INTRODUCTION Soap. We use it daily. For cleansing our bodies. For hand washing our clothes. For...
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Transcript of INTRODUCTION Soap. We use it daily. For cleansing our bodies. For hand washing our clothes. For...
INTRODUCTION
Soap. We use it daily. For cleansing our bodies. For
hand washing our clothes. For disinfecting our
homes. To the average North American, ‘clean’
means spending quality time with a bar of soap at
least once every day. Many of us would recoil in
horror at the thought that our aristocratic 17th-
century ancestors changed their linen shirts daily,
with only a quick dip of hands in water, and nary a
thought for the rest of their bodies. 1
This presentation opens with a brief history of
soap. Next we take a look at how the chemical
composition of soap works to get both our clothes
and bodies clean. We learn about different types
of soap and close with two questions on the small
bar that is such an intimate part of our lives. Soap.
The first time a ‘soap’ word
appears in Roman literature is in
Naturalis Historia. The author,
Pliny the Elder (23 -79 CE)
tells us the word sapo, borrowed
from
the Gauls, refers to a mixture they
used to dye hair red. It was not
used for cleansing themselves or
their clothes. In fact, sapo did not
take on the meaning ‘soap’ in
Latin for another 1000 or so years. 2
THE WORD SOAP
2800 BC: Amidst the ruins of Mesopotamia,
archaeologists
uncover clay cylinders inscribed with the following
recipe for
soap:
ashes (uhulu) + cypress oil + sesame seed oil.
SOAP TIMELINE
1550 BC: The Ebers Papyrus records that the ancient
Egyptians bathed regularly and used vegetable and
animal oils (tallow) combined with alkaline salts to
create a
soap-like material. 1525 BC: The Bible refers to a form of hair gel made
from
mixing ashes together with oil.
175 BC to 150 BC: Citizens of Athens and Rome rub
oil over their bodies before scraping it off with
pumice stones or metal scrapers. The Gauls and
Germans combine ashes with animal fats and rub it
in their hair.2nd Century AD: Greek physician, Galen,
recommends soap for both medicinal and cleansing
purposes on his patient’s skin.
3rd Century AD: Arabs make liquid and solid soaps
using a combination of vegetable and aromatic oils
to sell at markets in Kufa, and Basra. They also start
to use soaps for face
shaving. An Arabian manuscript describes a method
of making soap by mixing sesame oil with a potash,
alkali and some lime, before boiling the concoction,
and pouring it into moulds.
5th Century AD: After Rome falls in 467 A.D, bathing
habits
go downhill. Lack of cleanliness leads to the
devastating
plagues of the Middle Ages including the Black
Death.
600 AD: Soap guilds begin to form in Naples, Italy.
The formula for soap in use today is created. Guild
soap makers use vegetable and animal oils with
plant ashes and perfumes to create body soaps,
shampoos, and laundry detergent.
Italy, Spain, and France quickly become regions
known for soap production because of their wealth of
olive groves.800 AD: During Charlemagne’s reign, soap becomes
one of the products estate stewards tally.
1200 - 1300 AD: Soap manufacturing starts in
London. 14th Century: During the Renaissance, Europeans
start to use soap for personal hygiene.
16th - 17th Century: During the reign of Elizabeth
the First, soap consumption in England is the
highest in all Europe. Indeed the Queen herself
bathed once a month "whether it was necessary or
not." But just as the soap industry was growing
strong in England, it became subject to crippling
taxation and tight restrictions. 1609: Sir Hugh Plat, gives a recipe for 'a delicate
washing ball': Take three ounces of Orace, half an
ounce of Cypres, two ounces of Calamus Aromaticus,
one ounce of Rose leaves, two ounces of Lavender
flowres … incorporate all your powders therewith, by
labouring of them well in a mortar.
1682: King Louis XIV of France guillotines three
unlucky soapmakers for producing a bar that caused
irritation to his skin.
1700 onwards: Better quality soaps made in
Europe, such as Castile soap, use olive oil instead of
animal fats. 1725: In the United States, women make household
soap using lye.
1789: The world’s first transparent soap is produced
in London by Andrew Pears.
Late 18th century: Industrialized manufacture of
soap gears up following crusades in Europe stressing
the relationship between cleanliness and health.
Soap making methods improve dramatically when in
1790, Nicholas LeBlanc, discovers how to make caustic soda (Na2CO3) from table salt (NaCl). This
leads to a decrease in the cost of producing soap
because chemists develop a method for making
natural fats and oils react with caustic soda.
CH2-O
CH-O
CH2-O
O
C___(CH2)14-CH3__
O
C___(CH2)14-CH3__
O
C___(CH2)14-CH3__
Trig
lyce
ride
3 S
odiu
m H
ydrox
ides
Na HONa HONa HO
SAPONIFIICATION (THE FORMATION OF SOAP):
The hydroxyl bonds with the carbon and the C/O single bond is broken. The intermediate is 3 fatty acids and a strong conjugate base.
Ions form
Na
Na
NaCH2-O
CH-O
CH2-O
O
C___(CH2)14-CH3__
O
C___(CH2)14-CH3
O
C___(CH2)14-CH3
Glycerol 3 Sodium Palmitates (Soap)
Na HO
H O-
HO-+
-
-
__ Na HO
H O-
HO-+-
-
__ Na HO
H O-
HO-+
-
-SAPONIFIICATION (THE FORMATION OF SOAP):
Trig
lyce
ride
3 S
odiu
m H
ydrox
ides
Oxygen end of hydroxyls attack carbon in the carboxyl group.The strong base grabs the hydrogen ions from the fatty acids forming`…
hydrophilic lipophilic
HOW SOAP CLIEANS: MICELLES
Fatty acid salts like Sodium Palmitate have a hydrophilic (water loving) ionic end and a long lipophilic (fat loving) hydrocarbon tail
The long lipophilic tails will embed themselves in grease – the hydrophilic ends facing outwards, breaking off small grease particles, The spherical coating of fatty acid salts surround a grease particle is called a micelle
ARSEILLES
For more than 600 years, Savon de Marseille has been made in
Marseille, France, In 1688, Louis XIV introduced the Edict of Colbert
limiting the use of the Savon de Marseille to soaps made in the
Marseille area, and only from olive oil. This law still applies, although
the regulations have been relaxed to allow other oils like palm to be
used.
Traditionally, the soap is made by combining sea water from the
Mediterranean, olive oil, together with the alkaline chemicals soda ash
(sodium carbonate) and lye (sodium hydroxide). The concoction is
then heated for several days, before it is poured into moulds, cut into
bars, stamped, and left to harden. Within a month, the soap is ready
to be used.
ASTILE
Castile soaps were first produced in the Castile region of Spain in the
13th century and by 1567, importations of Castile soap through
Antwerp appear in the London port books, In his article, A Short
History of Soap, John Hunt states that barilla (an impure form of
sodium carbonate obtained from plant ashes) was boiled with locally
available olive oil instead of animal fat. By adding brine to the boiled
liquor, the soap was made to float to the surface, where it could be
skimmed off, leaving the excess lye and impurities to settle out. This
produced what was probably the first white hard soap made of 100%
olive oil.
LYCERINE
Glycerin soap is a translucent soap composed of either fat or oil. The
clearness of the soap is due to an alignment of soap molecules which
can be induced by adding alcohol and sugar.
Traditionally, glycerine soap is made by melting and continuously
heating soap that has been partly dissolved in a high percentage
alcohol solution until it reaches a clear, jelly-like state. The mixture is
then simmered with a sugar solution until the soap becomes
translucent. Modern glycerin soaps bases are produced by combining
glycerols and polyols with soap using a method similar to that of
traditional glycerine soapmaking.
What is the world’s most costly soap?
Ever wonder what is the world’s most expensive soap? Well ponder no
more. Plank, a high end producer of all things yoga, is the creator of
the most luxurious bar on the planet, Cor.
Listed amongst its lush ingredients are: chitosan to balance skin tone
and oil levels, sercin—a type of protein created by silkworms—to
retain moisture and provide UV protection and four types of collagen
to maintain skin structure. However it is silver, a mineral known for its
antibacterial properties, which gives Cor the honour of being the
world’s most expensive soap.
Cor retails for $125 per 120 gram bar.
What is African Black Soap?
Over the past couple of years, numerous alternatives to commercially
produced soaps have become available to the consumer. Ingredients
used in these natural homemade soaps largely depend upon the area
of the world in which the buyer resides.
African Black Soap from Ghana is made with 100% natural ingredients
including: coconut and palm kernel oils, raw shea butter, cocoa pod
ash and water. It is a very mild soap and is used to ease the acne
symptoms, eczema psoriasis, dandruff, and ringworm.
African Black Soap is very soft because of its high glycerine content.
High glycerine levels cause the soap to absorb moisture from the air,
so to prevent the soap from becoming too soft, it must be stored in a
cool dry place.
Credits1. Ashenburg, K (2008). An Unsanitised History of Washing. London, UK: London Times
2. Casselman, B (2009). Bill Casslelman’s Words of the World. USA
All graphics (excluding photos) appearing in this presentation are the copyright of Peter Eastman 2011. Powerpoint design copyright of e2gmedia.com