exercerent locos esse capiendos et ea quae memoria tenere vellent effingenda animo atque in eis locis collocanda: sic fore ut ordinem rerum locorum ordo conservaret, res autem ipsas rerum effigies notaret, atque ut locis pro cera, simulacris pro litteris uteremur (Cicero, De Oratore II. lxxxvi. 353-55, p. 467).

8. etenim corpus intellegi sine loco non potest (Cicero, De Oratore II. lxxxvii. 358, p. 468).

9. Cicero, De Oratore II. lxxxvii. 358, pp. 470-1. 10. Cicero, De Oratore II. lxxxvii. 358, p. 470. 11. Cicero, De Oratore II. lxxxvii. 357, pp. 468-9. 12. uterque tanquam litteris in cera sic se aiebat imaginibus in eis locis quos

haberet quae meminisse vellet perscribere (Cicero, De Oratore II. lxxxviii. 360, p. 470).

13. According to Quintilian, "Memoriam quidam naturae modo esse manus existimaverunt," Institutio Oratoria III. iii. 4, p. 25

14. videtur iuvari memoriam signatis animo sedibus, Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria XI. ii. 17, p. 66.

NOTES 149

15. incipiunt ab initio loca haec recensere, et quod cuique crediderunt repos­cunt, ut eorum imagine admonentur, Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria XI. ii. 20, p. 68.

16. Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria XI. ii. 21, p. 69. 17. Opus est ergo locis, quae vel finguntur vel sumuntur, et imaginibus vel

simulacris, Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria XI. ii. 21, p. 68. 18. locis est utendum multis, inlustribus, explicates, modicis intervallis: imag­

inibus autem agentibus, acribus, insignitis, quae occurrere celeriterque percutere animum possint. Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria XI. ii. 22, p. 68.

19. For Frances Yates' comments on the importance of the Ad Herennium, see The Art of Memory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966), pp. 4-5.

20. Rhetorica Ad Herennium, ed. Harry Caplan, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1954, repr. 1977), p. xii.

21. Ad Herennium III. xvi. 29, p. 208. 22. Locos appellamus eos qui breviter, perfecte, insignite aut natura aut manu

sunt absolute, ut eos facile naturali memoria conprehendere et amplecti queamus: ut aedes, intercolumnium, angulum, fornicem, et alia quae his similia sunt (Ad Herennium III. xvi. 29, p. 208).

23. See Yates, Art of Memory, p. 3; Carruthers, Craft, p. 16. 24. Nam loci cerae aut chartae simillimi sunt, imagines litteris, disposition et

conlocatio imaginum scripturae .. . (Ad Herennium III. xvii. 30, p. 209). 25. Ad Herennium III. xxi. 36, p. 218. 26. si non multas nee vagas, sed aliquid agents imagines ponemus; si egre­

giam pulcritudinem aut unicam turpitudinem eis adtribuemus; si aliquas exornabimus, ut si coronis aut veste purpurea, quo nobis notatior sit similitude; aut si qua re deformabimus, ut si cruentam aut caeno obli­tam aut rubrica delibutam inducamus, quo magis insignita sit forma, aut ridiculas res aliquas imaginibus adtribuamus, nam ea res quoque faciet ut facilius meminisse valeamus (Ad Herennium III. xxii. 37, pp. 220-1).

27. Yates, Art of Memory, p. 57. 28. L.D. Reynolds and N.G. Wilson, Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the

Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature, 3rd edn. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), p. 98.

29. Reynolds and Wilson, Scribes and Scholars, p. 101. 30. Geoffrey of Vinsauf, Poetria Nova, ed. and trans. Margaret F. Nims

(Toronto: Pontifical Institute, 1967), p. 89. 31. Bradwardine's treatise, "De Memoria Artificiale," in an excellent transla­

tion by Mary Carruthers, is available as Appendix C, pp. 281-88, of her Book. I borrow from that translation.

32. Bradwardine, "De Memoria Artificiale," in Carruthers, Book, p. 281. 33. Bradwardine, "De Memoria Artificiale," in Carruthers, Book, p. 281. 34. Bradwardine, "De Memoria Artificiale," in Carruthers, Book, p. 281. 35. Bradwardine, "De Memoria Artificiale," in Carruthers, Book, p. 281. 36. Bradwardine, "De Memoria Artificiale," in Carruthers, Book, p. 282. 37. Bradwardine, "De Memoria Artificiale," in Carruthers, Book, p. 282.

150 NOTES

2 The Position of Theater in the Thought of Augustine of Hippo

1. A reference dated 1376 in the York records is generally taken as the first clear documentation of a Corpus Christi performance, though it seems to hint at a cycle fairly well developed by that time. See, for example, V.A. Kolve, The Play Called Corpus Christi (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966), p. 33.

2. For the difficulties of the evolutionary hypothesis, see, for example, O.B. Hardison, Christian Rite and Christian Drama (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1965), p. 12; and Kolve, Play, p. 41.

3. This phrase recurs in the anonymous fifteenth-century "tretise," ed. Davidson, p. 45.

4. Augustine, Confessions IV. 1, trans. R.S. Pine-Coffin (Middlesex, England: Penguin, 1961, repr. 1970), p. 71. Unless otherwise indicated, translations from the Confessions are taken from this fine translation of R.S. Pine-Coffin; Latin passages are taken from the two-volume edi­tion in the Loeb Classical Library, ed. William Watts (London: William Heinemann, 1912).

5. These events are detailed in Augustine, Confessions VIII. 12; IX. 3, ed. Pine-Coffin, pp. 177-9, 183-5.

6. sane me iam theatra non rapiunt (Confessions X. 35, ed. Watts, p. 178) 7. See Peter Brown, Augustine of Hippo (New York: Dorset Press, 1967, repr.

1986), pp. 19, 21. 8. Misc. Agostin. 1. 153 as printed in Brown, Augustine, p. 297. 9. Veniebamus etiam nos aliquando adulescentes ad spectacula ludibri­

aque sacreligiorum, spectabamus arrepticios, audiebamus symphonia­cos, ludis turpissimis, qui diis deabusque exhibebantur, oblectabamur, Caelesti virgini et Berecynthiae matri omnium (Augustine, De Civitate Dei Contra. Paganos II. 4, ed. and trans. George E. McCracken, Loeb Classical Library (London: William Heinemann, 1957), p. 154. Translations from De Civitate Dei are from the Modern Library edition, The City of God, trans. Marcus Dods (New York: Random House, 1950); Latin text is from the Loeb Classical Library edition, ed. McCracken, above.

10. There are several references to going to plays [ad theatrum] in the discus­sion of the will in this chapter-for example, "utrum ad circum pergat an ad theatrum, si uno die utrumque exhibeatur" (Confessions VIII. 10, ed. Watts, p. 454).

11. On Scipio see De Civitate II. 5, p. 158; on Cicero II. 14, p. 192, ed. McCracken.

12. Augustine, Confessions, VIII. 10, trans. Pine-Coffin, p. 174. 13. De Civitate Dei II. 8, ed. McCracken, p. 168. 14. quas etiam inter studia, quae honesta ac liberalia vocantur, pueri Iegere et

discere coguntur a sensibus (De Civitate Dei II. 8, ed. McCracken, p. 168).

NOTES 151

15. hinc verba discuntur, hinc adquiritur eloquentia, rebus persuadendis sen­tentiisque explicandis maxime necessaria (Confessions I. 16, ed. Watts, p. 48).

16. De Civitate Dei II. 12, ed. McCracken, p. 182. 17. et histriones omnium membrorum motibus dant signa quaedam sci­

entibus et cum oculis eorum quasi fabulantur (Augustine, De Doctrina Chrsitiana II. 3, ed. R. P. H. Green, Library of Christian Classics [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995], p. 59). Translation here and below from On Christian Doctrine, trans. D.W. Robertson, Jr. (Indianapolis: Bobbs­Merrill, 1958), p. 35.

18. Tertullian, De Spectaculis, in The Ante-Nicene Fathers, ed. Roberts and Donaldson (New York: Scribners, 1925), p. 258.

19. nee ad illorum theatricas nugas converti, si aliquid de citharis et de organis, quod ad spiritalia capienda valeat disputemus (De Doctrina II. 18, ed. Green, p. 59).

20. inmundi spiritus deorum nominee decipientes (De Civitate Dei II. 4, ed. McCracken, p. 156).

21. Quanto melius et honestius in Platonis templo libri eius legerentur quam in daemonum Galli absciderentur. .. (De Civitate Dei II. 7, ed. McCracken, p. 164).

22. Iste vero et deorum iniurias indigne tulit et fucari corrumpique figmentis animos civium noluit (De Civitate Dei II. 14, ed. McCracken, p. 186).

23. City of God II. 14, trans. Dods, pp. 194-5. 24. Quo pacto enim iste [Roscius] quem commemoravi, verus tragoedus

esset, si nollet esse falsus Hector, falsa Andromache, falsus Hercules, et alia innumera .... Non enim tanquam histriones, aut de speculis quaeque relucentia, aut tanquam Myronis buculae ex acre, ita etaim nos ut in nostro quodam habitu veri simus, ad alienum habitum adumbrati atque assimilati, et ab hoc falsi esse debemus; sed illud verum quaerere, quod non quasi bifronte ratione sibique adversanti, ut ex aliqua parte verum sit, ex aliqua falsum sit (Augustine, Soliloquies II. X, Patrologia Latina [PL] 32, ed. J.P. Migne [1861], p. 893).

25. quibus ... cogebar plorare Didonem mortuam, quia se occidit ab amore, cum interea me ipsum in his a te morientem, deus, vita mea, sic cis oculis ferrem miserrimus (Confessions I. 13, ed. Watts, p. 38).

26. Confessions I. 10, ed. Watts, p. 19. 27. Amare et amari dulce mihi erat, magis si et amantis corpore fruerer

(Confessions III. 1, ed. Watts, p. 98). 28. Confessions III. 2, ed. Watts, p. 100. 29. Si calamitates illae hominum vel antiquae vel falsae sic agantur, ut

qui spectat non doleat, abscedit inde fastidiens et reprehendens; si autem doleat, manet intentus et gaudens (Confessions III. 2, ed. Watts, p. 102).

30. mallet tamen utique non esse quod doleret, qui germanitus misericors est (Confessions III. 2, ed. Watts, p. 104).

152 NOTES

31. in quos ipsa mutatur, et vertitur per nutum proprium de caelesti serenitate detorta atque deiecta (Confessions III. 2, ed. Watts, p. 102).

32. quibus auditis et fictis tamquam in superficie raderer (Confessions III. 2, ed. Watts, p. 104).

33. "tretise," ed. Davidson, p. 43. 34. "tretise," ed. Davidson, p. 43. 35. Soliloquies II. 10, PL 32, ed. Migne, p. 893. 36. quid horum est, uncle quaerere debui deum meum, quem iam quae­

siveram per corpus a terra usque ad caelum, quousque potui mittere nuntios radios oculorum meorum? sed melius quod interius. ei quippe renuntiabant omnes nuntii corporales (Confessions X. 6, ed. Watts, p. 88).

37. Ego .. .laboro hie et laboro in me ipso .... ego sum, qui memini, ego ani­mus (Confessions. X. 16, ed. Watts, p. 118).

38. quae quoniam res est, quam se expertum non esse nemo potest dicere, propterea reperta in memoria recognoscitur, quando beatae vitae nomen auditor (Confessions X. 21, ed. and trans. Watts, pp. 134-37).

39. et remeavimus ad strepitum oris nostri, ubi verbum et incipitur et finitur (Confessions. IX. 10, ed. Watts, pp. 48-50).

40. Confessions IX. 10, ed. Watts, p. 50. 41. The lines from Terence, as quoted in De Trinitate go:

Quoniam non potest id fieri quod vis, Id velis quod possis.

See Augustine, De Trinitate XIII. 7, in Oeuvres de Saint Augustin, vols. 15-16, Bibliotheque Augustinienne, ed. and trans. P. Agaesse, S.J. (Paris: Desclee de Brouwer, 1955), p. 292.

42. For the ten references, see Letters of St. Augustine, vol. 5, trans. Sister Wilfrid Parsons S.N.D. (New York: Fathers of the Church, 1953, 1956), Index, p. 316.

43. ille comicus, sicut luculentis ingeniis non defit resplendentia veritatis (Augustine, Epistulae 155, CSEL 44, ed. A.L. Goldbacher [Vienna: F. Trempsky, 1904], p. 444).

44. The reference to Terence is: Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto.

cui sententiae ferunt etiam theatra tota plena stultis indoctisque plausisse. (Epistulae 155, ed. Goldbacher, pp. 444-5). Parsons' translation may be found in her translation of the Letters, vol. 3, pp. 315-16.

45. Letters, vol. 3, trans. Parsons, p. 316. 46. Si enim in theatris nequitiae qui aliquem diligit histrionem et tamquam

magna vel etiam summa bono eius arte perfruitur, omnes diligit qui secum eum diligunt, non propter illos, sed propter eum quem pariter diligunt ... (De Doctrina I. 29. 64, ed. Green, p. 38).

47. See Merton's Introduction to City of God, trans. Dads, pp. xiii-xiv. 48. Velie tamen debemus ut omnes nobiscum diligant deum, et tatum quod

eos vel adiuramus vel adiuramur ab eis ad unum ilium finem referendum est (De Doctrina I. 29. 63, ed. Green, p. 38).

NOTES

3 Medieval Aristotelianism and the Poetics of the English Corpus

Christi Drama

153

1. Jerome Taylor, "The Dramatic Structure of the Middle English Corpus Christi, or Cycle, Plays," in Medieval English Drama: Essays Critical and Contextual, ed. Jerome Taylor and Alan Nelson (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1972), p. 154.

2. O.B. Hardison, "The Place of Averroes' Commentary on the Poetics in the History of Medieval Criticism," in Medieval and Renaissance Studies 4, ed. John L. Lievsay (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1968), p. 62.

3. See Anton Pegis' discussion of Aquinas' commentaries in Thomas Aquinas, Basic Writings, 2 vols., ed. Anton C. Pegis (New York: Random House, 1945), p. xlix.

4. Hardison, "Place," p. 64. 5. Pegis (ed.) in Aquinas, Basic Writings, p. xlviii. 6. Pegis (ed.) in Aquinas, Basic Writings, p. xlviii. 7. Hardison, "Place," p. 64. 8. Hardison, "Place," p. 63. 9. Geoffrey, Poetria Nova, p. 21.

10. Geoffrey, Poetria Nova, p. 22. 11. Geoffrey, Poetria Nova, p. 23. 12. Geoffrey, Poetria Nova, p. 17. 13. Stephen Halliwell, Aristotle's Poetics (Chapel Hill: University of North

Carolina Press, 1986), p. 289. 14. Hardison, "Place," p. 59. 15. Halliwell, Aristotle's Poetics, p. 291. 16. Charles E. Butterworth, ed. and trans., Averroes' Middle Commentary on

Aristotle's Poetics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), p. ix. 17. Butterworth, Averroes' Middle Commentary, p. 14. 18. Butterworth, Averroes' Middle Commentary, p. 13. 19. Butterworth, Averroes' Middle Commentary, p. 13. 20. Butterworth, Averroes' Middle Commentary, p. 13. 21. Page references to Aristotle's works are taken, unless otherwise indicated,

from the edition of Jonathan Barnes, The Complete Works of Aristotle, revised Oxford translation, 2 vols. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984); the references to De Anima in the latter part of the chapter are taken from Richard McKeon's fine translation, Introduction to Aristotle, 2nd edn. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973).

22. John of Salisbury, Metalogicon III. 2, ed. and trans. Daniel D. McGarry (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1955), p. 150.

23. John of Salisbury, Metalogicon III, pp. 156-7. 24. John of Salisbury, Metalogicon III, p. 171. 25. John of Salisbury, Metalogicon III, p. 171. 26. Hugh of St. Victor, Didascalicon, ed. and trans. Jerome Taylor (New York:

Columbia University Press, 1968), p. 80.

154 NOTES

27. Hugh of St. Victor, Didascalicon, p. 88. 28. Hugh of St. Victor, Didascalicon, p. 79. 29. Hugh of St. Victor, Didascalicon, p. 79. 30. For example, the Wycliffite author of the fifteenth-century "tretise,"

ed. Davidson, speaks of plays as similar in kind to painted images (11. 211-219), and Reginald Pecock, contemporary Bishop of Chichester, speaks of a "quyk man ... sett in a pley to be hangid nakid on a eros" as an even truer "ymage" of Christ than a "stok or a stoon graued" (The Repressor of Over Much Blaming of the Clergy II. xii, vol. 1, ed. Churchill Babington, Rerum Britannicarum medii aevi scriptures no.19 [London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts, 1860], p. 221).

31. Carruthers, Book, pp. 26-7, 181-3. 32. See Emile Brehier, The Middle Ages and the Renaissance, in The History of

Philosophy, trans. Wade Baskin (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), pp. 92, 100; see also Frederick Copleston's account of the issue in A History of Philosophy, vol. 2, Image Books (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1985), pp. 206-7.

33. As noted above (n. 21), page references for citations from De Anima are taken from the translation of Richard McKeon, Introduction to Aristotle.

34. Pegis (ed.) in Aquinas, Basic Writings, pp. xlix-1. 35. Aquinas, Summa Theologiae 1a. 75. 6, in Basic Writings, ed. Pegis, p. 691;

"Nihil enim sine phantasmate intelligit anima, phantasmata autem non est sine corpore, ut dicitur in libra De Anima" Aquinas, Summa Theologiae 1a. 75. 6, ed. Thomas Gilby, O.P. (London: Blackfriars, 1964-80), p. 28. References to the Summa show Part, Question, and Article, with the page number(s) in the appropriate edition as indicated. Latin references to Aquinas (often with their corresponding English translations) are regu­larly taken from the Blackfriars edition.

36 .... vegetativum, sensitivum, appetitivum, motivum secundum locum, et intellectivum (Aquinas, Summa Theologiae 1a. 78. 1, ed. Gilby, p. 118).

37. est enim phantasia sive imaginatio quasi thesaurus quidam formarum per sensum acceptarum (Aquinas, Summa Theologiae 1a. 78. 4, ed. Gilby, pp. 138-9).

38. Aquinas, Summa Theologiae 1a. 79. 4, ed. Gilby, pp. 160-1. 39. "tretise," ed. Davidson, ll. 216-19.

4 Thomas Aquinas and the Rehabilitation of the Image: A Context for the Development

of Medieval Drama

1. Pecock, Repressor II. ii, vol. 1, pp. 136-7. 2. Pecock, Repressor II. xi, vol. 1, p. 212. 3. For further discussion of the manuscript context of the "tretise," see "tre­

tise," ed. Davidson, p. 1, and Rosemary Woolf, The English Mystery Plays (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1972), p. 85.

NOTES 155

4. "tretise," ed. Davidson, II. 174-219. 5. "tretise," ed. Davidson, ll. 193-4. 6. "tretise," ed. Davidson, ll. 216-9. 7. "tretise," ed. Davidson, ll. 359-61. 8. "tretise," ed. Davidson, II. 443-6. 9. "tretise," ed. Davidson, ll. 447-8.

10. David Knowles, "The Historical Context of the Philosophical Works of St. Thomas Aquinas," in Aquinas: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Anthony Kenny (Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Anchor Books, 1969), p. 23.

11. James A. Weisheipl, Friar Thomas D'Aquino (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974), p. 176.

12. Weisheipl, Friar Thomas, p. 181. 13. Tolomeo of Lucca, Historia Ecclesiastica 22. 24. col. 1154, quoted in

Weisheipl, Friar Thomas, p. 177. 14. Augustine, Confessions III. 2, trans. Pine-Coffin, p. 57. 15. Augustine, Confessions X. 16, trans. Pine-Coffin, p. 223. 16. Augustine, Confessions IX. 10, trans. Pine-Coffin, pp. 197-8. 17. This and subsequent references to Aquinas' Summa Theologiae in the text

give Part, Question, and Article. English translations are taken from Pegis (ed.) in Aquinas, Basic Writings; Latin text is taken from the sixty-volume Blackfriars edition, ed. Thomas Gilby. "Dicendum quod conveniens est sacrae Scripturae divina et spiritualia sub similitudine corporalium tradere .... Est autem naturale homini ut per sensibilia ad intelligibilia veniat, quia omnis nostra cognitio a sensu initium habet" (Aquinas, Summa Theologiae 1a. 1. 9, ed. Gilby, pp. 32-4).

18. sensum communem, phantasiam, imaginativam, , aestimativam et mem­orativam (Aquinas, Summa Theologiae 1a. 78. 4, ed. Gilby, p. 136).

19. Visus autem, quia est absque immutatione naturali et organi et objecti est maxime spiritualis, et perfectior inter omnes sensus, et communior (Aquinas, Summa Theologiae 1a. 78. 3, ed. Gilby, p. 132).

20. Pecock, Repressor II. xi, vol. 1, pp. 212-3. 21. Yates, Art of Memory, p. 72. 22. Yates, Art of Memory, p. 81. 23. quae faceret intelligibilia in actu per abstractionem specierum a condi­

tionibus materialibus (Aquinas, Summa Theologiae la. 79. 3, ed. Gilby, p. 154).

24. Eugene Vance, "The Apple as Feather: Toward a Poetics of Dialogue in Early French Medieval Theater," Mervelous Signals: Poetics and Sign Theory in the Middle Ages (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1986), p. 184.

25. Vance, Mervelous Signals, p. 184. 26. Vance, Mervelous Signals, p. 185. 27. Carruthers, Book, p. 181. 28. For a closely related and intriguing argument, see Jody Enders' rhetorical

approach to the connections between image, memory, and delivery in

156 NOTES

liturgical drama, in "Visions with Voices: The Rhetoric of Memory and Music in Liturgical Drama," Comparative Drama 24 (1990): 34-54.

29. The Chester Mystery Cycle, vol. 1, ed. R.M. Lumiansky and David Mills, E.E.T.S., S.S. 3 (London: Oxford University Press, 1974), p. 62, ll. 113-20.

30. The Chester Mystery Cycle, ed. Lumiansky and Mills, p. 19, 11. 151-2. 31. The Chester Mystery Cycle, ed. Lumiansky and Mills, p. 19, 11. 157-60. 32. The Chester Mystery Cycle, ed. Lumiansky and Mills, p. 24, 11. 258-64. 33. The Second Shepherds' Play in Medieval Drama, ed. David Bevington

(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975), p. 406, 11. 692-6.

5 Drama as "Quick Image": The Fifteenth-Century Context

1. Gibson, The Theater, p. 114. 2. Anne Hudson, The Premature Reformation (Oxford: Clarendon Press,

1988), pp. 103-4. 3. Hudson, Premature, pp. 508-9. 4. Lauren Lepow, Enacting the Sacrament: Counter Lollardy in the Towneley

Cycle (London and Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1990), p. 12. 5. See Anne Hudson, Selections from English Wyclif.fite Writings (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 180. 6. Hudson, Selections, p. 179. 7. "tretise," ed. Davidson, ll. 48, 54. 8. "tretise," ed. Davidson, 1. 170. 9. "tretise," ed. Davidson, 11. 199-202.

10. Lawrence M. Clopper, Jr., "Miracula and The Tretise of Miraclis Pleyinge," Speculum 65 (1990): 878.

11. Clopper, "Miracula," 902. 12. Clopper, "Miracula," 878. 13. Clopper, "Miracula," 890. 14. Clopper significantly expands this argument into a general theory of

medieval drama in his more recent Drama, Play, and Game: English Festive Culture in the Medieval and Early Modern Period (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001); the essence of that argument, as presented in Speculum, is treated here.

15. "tretise," ed. Davidson, 11. 27-9. 16. Ludus Coventriae or The Plaie called Corpus Christi 16, ed. K.S. Block,

E.E.T.S. (London: Oxford University Press, 1922, repr. 1960, 1974), 1. 519.

17. "tretise," ed. Davidson, 11. 209-10. 18. "tretise," ed. Davidson, 11. 428-30. 19. "tretise," ed. Davidson, 11. 426-7. 20. "tretise," ed. Davidson, 1. 193. 21. "tretise," ed. Davidson, 11. 192, 365-6. 22. "tretise," ed. Davidson, 11. 349-50.

NOTES 157

23. "tretise," ed. Davidson, 11. 616~20. 24. "tretise," ed. Davidson, 11. 193~4. 25. "tretise," ed. Davidson, I. 357. 26. "tretise," ed. Davidson, 11. 265~9. 27. See E.K Chambers, The Medieval Stage (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903),

vol. 1, p. 84, vol. 2, pp. 102~3. 28. See Kolve, Play, pp. 10, 21~2. 29. Augustine, Confessions III. 2, trans. Pine-Coffin, p. 57. 30. "tretise," ed. Davidson, 11. 243~7. 31. "tretise," ed. Davidson, 11. 193~4. 32. Aquinas, Summa Theologiae 1a. 75. 6, Pegis (ed.) in Aquinas, Basic Writings,

p. 691. 33. "tretise," ed. Davidson, 11. pp. 216~9. 34. Dives and Pauper, vol. I, Part i, ed. Priscilla Heath Barnum, E. E. T. S.,

0. S. 275 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), p. ix. 35. Dives B. viii, ed. Barnum, p. 79. 36. Dives I. i, ed. Barnum, p. 81. 37. Dives I. i, ed. Barnum, p. 82. 38. Dives I. ii, ed. Barnum, p. 85. 39. Dives I. i, ed. Barnum, p. 82. 40. "tretise," ed. Davidson, 11. 214~8. 41. Dives I. ii, ed. Barnum, p. 83. 42. Aquinas, Summa Theologiae 1a. 78. 3, ed. Gilby, pp. 132~3. 43. Dives I. i, ed. Barnum, p. 82. 44. "tretise," ed. Davidson, I. 357. 45. Dives I. iii, ed. Barnum, p. 86. 46. Reginald Pecock, Repressor I. I, vol. 1, p. 7. 47. Pecock, Repressor, I, p. xi. 48. Pecock, Repressor, "Prolog," p. 4. 49. Pecock, Repressor II. ii, pp. 136~7. 50. Pecock, Repressor II. v, p. 167. 51. Pecock, Repressor II. ii, pp. 137~8. 52. Pecock, Repressor II. xi, p. 209. 53. Pecock, Repressor II. xi, pp. 212~3. 54. Pecock, Repressor II. xii, p. 219. 55. Pecock, Repressor II. xii, p. 221.

6 Corpus Christi Drama and the Places of Memory: Liturgical Precedents and Illuminated Manuscript Analogues

1. Yates, Art of Memory, p. 81. 2. Hardison, Christian Rite, p. 264. 3. David Bevington, ed., Medieval Drama (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975),

p.477.

158 NOTES

4. Before specifying that the Latin platea is the best term to designate an "unlocalized" playing area, Nelson states: "The localized area, called a domus, locus, or sedes in Latin, and a 'mansion,' 'room,' 'hall,' 'house,' or 'place' in English, was normally delineated by some more or less distinc­tive piece of scenery: a throne, an altar, a curtain, or perhaps an elaborate architectural frame" (117). We might add the French lieu as well. See Nelson's "Some Configurations of Staging in Medieval English Drama" in Medieval English Drama: Essays Critical and Contextual (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975).

5. Nelson, "Some Configurations," p. 117. 6. Hardison, Christian Rite, p. 50. 7. Hardison, Christian Rite, p. 44. 8. Hardison, Christian Rite, pp. 49-50. 9. Bevington, Medieval Drama, p. 11. Unless otherwise indicated, page and

line numbers from Latin liturgical and Anglo-Norman texts in this chap­ter are taken from Bevington's Medieval Drama.

10. Bevington, Medieval Drama, p. 10. 11. Ordo Dedicationis Ecclesiae, in Bevington, Medieval Drama, p. 12. 12. Regularis Concordia, in Bevington, Medieval Drama, p. 16. 13. Regularis Concordia, in Bevington, Medieval Drama, p. 16. 14. Regularis Concordia, in Bevington, Medieval Drama, p. 28. 15. Jeu d'Adam, in Bevington, Medieval Drama, p. 79. 16. ]eu d'Adam, in Bevington, Medieval Drama, p. 80. 17. ]eu d'Adam, in Bevington, Medieval Drama, p. 80. 18. ]eu d'Adam, in Bevington, Medieval Drama, p. 81. 19. ]eu d'Adam, in Bevington, Medieval Drama, p. 85. 20. "First let us make ready,

All the places and the mansions" La Seinte Resureccion, in Bevington, Medieval Drama, p. 123, 11. 3-4.

21. Hardison, Christian Rite, p. 264; for the use of the term "estals," see, for example, Bevington, Medieval Drama, p. 123, 1. 11.

22. Hardison, Christian Rite, p. 265. 23. Hardison, Christian Rite, p. 266. 24. Bradwardine, "De Memoria Artificiale," in Carruthers, Book, p. 281. 25. Carruthers, Craft, p. 2. 26. Carruthers, Craft, p. 16. 27. R.M. Lumiansky and David Mills, eds., The Chester Mystery Cycle: Essays and

Documents (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983), p. 291. 28. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 292. 29. The EDAM series is edited by Clifford Davidson and others out of

Kalamazoo, MI: The Medieval Institute, Western Michigan University. Davidson provides an introductory volume, Drama and Art: An Introduction to the Use of Evidence from the Visual Arts for the Study of Early Drama (#1, 1977), and Collins, The N-Town Plays and Medieval Picture Cycles (#2, 1979), Bevington (#6, on the Judgment plays), and others also provide entries in the series.

NOTES 159

30. Richard Beadle and Pamela King, York Mystery Plays (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), p. 222.

31. On gesture, see for example Gesture in Medieval Drama and Art, ed. Clifford Davidson, EDAM 28 (Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute, 2001). Collins (EDAM #2) and Lawrence Ross, "Symbol and Structure in the Secunda Pastorum," in Medieval English Drama: Essays Critical and Contextual, ed. Alan Nelson and Jerome Taylor (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), discuss symbolic and thematic motifs in the N-Town Cycle and Second Shepherds' Play, respectively.

32. Rhetorica Ad Herennium III. xvi. 29, p. 208. 33. Rhetorica Ad Herennium III. xvi. 29, p. 209. 34. Rhetorica Ad Herennium III. xvii. 30; xviii, 31, pp. 209, 211. 35. John Harthan, Books of Hours and Their Owners (na: Thames and Hudson,

1977), p. 19. 36. Tamara Voronova and Andrei Sterligov, Western European I: Illuminated

Manuscripts of the 8th-16th Centuries (St. Petersburg: Parkstone Press, 1996), p. 126.

37. Voronova and Sterligov, Illuminated Manuscripts, p. 120. 38. Nelson, "Some Configurations," p. 117. 39. Rhetorica Ad Herennium III. xvi. 29, p. 209. 40. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 227. 41. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 263. 42. Alexandra F. Johnston and Margaret Rogerson, eds. York. 2 vols. Records

of Early English Drama (REED) (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979), p. 698.

43. Johnston and Rogerson, eds., York, REED, pp. 697-8. 44. Johnston and Rogerson, eds., York, REED, p. 24. 45. Johnston and Rogerson, eds., York, REED, p. 25. 46. Kathleen Ashley and Pamela Sheingorn, "Discordia et lis: Negotiating

Power, Property, and Performance in Medieval Selestat," Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 26 (Fall 1996): 435.

47. The dispute is recounted in Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 219.

48. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 267. 49. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 269. 50. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 254. 51. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 257. 52. Martin Stevens, Four Middle English Mystery Cycles (Princeton: Princeton

University Press, 1987), pp. 50-1. 53. Beadle and King, York Mystery Plays, p. 60, ll. 4-7. 54. Beadle and King, York Mystery Plays, p. 60, 11. 17-18. 55. Beadle and King, York Mystery Plays, p. 60, 11. 10-12. 56. The Chester Mystery Cycle, ed. Lumiansky and Mills, Trial, p. 302,

11. 375-8. 57. Beadle and King, York Mystery Plays, p. 241, 1. 112. 58. Beadle and King, York Mystery Plays, pp. 241, 243, 11. 122-4, 182.

160 NOTES

7 Plays, Places, and the Dramatic Records

1. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980), p. 149.

2. Algirdas Julien Greimas, The Social Sciences: A Semiotic View, trans. Paul Perron and Frank Collins (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), p. 145.

3. Amy G. Remensnyder, Remembering Kings Past, quoted in Ashley and Sheingorn, "Discordia et lis," 426.

4. Ashley and Sheingorn, "Discordia et lis," 430. 5. Ashley and Sheingorn, "Discordia et lis," 430. 6. Ashley and Sheingorn, "Discordia et lis," 434. 7. Ashley and Sheingorn, "Discordia et lis," 435. 8. Ashley and Sheingorn, "Discordia et lis," 436. 9. Anne Higgins, "Streets and Markets," in A New History of Early English

Drama, ed. John D. Cox and David Scott Kastan (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), p. 77.

10. Higgins, "Streets," in A New History of Early English Drama, p. 80. 11. Higgins, "Streets," in A New History of Early English Drama, p. 86. 12. Stevens, Four Cycles, p. 61. 13. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 263. 14. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 267. 15. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, pp. 267, 269. 16. Johnston and Rogerson, eds., York, REED, p. 8; "On the same day it

was agreed that all the pageants of Corpus Christi shall play in the places appointed from ancient times and not elsewhere, but just as they shall be prearranged by the mayor, the bailiffs, and their officers" (trans. Johnston and Rogerson, York, vol. 2, REED, p. 694).

17. Johnston and Rogerson, eds., York, REED, p. 11; trans. vol. 2 as" ... the said pageants are maintained and supported by the commons and the craftsmen of the same city in honour and reverence of our Lord Jesus Christ and for the glory and benefit of the same city ... " (p. 697).

18. Johnston and Rogerson, eds., York, REED, p. 11; trans. vol. 2 as" ... the aforesaid pageants be played in the places to which they were lim­ited and assigned by you and by the aforesaid commons previously ... "

(p. 697). 19. Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria XI. 2, p. 223. 20. Johnston and Rogerson, eds., York, REED, p. 42; trans. vol. 2, p. 728. 21. Alan Nelson, for example, has argued that only the procession passed all

of the stations, with actual performance taking place indoors. Imagining three separate and distinct modes of advance-uniform, synchronized, and free-he demonstrates through an elaborate system of charting that even under ideal conditions it would be virtually impossible to present 48 pageants at 12 different stations in the course of a single day (see his second chapter, "Principles ofProcessional Staging," esp. pages 28-31, in

NOTES 161

The Medieval English Stage (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974). Margaret Dorrell and Martin Stevens engage in a similar debate, com­plete with a chart disputing Nelson's account (pp. 102-7), in the 1972 issue of Leeds Studies in English, New Series 6 (see esp. Dorrell's charts and Stevens' "Postscript," p. 113).

22. Considering the evidence of the various versions of the Breviary along with the other records, Lumiansky and Mills conclude of their compre­hensive list of pageants that "It does not follow that all of these pageants were presented on any one occasion, or that the content of episodes was necessarily comparable with that in the cyclic texts, or that each episode was mounted on a separate carriage" (Documents, p. 174).

23. In his chapter "Toward a Topological Semiotics," Greimas, The Social Sciences, trans. Perron and Collins, argues that in the "preindustrial city," space (as opposed to expanse) "appears as a language by which a society conveys its own significations" (p. 141). Sacred versus profane and private versus public space-which latter category might, for example, be des­ignated by the banners placed to indicate pageant loci at York-are two of the resulting categories through which such a topological structure is established.

24. In a "Postscript" to the Leeds Studies in English volume that also includes Margaret Dorrell's defense of "true processional" production at York, Stevens states: "While I do not wish to quarrel with the conjecture that the plays as preserved in the register could have been performed at a breakneck pace in the course of one crowded, twenty-hour day (she [Dorrell] posits a performance time from 4:30 am of one day to 12:52 am the next), good sense dictates against the likelihood that such a per­formance ever took place. Moreover, Miss Dorrell conveniently bases her calculations on a performance route of twelve stations. How much longer would have been needed in years when there were sixteen or per­haps even seventeen stations?" Dorrell's own article had been written in response to Alan Nelson's argument against "true processional" staging at York. See Stevens, "Postscript," Leeds Studies in English, New Series 6 (1972): 113-15.

25. Beadle and King, York Mystery Plays, p. 112, II. 183-6. 26. Stevens, Four Cycles, p. 59. 27. Beadle and King, York Mystery Plays, p. 115, I. 261. 28. Beadle and King, York Mystery Plays, p. 115, I. 283. 29. Beadle and King, York Mystery Plays, p. 120, II. 417-8. 30. Stevens, Four Cycles, pp. 61-62. 31. Johnston and Rogerson, eds., York, REED, p. 139. 32. Johnston and Rogerson, eds., York, REED, p. 147. 33. Stevens, Four Cycles, p. 62. 34. Johnston and Rogerson, eds., York, REED, p. 697. 35. Johnston and Rogerson, eds., York, REED, pp. 141-2. 36. Beadle and King, York Mystery Plays, p. 143, ll. 10-11. 37. Beadle and King map the stations out in York Mystery Plays, p. xviii.

162 NOTES

38. Their speculative diagram of the mercers' wagon is on page 10 of "The York Mercers and Their Pageant of Doomsday, 1433-1526," Leeds Studies in English, New Series 6 (1972): 10-35. Johnston and Dorrell do note the apparent exceptional nature of this wagon: "The lavishness of their wagon and its properties reflects the mercers' wealth and prestige. Therefore, to make analogies from this guild and its wagon to other guilds in York or elsewhere is dangerous" (11).

39. Higgins, "Streets," in A New History of Early English Drama, p. 89. 40. Beadle and King, York Mystery Plays, p. 267. 41. Higgins, "Streets," in A New History of Early English Drama, p. 89. 42. Higgins, "Streets," in A New History of Early English Drama, p. 89. 43. Higgins, "Streets," in A New History <if Early English Drama, p. 91. 44. Higgins, "Streets," in A New History <if Early English Drama, p. 89. 45. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 254. 46. Lawrence M. Clopper, Jr., ed., Chester, Records of Early English Drama,

vol. 3 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979), p. liv. 47. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 257.

8 A Bird in the Hand: Shifting Politics and Processions in Chester

1. For example,J.S. Purvis (From Minster to Market Place [York: St. Anthony's Press, 1969], p. 20) estimates the number of playing places as "at differ­ent times from eight to sixteen," while Margaret Dorrell states ("Two Studies of the York Corpus Christi Play," Leeds Studies in English, New Series VI [1972]: 63-111) that "the 1398-9 limit of twelve stations was often exceeded in the sixteenth century" (87). Dorrell finds the larg­est number of different playing stations to be "a possible seventeen in 1569" (94).

2. Such references dot the records and scholarly discussions-for just one example see Alan Nelson's reference (Medieval English Stage) to rights to the eighth station at York in 1475: "In 1475 Bewyk paid 8s for the rights to the eighth station for the Corpus Christi processional play" (p. 72).

3. D.M. Palliser writes that Tudor York, like many other midsize towns, was dominated by festivals during the half of the year from Advent to Midsummer, feasts that combined "liturgy, civic ceremonial, and popular merry-making." See "Civic Mentality and the Environment in Tudor York" in The Tudor and Stuart Town, 1530-1688, ed. Jonathan Barry (London and NY: Longman, 1990), pp. 210, 212.

4. Rhetorica Ad Herennium III. xvi. 29, p. 208. 5. Jody Enders, The Medieval Theater of Cruelty (Ithaca, NY: Cornell

University Press, 1999), p. 13. More recently, in Death by Drama and Other Urban Legends (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), she has called attention to correlations in the use of "real violence" in

NOTES 163

current "avant-garde" theater with that in medieval and Renaissance theater (p. xxvii).

6. Carruthers, Craft, p. 55. 7. Ashley and Sheingorn, "Discordia et lis," 435. 8. Clopper, Festive Culture, p. 184. The use of the word "Anglican" here may

be anachronistic, but Clopper's point is well taken nonetheless. 9. Clopper, Festive Culture, p. 185.

10. Clopper, Festive Culture, p. 185. 11. Clopper, "History and Development of the Chester Cycle," Modern

Philology 75 (February 1978): 219-20. 12. Clopper, "Development," 244-5. 13. Clopper, "Development," 221. 14. Clopper, "Development," 245. 15. Collinson postulates three stages to the Reformation, during the first of

which Protestantism embraced already existing cultural forms, includ­ing the drama. It was during the second phase, dated to 1580, that the Reformers rejected popular forms. See Patrick Collinson, The Birthpangs of Protestant England (London: Macmillan, 1988), p. 98.

16. In the Introduction to his Mysteries' End (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1946), Gardiner states: "The plays did not die out through distaste but remained extremely popular until their last days, which came, not from any internal decay, but from an external force, the hostility of the Reformation" (p. xii).

17. It must be admitted that the reappropriation was a complex process that was neither total nor, evidently, universally accepted. The poten­tial for assault, affray, or other disturbance (Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 215) recorded in the Proclamation suggests less than univer­sal satisfaction. Similarly, play texts and other ancillary documents retain problematic Catholic material; for example, just as the Proclamation, in some versions, retains references to papal bulls, the Last Judgment, following upon the Antichrist sequence, which, as I argue later, infuses Protestant apocalyptic discourse into the cycle, retains a reference to a Redeemed Pope.

18. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, pp. 260-1. Excerpts from Rogers' Breviary are printed on 260-71.

19. David Mills, The Chester Mystery Cycle: A New Edition with Modernized Spelling (East Lansing, MI: Colleagues Press, 1992), p. xvi.

20. Clopper, ed., Chester, REED, p. !iii. 21. Clopper, ed., Chester, REED, p. !iii. 22. Ashley, "Sponsorship," in The Performance of Middle English Culture, p. 9. 23. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 86. 24. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 86. 25. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 204. 26. See, for example, the discussion in the "General Introduction" to Beadle

and King, eds., York Mystery Plays, p. xv. 27. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 215.

164 NOTES

28. The phrase "pageant silver" appears most frequently in the York records Qohnston and Rogerson, eds., York, REED)-for example, see p. 300 where "hayrestars" and others are ordered to "pay pagiant syluar to the sayd Ropers"; or p. 328, which grants a painter "money gathered of pageant sylvar"-but economic records make up the bulk of most of the REED volumes.

29. Pythian-Adams, "Ceremony," in Crisis and Order, p. 58. 30. Pythian-Adams, "Ceremony," in Crisis and Order, p. 69. 31. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, record a 1568 dispute between

John Whitmore, esquire, and Anne Webster, widow, "concerning the claime, right, and title of a mansion, rowme, or place for the Whydson plaies in the Brudg-gate street," pp. 219-20.

32. See Mills' interesting and suggestive study, Recycling the Cycle: The City if Chester and its Whitsun Plays (Toronto: University ofToronto Press, 1998), p. 20.

33. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 204. 34. Mills, Recycling, p. 29. 35. "The City of Chester, General History and Topography," in The Victoria

History of the Counties of England: A History of the County of Chester (VCH), vol. 5, Part 1, ed. C. P. Lewis and A. J. Thacker (London: Boydell and Brewer, 2003), p. 85.

36. VCH, Chester V. 1, ed. Lewis and Thacker, p. 80. 37. VCH, Chester V. 1, ed. Lewis and Thacker, p. 110. 38. VCH, Chester V. 1, ed. Lewis and Thacker, p. 89. 39. VCH, Chester V. 1, ed. Lewis and Thacker, p. 89. 40. VCH, Chester V. 1, ed. Lewis and Thacker, pp. 109-10. 41. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, pp. 192-3. 42. Mills, Recycling, p. 31. 43. See Carruthers' discussion of this suggestive concept in Craft, pp. 10-14. 44. Mills, Chester Cycle, p. xiv. 45. Lumiansky and Mills print the Early Banns as taken from BL Harley 2150

in Documents, pp. 278-84; (BL Harley 2150), their discussion of the dating of the manuscript comes on p. 272.

46. Clopper speculates that these Banns themselves may have been revised in at least three stages; see Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, pp. 192, 285-95; Clopper ,"Development," 236-9.

47. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, print the Late Banns on pp. 285-95; see. I. 156.

48. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, pp. 192-4. 49. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 193. 50. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 211. 51. Christopher Haigh, Riformation and Resistance in Tudor Lancashire

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. 163. 52. See John E. Booty, ed., The Godly Kingdom if Tudor England (Connecticut:

Morehouse-Barlow, 1981) on the burning of Luther's books. Whether or not the mythic "White Horse Tavern" circle in Cambridge actually existed, David Daniell notes in his biography of Tyndale that there certainly "was

NOTES 165

some scholarly interest in Luther in Cambridge in the 1520s, and it does appear striking that so many Protestant leaders were there." David Daniell, William Tyndale (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 50.

53. Haigh, Reformation and Resistance, p. 163. 54. R.C. Richardson, Puritanism in North- West England (Manchester:

Manchester University Press, 1972), p. 1. 55. P. Heath, "The Medieval Archdeaconry and Tudor Bishopric of Chester,"

Journal of Ecclesiastical History 20: 2 (October 1969): 243, speaks of the insularity of the earldom of Chester from as early as the middle of the twelfth century.

56. Douglas Jones notes that, even though the see of Lichfield was suppos­edly transferred to Chester in 1075, "in 1102 the second post-Conquest bishop moved to Coventry" (p. 4). Thereafter, there was no bishop at Chester, and sometime in the thirteenth century the canons of St. John's even abandoned any attempt to participate in his election. See Jones, The Church in Chester 1300-1540 (Manchester: Chetham Society, 1957).

57. Haigh, Reformation and Resistance, p. 17. 58. Haigh, Reformation and Resistance, p. 4. 59. VCH, Chester V. 1, ed. Lewis and Thacker, p. 109. 60. Haigh, Reformation and Resistance, p. 6. 61. John Foxe, Acts and Monuments, vol. 4, 2nd edn., ed. Townsend (1843-49;

repr. New York: AMS, 1965), pp. 642-3. 62. Foxe, Acts and Monuments, vol. 4, 2nd edn., ed. Townsend, p. 642. 63. Haigh, Reformation and Resistance, p. 8. 64. Haigh, Reformation and Resistance, p. 12. 65. Haigh, Reformation and Resistance, p. 108. 66. Eamon Duffy, Stripping of the Altars (New Haven, CT: Yale University

Press, 1992), pp. 431-2. 67. Foxe, Acts and Monuments, vol. 7, 2nd edn., ed. Townsend, p. 104. 68. Haigh, Reformation and Resistance, p. 13. 69. Haigh, Reformation and Resistance, p. 13. 70. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 215. 71. Clopper, "Development," 220. 72. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, pp. 213-7. 73. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, pp. 213-4. 74. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 167. 75. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 166-7. 76. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, pp. 214, 215. 77. VCH, Chester V. 1, ed. Lewis and Thacker, p. 87. 78. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, print both the Chester Archives

and Harley 2103 versions of the proclamation on pp. 214-6. For a gen­eral history of the dissolution, see, for example, Harold J. Grimm's account of the two acts of Parliament, in 1536 and 1539, which dis­solved the monasteries in England, in The Reformation Era, 2nd edn. (New York: Macmillan, 1973), p. 246. In speaking of actions either anticipating or comprising the dissolution specifically in Chester, Jones,

166 NOTES

Church in Chester gives dates ranging from 1536 to 1544, p. 89; the friaries were suppressed in 1538, St. Werburgh in 1540 (VCH, Chester v. 1, p. 88).

79. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 215. 80. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 216.

9 Reinventing the Cycle: The Banns, the Text, and the Pentecostal Design

1. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, print both sets of Banns-the Early Banns on pp. 278-84 and the Late (or "Post Reformation") Banns on pp. 285-95. This and subsequent line references to the Banns are taken from these editions.

2. Booty, Godly Kingdom, p. 167. 3. See "Book of Common Prayer" in Hans J. Hillerbrand, ed., Oxford

Encyclopedia of the Reformation, vol. 1 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 190.

4. Clopper, "Development," 226. 5. Clopper, "Development," 228. 6. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 266. 7. Clopper, "Development," 236. 8. Higden's reputed authorship is discussed in Lumiansky and Mills, eds.,

Documents, pp. 166-8. 9. In Acts and Monuments, vol. 4, 2nd edn., ed. Townsend, p. 144, Foxe,

perhaps following Bale, includes "Ranulphus Cestrensis" in "The Proud Primacy of Popes" among those sources who verify that King John, although forced to yield to the Pope, nonetheless "in the end was poi­soned by a subject of the Pope's own religion, a monk of Swineshead."

10. Sally-Beth MacLean, "Marian Devotion in Post-Reformation Chester: Implications of the Smiths' Purification Play," in The Middle Ages in the North-West, ed. Tom Scott and Pat Starkey (Oxford: Leopard's Head Press, 1995), p. 240.

11. See John N. King's account of clouds, smoke, or flame as appropriate Reformation images for God, English Reformation Literature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), pp. 153-4.

12. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 292. 13. Based on the apparent reassignment of the pageant from the bakers to the

shoemakers around 1550, Clopper, projecting a date even later than I am suggesting here, states: "During the reign of Edward VI there is evidence of one major alteration of the cycle which must cause us to question whether the extant versions of the plays can safely be dated before the 1560s." See Clopper, "Development," 232.

14. Richard Beadle, noting that revisions in the York Last Supper seem to have occurred by the mid-sixteenth century (444), suggests the highly charged nature of this episode: "The leaf could ... have been deliberately

NOTES 167

removed during the religious controversies of the sixteenth century."

Beadle, ed., York Plays (London: Edward Arnold, 1982), pp. 230-1. 15. The objectionable passage, according to Goodman, stated that the bread

"becomen is my fleshe, through wordes 5 betwyxt the prestes handes."

The extant version speaks of the bread becoming flesh "through your beleeffe" (l. 177). See Mills, Recycling, p. 182. I am indebted to Alexandra Johnston for calling this reference to my attention.

16. VCH, Chester V. 1, ed. Lewis and Thacker, p. 88. 17. Line numbers from the play texts, unless otherwise indicated, are taken

from Mills, The Chester Mystery Cycle: A New Edition with Modernised

Spelling (East Lansing, MI: Colleagues Press, 1992). 18. As printed in the "Rite for Communion" in The Second Prayer-Book of

King Edward VI, 1552, in The Ancient and Modern Library of Theological

Literature (London: Griffith , Farran, Okeden, and Welsh, 1888), p. 169.

19. Booty, Godly Kingdom, p. 151. 20. Mills, Recycling, p. 172. 21. Second Prayer Book, 1552, Ancient and Modern Library, p. 8. 22. Cf. Foxe's account of the significance ofTyndale's translation and works:

"These books of William Tyndale being compiled, published, and sent over into England, it cannot be spoken what a door oflight they opened

to the eyes of the whole English nation, which before were many years shut up in darkness." Acts and Monuments, vol. 5, 2nd edn., ed. Townsend,

p. 119. 23. Clopper's work with the records has led him to conclude a period of revi­

sion as late as 1561-72, when, among other things, the Last Supper was revised and the Antichrist play added. See "Development," 244.

24. Kolve, Play. See esp. pp. 57-123 for the development of this model. 25. Peter Travis, Dramatic Design in the Chester Cycle (Chicago: University of

Chicago Press, 1982), p. 68. 26. Ashley, "Sponsorship," in The Peiformance of Middle English Culture, p. 9. 27. Collinson, Birthpangs, p. 10. 28. Richard K. Emmerson, "Contextualizing Performance: The Reception

of the Chester Antichrist," journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 29:1

(Winter 1999): 110. 29. Emmerson, "Chester's Antichrist," 92.

30. See Clopper's comments on the deletion of this play from the cycle some­time after 1539 in "Development," 244.

31. See his discussion of "credal design" in Travis, Dramatic Design,

pp. 192-222. 32. Travis, Dramatic Design, pp. 208-11.

33. Foxe, "The Invention and Benefit of Printing," Acts and Monuments,

vol. 3, 2nd edn., ed. Townsend, p. 719. 34. Foxe, Acts and Monuments, vol. 6, 2nd edn., ed. Townsend, p. 609.

35. See the discussion of Peniarth 399 in the National Library of Wales in

Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, pp. 79-85; also in Lumiansky and

Mills, eds., Chester Mystery Cycle, EETS, S.S. 3, pp. x-xii.

168 NOTES

36. See, for example, F.M. Salter, Medieval Drama in Chester (New York: Russell & Russell, 1955), p. 112, n. 11.

37. Mills, Chester Cycle, p. 374. 38. Mills, Chester Cycle, p. 388. 39. Clopper, "Development," p. 237. 40. Elaine V. Beilin, ed., The Examinations of Anne Askew (Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1996), p. 4. 41. Foxe, Acts and Monuments, vol. 4, 2nd edn., ed. Townsend, pp. 139-45. 42. Foxe, Acts and Monuments, vol. 4, 2nd edn., ed. Townsend, p. 141. 43. Foxe, Acts and Monuments, vol. 4, 2nd edn., ed. Townsend, p. 142. 44. See Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Chester Mystery Cycle, vol. 1, p. 425, I. 428.

10 The Missing Link: Spaces, Places, and the Chester Whitsun Plays

1. Mills, Recycling, p. 32. 2. According to Mills, Recycling, the North side of the Pentice was completed at

roughly this time, and Arthur's visit was "associated with both the comple­tion of the Pentice and also the origins of Chester's Midsummer Show." Later, in 1573, the Pentice was enlarged and the Inner Pentice built (p. 30).

3. R.V.H. Burne, The Monks of Chester (London: S.P.C.K., 1962), p. 142. 4. Burne, Monks, notes that both shields bore royal arms, but the one on the

south side of the Virgin contained a label of three points, thereby denoting Prince Arthur if it was originally argent, and Prince Henry if originally ermine. The original tincture can no longer be made out (p. 142).

5. Palliser cites Pythian-Adams, "Ceremony," on the division of the Coventry year into a "ritualistic" half and a "secular" half, with the ritualistic extending from December 24 to June 24 (p. 213); Palliser finds a similar situation in early Tudor York, "Civic Mentality and the Environment in Tudor York," in The Tudor and Stuart Town, 1530-1688, ed. Jonathan Barry (London: Longman, 1990), pp. 210-13.

6. Clopper documents the presence of an Assumption play in the earlier years of the cycle, placing its elimination somewhere between 1539 and the final years of the cycle; see Clopper, "Development," 244.

7. See Mills, Recycling, p. 173. 8. Line number references for the plays in this chapter are taken once again

from David Mills, The Chester Mystery Cycle: A New Edition with Modernised Spelling (East Lansing: Colleagues Press, 1992).

9. Mills, Chester Cycle, p. 238. 10. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 263. 11. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 263. 12. Mills, Chester Cycle, p. xiv. 13. Cf. the version in the Cheshire Record Office, DCC 19; similarly, Harley

1948 states that "every streete had a pagiant playinge before them at one time" (Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, pp. 267, 270).

NOTES 169

14. Salter, Medieval Drama in Chester, p. 77. 15. Mills, Recycling, p. 121. 16. Lumiansky and Mills, eds., Documents, p. 219. 17. In a correlative example, we can observe how the Theatre, hard on the heels

of the final productions of the Chester cycle, was built across the Thames in the area of the brothels and stews outside the city ofLondon proper.

18. The Victoria County History describes St. Giles as lying just outside the gate in "Chester's most important medieval and early modern suburb": "Right on the boundary [beyond the Bars] from the early twelfth cen­tury until the 1640s stood the leper hospital of St. Giles, occupying a tiny extra-parochial area called Spital Boughton" (VCH, Chester, V. 1, ed. Lewis and Thacker, p. 1).

19. William Smith (ed. Palliser), in Chester 1066-1971: Contemporary Descriptions by Residents and Visitors (Chester: Corporation of Chester, 1972), p. 11, a contemporary resident of Chester, observes in 1575 of this entry area: "The Castle of Chester, Standeth on a Rocky hill, within the Wall of the Cittie, not farr from the Bridge, which Castell, is a place hav­ing privelege of it selff" (p. 9).

20. William Smith, in Chester 1066-1971, p. 11. 21. Foxe, Acts and Monuments, vol. 7, 2nd edn., ed. Townsend, p. 47. 22. Mills, Recycling, p. 30. 23. In vol. 3 of the VCH, Chester (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980),

B.E. Harris, ed., notes in the section "Religious Houses" that with no suit for alteration arriving, "the abbey and all its possessions were surren­dered by Abbot Clarke on 20 January 1540" (p. 144).

24. Clopper, ed., Chester, REED, p. 84. 25. Clopper, ed., Chester, REED, p. 96. 26. Clopper, ed., Chester, REED, p. liv. 27. Clopper, ed., Chester, REED, p. 84. 28. Burne, Monks, describes Birchenshawe as "strong and domineering"

(p. 141). 29. Burne, Monks, p. 146. 30. VCH, Chester V. 1, ed. Lewis and Thacker, p. 87. 31. VCH, Chester V. 1, ed. Lewis and Thacker, p. 88. 32. Foxe, Acts and Monuments, vol. 7, 2nd edn., ed. Townsend, p. 104. 33. In his entry on Bird (d. 1558) in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

(DNB), Richard Copsey goes on to say, "Bird's ability to charm served him well and he was willing to adapt his views to suit successive regimes before apparently returning to Catholic belief on the accession of Mary." See Copsey, "John Bird, Bishop of Chester," c. 2004-06, June 1, 2006, <http: //www.oxforddnb.com>

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Drama Texts

Beadle, Richard, ed. The York Plays. London: Edward Arnold, 1982. Beadle, Richard and Pamela King. York Mystery Plays. Oxford: Clarendon Press,

1984. Bevington, David, ed. Medieval Drama. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975. Block, K.S., ed. Ludus Coventriae or the Plaie Called Corpus Christi. E.E.T.S.

London: Oxford University Press, 1922, repr. 1960, 1974. England, George and Alfred W. Pollard, eds. The Towneley Plays. E.E.T.S.

London: Kegan, Paul, 1897. Lumiansky, R.M. and David Mills, eds. The Chester Mystery Cycle. 2 vols.

E.E.T.S., S.S. 3, 9. London: Oxford University Press, 1974, 1986. Mills, David. The Chester Mystery Cycle: A New Edition with Modernized Spelling.

East Lansing, MI: Colleagues Press, 1992.

Primary Sources

Aquinas, Thomas. Basic Writings. 2 vols. Ed. Anton C. Pegis. New York: Random House, 1945.

---. Summa Theologiae. 60 vols. Gen. ed. Thomas Gilby, O.P. London: Blackfriars, 1964-80.

Aristotle. The Complete Works of Aristotle. Revised Oxford Translation. 2 vols. Ed. Jonathan Barnes. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.

---. Introduction to Aristotle. 2nd edn. Ed. Richard McKeon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973.

Augustine. Basic Writings of St. Augustine (Includes Soliloquies, On the Trinity). 2 vols. Ed. Whitney J. Oates. New York: Random House, 1948.

---. De Doctrina Christiana. Ed. R.P.H. Green. Library of Christian Classics. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.

---. On Christian Doctrine. Trans. D.W. Robertson, Jr. Indianapolis: Bobbs­Merrill, 1958.

---. De Civitate Dei Contra Paganos. 7 vols. Ed. and trans. George E. McCracken. Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann, 1957.

---. The City of God. Trans. Marcus Dods. Intro. by Thomas Merton. New York: Modern Library, Random House, 1950.

172 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Augustine. Confessions. 2 vols. Ed. and trans. William Watts. Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann, 1912.

---. Confessions. Trans. R.S. Pine-Coffin. Middlesex, England: Penguin, 1961, repr. 1970.

---. Epistulae. Ed. A.L. Goldbacher. CSEL 44. Vienna: F. Trempsky, 1904. ---.Letters of St. Augustine. 5 vols. Trans. Sister Wilfrid Parsons, S.N.D. New

York: Fathers of the Church, 1953, 1956. ---. Soliloquies. Patrologia Latina (PL) 32. Ed. J.P. Migne. 869-904. ---. De Trinitate. Oeuvres de Saint Augustin. Vols. 15 & 16. Ed. and trans.

P. Agaesse, S.J. Bibliotheque Augustinienne. Paris: Desclee de Brouwer, 1955.

---.The Trinity. Trans. Stephen McKenna. Fathers of the Church. Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963, repr. 1988.

Caplan, Harry, ed. Rhetorica ad Herennium. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1954, repr. 1977.

Cicero. De Oratore. 2 vols. Ed. E.W. Sutton. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942, repr. 1948, 1959, 1967.

Dives and Pauper. Ed. Priscilla Heath Barnum. EETS 0. S. 275. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.

Foxe,John. Acts and Monuments. 8 vols. 2nd edn. Ed. Townsend. 1843-49. Repr. New York: AMS, 1965.

Geoffrey ofVinsauf. Poetria Nova. Trans. Margaret F. Nims. Toronto: Pontifical Institute, 1967.

Hesiod. Theogony. Trans. Richmond Lattimore. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1959, repr. 1978: 119-86.

Hudson, Anne. Selections from English Wycliffite Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.

Hugh of St. Victor. Didascalicon. Ed. and trans. Jerome Taylor. New York: Columbia University Press, 1968.

John of Salisbury. Metalogicon. Ed. and trans. Daniel D. McGarry. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1955.

Ovid. Metamorphoses. 2 vols. Ed. and trans. Frank Justus Miller. Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann, 1916, repr. 1984.

Pecock, Reginald. The Repressor cif Over Much Blaming cif the Clergy. 2 vols. Ed. Churchill Babington. Rerum Britannicarum medii aevi scriptores no. 19. London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts, 1860.

Plato. Phaedrus and Letters VII & VIII. Trans. Walter Hamilton. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1973.

Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Vol. 4. Ed. H.E. Butler. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1922, repr. 1936 ... 1961, 1968.

The Second Prayer-Book of King Edward VI, 1552. The Ancient and Modern Library of Theological Literature. London: Griffith, Farran, Okeden, and Welsh, 1888.

Terence. The Complete Comedies. Ed. Palmer Bovie. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1974.

Tertullain. Apology/De Spectaculis. Trans. T.R. Glover. Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann, 1931, repr. 1960.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 173

---."De Spectaculis." In The Ante-Nicene Fathers. Ed. Roberts and Donaldson. New York: Scribners, 1925.

"A tretise of miraclis pleyinge." Ed. Clifford Davidson. Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1981.

Other Sources

Ashley, Kathleen. "Sponsorship, Reflexivity, and Resistance: Cultural Readings of the York Cycle Plays." In The Peiformance ~f Middle English Culture. Cambridge, UK: D.S. Brewer, 1998.

Ashley, Kathleen and Pamela Sheingorn. "Discordia et lis: Negotiating Power, Property, and Performance in Medieval Selestat." Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 26 (Fall 1996): 419-46.

Banta, Martha. "If I Forget Thee, Jerusalem." PMLA 114: 2 (March 1999): 175-83.

Beilin, Elaine V., ed. The Examinations of Anne Askew. Includes Introduction by John Bale. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Bevington, David. From Mankind to Marlowe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962.

"Book of Common Prayer." Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation. Vol. 1. Ed. Hans]. Hillerbrand. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996: 190.

Booty,JohnE., ed. The Godly Kingdom ofTudor England. Connecticut: Morehouse­Barlow, 1981.

Brehier, Emile. The Middle Ages and the Renaissance. In The History of Philosophy. Trans. Wade Baskin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.

Brown, Peter. Augustine of Hippo. New York: Dorset Press, 1967, repr. 1986. Burne, R.V.H. The Monks of Chester. London: S.P.C.K., 1962. Butterworth, Charles E., trans. and ed. Averroes' Middle Commentary on Aristotle's

Poetics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. Carruthers, Mary ]. The Book of Memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press, 1990. ---. The Craft of Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Chambers, E.K. The Medieval Stage. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903. Clopper, Lawrence M., Jr., ed. Chester. Records of Early English Drama. Vol. 3.

Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979. ---. Drama, Play, and Game: English Festive Culture in the Medieval and Early

Modern Period. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. ---. "History and Development of the Chester Cycle." Modern Philology 75

(February 1978): 219-64. ---. "Miracula and The Tretise of Miraclis Pleyinge." Speculum 65 (1990):

878-905. Collins, Patrick]. The N-Town Plays and Medieval Picture Cycles. Early Drama,

Art and Music Series, No. 2. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute, Western Michigan University, 1979.

Collinson, Patrick. The Birthpangs of Protestant En.s;land. London: Macmillan, 1988.

174 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Copleston, Frederick, SJ. A History of Philosophy. Vol. 2. New York: Image Books, 1964; Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1985.

Daniell, David. William Tyndale: A Biography. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.

Davidson, Clifford, ed. Gesture in Medieval Drama and Art. Early Drama, Art, and Music Series, No. 28. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute, Western Michigan University, 2001.

Dorrell, Margaret. "Two Studies of the York Corpus Christi Play." Leeds Studies in English, New Series 6 (1972): 63-111.

Duffy, Eamon. Stripping of the Altars. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. Emmerson, Richard K. "Contextualizing Performance: The Reception of

Chester's Antichrist." journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 29:1 (Winter 1999): 89-120.

Enders, Jody. The Medieval Theater of Cruelty. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999.

---."Visions with Voices: The Rhetoric of Memory and Music in Liturgical Drama." Comparative Drama 24 (1990): 34-54.

Foucault, Michel. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews. New York: Pantheon Books, 1980.

Gardiner, Harold. Mysteries' End. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1946. Gibson, Gail McMurray. The Theater of Devotion. Chicago: University of Chicago

Press, 1989. Greimas, Algirdas Julien. The Social Sciences: A Semiotic View. Trans. Paul Perron

and Frank Collins. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1990. Haigh, Christopher. Reformation and Resistance in Tudor Lancashire. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1975. Halliwell, Stephen. Aristotle's Poetics. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina

Press, 1986. Hardison, O.B. Christian Rite and Christian Drama. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins

Press, 1965. ---. "The Place of Averroes' Commentary on the Poetics in the History

of Medieval Criticism." In Medieval and Renaissance Studies 4. Ed. John L. Lievsay. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1968.

Harthan, John. Books of Hours and Their Owners. London: Thames and Hudson, 1977.

Heath, P. "The Medieval Archdeaconry and Tudor Bishopric of Chester." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 20: 2 (October 1969): 243-52.

Higgins, Anne. "Streets and Markets." In A New History of Early English Drama. Ed. John D. Cox and David Scott Kastan. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.

Hillerbrand, Hans J., ed. Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Husdon, Anne. The Premature Reformation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988. Johnston, Alexandra F. and Margaret Dorrell. "The York Mercers and Their

Pageant of Doomsday, 1433-1526." Leeds Studies in English, New Series 6 (1972): 10-35.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 175

Johnston, Alexandra F., and Margaret Rogerson, eds. York. 2 vols. Records of Early English Drama. Toronto: University ofToronto Press, 1979.

Jones, Douglas. The Church in Chester 1300-1540. Manchester: Chetham Society, 1957.

King, John N. English Reformation Literature. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982.

Knowles, David. "The Historical Context of the Philosophical Work of St. Thomas Aquinas." In Aquinas: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Anthony Kenny. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Anchor Books, 1969.

Kolve, V.A. The Play Called Corpus Christi. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966.

Lepow, Lauren. Enacting the Sacrament: Counter Lollardy in the Towneley Cycle. London and Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1990.

Lerud, Theodore K. Social and Political Dimensions of the English Corpus Christi Drama. New York: Garland Press, 1988.

Lumiansky, R.M. and David Mills, eds. The Chester Mystery Cycle: Essays and Documents. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983.

MacLean, Sally-Beth. "Marian Devotion in Post-Reformation Chester: Implications of the Smiths' Purification Play." In The Middle Ages in the North- West. Ed. Tom Scott and Pat Starkey. Oxford: Leopard's Head Press, 1995.

Mills, David. Recycling the Cycle: The City of Chester and Its Whitsun Plays. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998.

Nelson, Alan. The Medieval English Stage. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.

---. "Some Configurations of Staging in Medieval English Drama." In Medieval English Drama: Essays Critical and Contextual. Ed. Alan Nelson and Jerome Taylor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972: 116-47.

Nelson, Alan and Jerome Taylor, eds. Medieval English Drama: Essays Critical and Contextual. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (DNB). http://www.oxforddnb. com.view.article/2447?docPos=/. Copsey, Richard. "John Bird, Bishop of Chester." c. 2004-06. June 1, 2006.

Palliser, D.M., ed. Chester 1066-1971: Contemporary Descriptions by Residents and Visitors. Chester: Corporation of Chester, 1972.

---. "Civic Mentality and the Environment in Tudor York." In The Tudor and Stuart Town, 1530-1688. Ed. Jonathan Barry. London and New York: Longman, 1990: 206-43.

Purvis, J.S. From Minster to Market Place. York: St. Anthony's Press, 1969. Pythian-Adams, Charles. "Ceremony and the Citizen: The Communal Year

at Coventry, 1450-1550." In Crisis and Order in English Towns, 1500-1700. Ed. Peter Clark and Paul Slack. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972: 57-85.

Reynolds, L.D. and N.G. Wilson. Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature. 3rd edn. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.

176 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Richardson, R.C. Puritanism in North-West England. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1972.

Rite for Communion. The Second Prayer Book of King Edward VI, 1552. The Ancient and Modern Library of Theological Literature. London: Griffith, Farran, Okeden, and Welsh, 1888.

Ross, Lawrence. "Symbol and Structure in the Secunda Pastorum." In Medieval English Drama: Essays Critical and Contextual. Ed. Nelson, Alan and Jerome Taylor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972: 177-211.

Salter, F.M. Medieval Drama in Chester. New York: Russell & Russell, 1955. Schacter, Daniel. Searching for Memory. New York: Harper Collins; Basic Books,

1996. Stevens, Martin. Four Middle English Mystery Cycles. Princeton: Princeton

University Press, 1987. ---."Postscript." Leeds Studies in English, New Series 6 (1972): 113-15. Taylor, Jerome. "The Dramatic Structure of the Middle English Corpus Christi,

or Cycle, Plays." In Medieval English Drama: Essays Critical and Contextual. Ed. Jerome Taylor and Alan Nelson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.

Travis, Peter. Dramatic Design in the Chester Cycle. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.

Vance, Eugene. Mervelous Signals: Poetics and Sign Theory in the Middle Ages. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1986.

The Victoria History qf the Counties of England. A History of the County of Chester. Vol. 3. "A History of Chester." Ed. B.E. Harris. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.

The Victoria History of the Counties of England. A History of the County of Chester. Vol. 5, Part I: "The City of Chester, General History and Topography." Ed. C.P. Lewis and A.J. Thacker. London: Boydell and Brewer, 2003.

Voronova, Tamara and Andrei Sterligov. Western European I: Illuminated Manuscripts of the 8th-16th Centuries. St. Petersburg: Parks tone Press, 1996.

Weisheipl, James A. Friar Thomas D'Aquino. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974. Woolf, Rosemary. The English Mystery Plays. Berkeley: University of California

Press, 1972. Yates, Frances. The Art qf Memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.

LIST OF SELECTED PRIOR PUBLICATIONS

Social and Political Dimensions of the English Corpus Christi Drama. (1988).

Handbook of the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States. (1994). With Kretzschmar, William, et al.

"Negotiating the Reformation in the Northwest: The Reinvention of the Chester Cycle." REFORMATION (2003).

"Quick Images: Memory and the English Corpus Christi Drama." In Moving Subjects: Processional Peiformance in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Ludus 5 (2001).

Reviews in Speculum, Modern Philology, and elsewhere.

INDEX

Aeneid, 20 Aquinas, 2, 7, 11, 26, 34

and Feast of Corpus Christi, 43 Summa Theologiae, 3-4, 42-6, 50,

51, 59, 63 Aristotle, 13, 20, 25-6, 38-9

De Anima, 34-7 Categories, 31-2 Poetics, 26-30, 31, 32-4, 42 Posterior Analytics, 30-1 Topics, 30, 32

Ashley, Kathleen, 5, 109 and Pamela Sheingorn, 73, 95-6

Augustine, 2, 125-6 De Civitate Dei, 16, 18-19, 23 Confessions, 16-18, 19-22, 42, 44, 56 De Doctrina, 18, 23 Soliloquies, 19 De Trinitate, 22

Averroes, 29-30 trans. by Hermannus, 26-8

backgrounds (locis), 4, 6, 9, 10, 13, 70-1

see also place(s) Bevington, David, xv, 64, 67 Birchenshawe, 135, 144

see also St. Werburgh's Abbey Bird, John, Bishop of Chester, 111,

115-17, 118, 121, 144, 146, 169 n. 33

Book <if Common Prayer, 121, 124, 125-6

Books of Hours, 63, 70-5, 100

FastolfMaster, 74; Plates 7-9, 83-5; Plate 11, 87; Plate 14, 90

Bradwardine, Thomas, 12-13, 69

Carruthers, Mary, 1, 2, 4, 10, 34, 47, 69, 106-7, 112

Chambers, E. K., 56, 68 Chester plays, 98, 104

Abraham, 47-8, 107 Adam and Eve, 48-9 Antichrist plays, 127-8, 130-2 Assumption of the Virgin, 128,

135-6 Banns, 69, 109, 113, 121, 122-4,

130 Christ at the House of Simon Leper,

137-40 Harrowing <if Hell, 65, 75, 143-6 Last Supper, 69, 124-6, 128 Pentecost, 128-30 Purification, 123 Resurrection, 124 Trial, 75, 140-3

Cicero, 7-9, 17 Simonides of Ceos, 3, 8

Clopper, Lawrence M., 53-6, 107-8, 109, 122, 130-1, 143-4, 166 n. 13

Collinson, Patrick, 108, 163 n. 15 Corpus Christi

cycles, 11, 15, 34, 97, 108, 119 Feast of, 43 plays, 4-5, 10, 13, 38, 65, 75, 110;

Passion, 41

180 INDEX

Corpus Christi-continued procession, 5, 96, 99, 110, 113, 121,

140

Dives and Pauper, 54, 57-9

Early Drama, Art, and Music (EDAM), 69-70

Emmerson, Richard, 127-8 Enders, Jody, 106, 155-6 n. 28

Foucault, Michel, 95 Foxe, John, 114, 115, 121, 123, 126,

127, 129-30, 131, 140, 166 n. 9, 167 n. 22

Geoffrey ofVinsauf, 11, 27-8 Gibson, Gail, 4, 51, 62 Greimas, Algirdas Julien, 95, 100,

161 n. 23

Haigh, Christopher, 114, 115, 116 Hardison, 0. B., 27, 28, 64-5 Hesiod, 1-2 Higden, Ranulph, 111, 117, 123 Higgins, Anne, 96-7, 103-4, 105 Hudson, Anne, 52-3 Hugh of St. Victor, 33, 39

John of Salisbury, 30-1 Johnson, Samuel, 32 Johnston, Alexandra F. and

Margaret Dorrell, 103, 162 n. 38, 167 n. 15

King, John N., xv, 166 n. 11 King, Pamela, xvi, 70, 103 Kolve, V. A., 56, 126, 150 n. 1

liturgical drama, 63 Jeu d'Adam, 67-8 Ordo Dedicationis Ecclesiae, 65-6,

143, 144 La Seinte Resureccion, 64, 68 Visitatio Sepulchri, 66-7

Lumiansky, R. M. and David Mills, 100, 109, 117, 161 n. 22

Macbeth, 143 Mills, David, 110-11, 124, 125, 130,

136, 137, 138, 168 n. 2 see also Lumiansky, R. M. and

David Mills morality play, 49-50

Nelson, Alan, 25, 64, 71, 158 n. 4, 160 n. 21

Newhall's Proclamation, 110, 117-19

Ovid, 1

Pecock, Reginald, 2, 41, 45, 59-61, 69, 154 n. 30

place(s), 6, 64-6, 67-8, 95, 97-8 see also backgrounds

Plato, 2, 8-9, 13, 19, 31 Pythian-Adams, Charles, 5, 110, 136

quick image, 4-5, 33, 44, 71, 154 n. 30 quick "bok(s)," 13, 15, 39, 41,

55-6, 57, 62 Quintilian, 7, 8, 9-10, 99

Records of Early English Drama (REED), 15, 149 n. 42

Reformation, 6, 108-9, 116, 119, 122-4, 127-8, 129, 132-3, 136

see also Collinson, Patrick; Foxe, John; Haigh, Christopher

Rhetorica ad Herennium, 10-12, 45, 70, 72, 99, 106

Rogers, David, Breviary, 72, 74, 98, 108, 122, 137-8

St. Werburgh's Abbey, 111, 112-13, 117, 135-6, 138, 143-6

Salter, F. M., 138 Schacter, Daniel, 2, 3-4 Stevens, Martin, 71, 74, 97, 100-2,

161 n. 24

Terence, 19, 22-3 Eunuchus, 17-18, 22

Tertullian, 15, 17 Towneley plays

Mactacio Abel, 106 Second Shepherds' Play,

49, 70 Travis, Peter, 126-7, 128 "tretise of miraclis pleyinge,"

4, 15-16, 21, 39, 41-2, 53-7, 58-9

Vance,Eugene,xv,46-7

INDEX

Wyclif, 19, 51, 52, 132 lollards, 59-61, 132 see also Hudson, Anne

Yates, Frances A., 2, 10, 46,63

York plays, 5, 98-100, 105 Crucifixion, 59 Death of Christ, 70

181

Entry into Jerusalem, 65, 71, 74, 97, 100-2

Last Judgment, 68, 103-4 Nativity, 74