Introduction - Road Stabilizergumat.co.nz › product › Introduction - Road Stabilizer.pdf ·...
Transcript of Introduction - Road Stabilizergumat.co.nz › product › Introduction - Road Stabilizer.pdf ·...
DHARA BIOTECH
Introduction:
What is DZ-1X Soil Stabilization Enzyme?
DZ-1X is a unique multi-enzyme product specifically developed as an effective aid to the workability,
mixability, binding and compaction of soil.
DZ-1X significantly improves stability in construction of roads, dams and many other related projects.
DZ-1X is a completely natural bio-degradable product. By its actions it alters and improves soils physical
and chemical properties which result, in significantly less mechanical effort to achieve greater densities
for compaction.
DZ-1X offers a convenient and low cost method for improving a soils strength and durability, enabling
lower construction costs, less maintenance and greater ro
DZ-1X has ionic actions, which bind dust particles together to maintain a longer dust free environment.
The benefits of using DZ-1x
a) reduced construction costs
b) longer useful lives
c) minimal road maintenance costs
d) better wear qualities
e) increased transport capacity
f) greater passenger comfort
g) lower vehicle operating costs
h) reduced traffic accidents
i) excellent environmental safety
DZ-1X Delivers!
For paved roads, stabilizing the base a
a) Improves the soil structure sufficiently to achieve confirmed savings of greater than 25% in
paved road construction costs.
b) Strengthens the road structure of highways needing repaving and eliminates the need to
c) Remove and dispose of old asphalt. Recycling and stabilizing asphalt incr
d) Strength two to three times.
e) Strengthens base layers and sub
f) Increases the capacity of the road surface to support heavy traffic loads.
g) Reduces such common road surface problems as crac
h) Reduces the cost of purchasing and transporting construction materials for road reconditioning
by reusing in-situ materials and upgrading and improving poorer quality local soils.
i) Extends the useful life of asphalt and concrete
j) Shoulders. Construction savings mostly achieved from reduced aggregate and hauling needs.
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
1X Soil Stabilization Enzyme?
enzyme product specifically developed as an effective aid to the workability,
compaction of soil.
significantly improves stability in construction of roads, dams and many other related projects.
degradable product. By its actions it alters and improves soils physical
ich result, in significantly less mechanical effort to achieve greater densities
offers a convenient and low cost method for improving a soils strength and durability, enabling
lower construction costs, less maintenance and greater road performance.
has ionic actions, which bind dust particles together to maintain a longer dust free environment.
minimal road maintenance costs
excellent environmental safety
For paved roads, stabilizing the base and/or sub-base layer with DZ-1X:
sufficiently to achieve confirmed savings of greater than 25% in
paved road construction costs.
Strengthens the road structure of highways needing repaving and eliminates the need to
and dispose of old asphalt. Recycling and stabilizing asphalt increases structure
Strengthens base layers and sub-base layers in preparation for chip - seal operations.
Increases the capacity of the road surface to support heavy traffic loads.
Reduces such common road surface problems as cracking and surface loosening.
Reduces the cost of purchasing and transporting construction materials for road reconditioning
situ materials and upgrading and improving poorer quality local soils.
Extends the useful life of asphalt and concrete road surfaces and stabilizes highway road
. Construction savings mostly achieved from reduced aggregate and hauling needs.
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 1
enzyme product specifically developed as an effective aid to the workability,
significantly improves stability in construction of roads, dams and many other related projects.
degradable product. By its actions it alters and improves soils physical
ich result, in significantly less mechanical effort to achieve greater densities
offers a convenient and low cost method for improving a soils strength and durability, enabling
has ionic actions, which bind dust particles together to maintain a longer dust free environment.
sufficiently to achieve confirmed savings of greater than 25% in
Strengthens the road structure of highways needing repaving and eliminates the need to
eases structure
seal operations.
king and surface loosening.
Reduces the cost of purchasing and transporting construction materials for road reconditioning
situ materials and upgrading and improving poorer quality local soils.
road surfaces and stabilizes highway road
. Construction savings mostly achieved from reduced aggregate and hauling needs.
DHARA BIOTECH
For roads remaining un-surfaced, stabilization with DZ
a) Improves structural integrity and load capacity, and reduces
such as pot holes and rut formation, resulting in fewer maintenance needs.
b) Strengthens base layers and sub
highways.
c) Decreases the loss of aggregate and fine
d) Yields significantly more durable surfaces and longer road life on secondary roads
Environmental benefits:
a) Minimizes material loss of surface gravel on soil roadways due to erosion or abrasion by traffic.
b) Reduces the ongoing cost and environmental impact of the purchase, transport and spreading
of replacement gravel.
c) Minimizes the harmful production and use of crushed rock and historical mineral stabilizers in
road construction and maintenance.
d) Reduces fuel usage associated with frequent, short interval road repairs.
e) Lessens the impact of open gravel mines and pits. DZ
sources.
DZ-1X delivers stronger, longer-lasting roads at lower costs than conventional road designs. It
also better for the environment.
How it Works:
Soils are chemical substances. They have a tendency to react with other chemicals if prevalent
conditions are present. These reactions result from the attraction of positive and negative charges in
the components of the soil and the chemical substances. Many times, compounds react with these
charges of the soil to alter the overall property of the soil. These effects are brought about by
electrolyte exchanges, differences in osmotic pressure gradients, electrochemi
on the colloidal activity of the soils. Physical effects are related to Brownian motion, laminar shear
velocity and pore-size distribution, whereas, electrochemical effects are related to Van der Vaal's
forces.
The addition of non-standardized stabilizers affects the shrinking and swelling properties of soils
(clays). Some non-standardized stabilizers in use today are sulphonated oils, Ammonium chloride,
Mineral pitches, Acrylic polymers and Enzymes.
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
faced, stabilization with DZ-1X:
Improves structural integrity and load capacity, and reduces the occurrence of serious defects
such as pot holes and rut formation, resulting in fewer maintenance needs.
Strengthens base layers and sub-base layers for construction or restoration of rural or forest
Decreases the loss of aggregate and fine material and lowers dust formation.
Yields significantly more durable surfaces and longer road life on secondary roads
Minimizes material loss of surface gravel on soil roadways due to erosion or abrasion by traffic.
ngoing cost and environmental impact of the purchase, transport and spreading
Minimizes the harmful production and use of crushed rock and historical mineral stabilizers in
road construction and maintenance.
ated with frequent, short interval road repairs.
Lessens the impact of open gravel mines and pits. DZ-1X allows maximum leveraging of
lasting roads at lower costs than conventional road designs. It
Soils are chemical substances. They have a tendency to react with other chemicals if prevalent
conditions are present. These reactions result from the attraction of positive and negative charges in
of the soil and the chemical substances. Many times, compounds react with these
charges of the soil to alter the overall property of the soil. These effects are brought about by
electrolyte exchanges, differences in osmotic pressure gradients, electrochemical and physical effects
the colloidal activity of the soils. Physical effects are related to Brownian motion, laminar shear
size distribution, whereas, electrochemical effects are related to Van der Vaal's
standardized stabilizers affects the shrinking and swelling properties of soils
standardized stabilizers in use today are sulphonated oils, Ammonium chloride,
Mineral pitches, Acrylic polymers and Enzymes.
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 2
the occurrence of serious defects
such as pot holes and rut formation, resulting in fewer maintenance needs.
base layers for construction or restoration of rural or forest
material and lowers dust formation.
Yields significantly more durable surfaces and longer road life on secondary roads
Minimizes material loss of surface gravel on soil roadways due to erosion or abrasion by traffic.
ngoing cost and environmental impact of the purchase, transport and spreading
Minimizes the harmful production and use of crushed rock and historical mineral stabilizers in
1X allows maximum leveraging of existing
lasting roads at lower costs than conventional road designs. It is
Soils are chemical substances. They have a tendency to react with other chemicals if prevalent
conditions are present. These reactions result from the attraction of positive and negative charges in
of the soil and the chemical substances. Many times, compounds react with these
charges of the soil to alter the overall property of the soil. These effects are brought about by
cal and physical effects
the colloidal activity of the soils. Physical effects are related to Brownian motion, laminar shear
size distribution, whereas, electrochemical effects are related to Van der Vaal's
standardized stabilizers affects the shrinking and swelling properties of soils
standardized stabilizers in use today are sulphonated oils, Ammonium chloride,
DHARA BIOTECH
Enzymes as a Soil Stabilizer The enzymes are adsorbed by soil, initially causing it to expand and then to tighten. The enzymes also
help the soil bacteria to release hydrogen ions, resulting in pH gradients at the surfaces of the soil
particles, which assist in breaking up the structcatalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction, that otherwise would happen at a s
a part of the end product. The enzyme combines with the large organic
intermediary, which exchanges ions with the soil structure, breaking down
cover-up effect; which prevents further absorption of water and the loss of
regenerated by the reaction and goes to react
moisture content by construction equipment produces the desired high densities
shale. The resulting surface has the properties of durable "shale" produced in a
millions of years) required by nature. When added to a soil, the enzymes increase
bonding capacity of the soil particles. The enzyme allows soil materials to become
more densely compacted. Also, it improves the chemical bonding
together, creating a more permanent structure that is more resistant to
penetration.
The Concept of Enzyme Stabilization Enzyme stabilization is commonly demonstrated by termites and ants
Asia. Ant saliva, full of enzymes, is used to build soil structures, which are rock hard and
These structures are known to stand firm despite heavy tropical rain seasons.
Analysis by (A.R. Tolleson, E, Mahdavian, FEVALUATION OF STRENGTH CHANGE ON SUBGRADE SOILS STABILIZED WITH AN
SOLUTION USING CBR AND SSG COMPARISONS)
samples showed the strength change under the soaked condition
the samples with high fines content up to 140% strength gain for
30% fines. The average strength gain was approximately 52% with a
test results for the subgrade soil samples tested under both dry and
greater average strength gain as a result of enzyme treatment under
the average strength gain under the soaked con
The basic effects of the action of the enzyme into the structure of the soil can be summarized as
follows. Initially, the film of absorbed water is greatly reduced and in fact entirely broken, as shown
schematically in Figures below:
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
The enzymes are adsorbed by soil, initially causing it to expand and then to tighten. The enzymes also
help the soil bacteria to release hydrogen ions, resulting in pH gradients at the surfaces of the soil
reaking up the structure of the soil. An enzyme is by definition an
catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction, that otherwise would happen at a slower rate, without becoming
The enzyme combines with the large organic molecules to form a re
intermediary, which exchanges ions with the soil structure, breaking down the lattice and causing the
further absorption of water and the loss of density. The enzyme is
regenerated by the reaction and goes to react again. Compaction of aggregates near the optimum
moisture content by construction equipment produces the desired high densities
shale. The resulting surface has the properties of durable "shale" produced in a fraction of the time
of years) required by nature. When added to a soil, the enzymes increase
bonding capacity of the soil particles. The enzyme allows soil materials to become
more densely compacted. Also, it improves the chemical bonding that helps to fuse the soil particles
together, creating a more permanent structure that is more resistant to weathering, wear and water
The Concept of Enzyme Stabilization Enzyme stabilization is commonly demonstrated by termites and ants in Latin America, Africa and
Asia. Ant saliva, full of enzymes, is used to build soil structures, which are rock hard and
These structures are known to stand firm despite heavy tropical rain seasons.
Analysis by (A.R. Tolleson, E, Mahdavian, F.M. Shatnawi, N.E. Harman, September 2003, EVALUATION OF STRENGTH CHANGE ON SUBGRADE SOILS STABILIZED WITH AN ENZYME CATALYST
SOLUTION USING CBR AND SSG COMPARISONS) for the treated and control specimens for various soil
change under the soaked condition ranged from negligible change for
the samples with high fines content up to 140% strength gain for the soil sample with approximately
30% fines. The average strength gain was approximately 52% with a standard deviation of
test results for the subgrade soil samples tested under both dry and soaked CBR conditions indicated a
greater average strength gain as a result of enzyme treatment under the dry condition compared to
the average strength gain under the soaked condition.
The basic effects of the action of the enzyme into the structure of the soil can be summarized as
follows. Initially, the film of absorbed water is greatly reduced and in fact entirely broken, as shown
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 3
The enzymes are adsorbed by soil, initially causing it to expand and then to tighten. The enzymes also
help the soil bacteria to release hydrogen ions, resulting in pH gradients at the surfaces of the soil
An enzyme is by definition an organic
rate, without becoming
molecules to form a reactant
the lattice and causing the
density. The enzyme is
near the optimum
characteristic of
fraction of the time
of years) required by nature. When added to a soil, the enzymes increase the wetting and
bonding capacity of the soil particles. The enzyme allows soil materials to become more easily wet and
fuse the soil particles
weathering, wear and water
in Latin America, Africa and
Asia. Ant saliva, full of enzymes, is used to build soil structures, which are rock hard and metres high.
.M. Shatnawi, N.E. Harman, September 2003, AN ENZYME CATALYST
control specimens for various soil
ranged from negligible change for
the soil sample with approximately
standard deviation of 58%. The
soaked CBR conditions indicated a
the dry condition compared to
The basic effects of the action of the enzyme into the structure of the soil can be summarized as
follows. Initially, the film of absorbed water is greatly reduced and in fact entirely broken, as shown
DHARA BIOTECH
Absorbed W
Elimination of the Absorbed Water in the Soil
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Absorbed Water in the Structure of the Soil
limination of the Absorbed Water in the Soil
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 4
DHARA BIOTECHThe most difficult problem is raised by the presence of absorbed water in the soil that adheres to the
entire surface of each soil particle. This film of water enveloping
governs the expansion and shrinkage of colloidal soil constituents, cannot be completely eliminated by
purely mechanical methods. However, by means of temperature effects, addition or removal of water
with mechanical pressure, it is possible to vary the amount of water held in this manner. Such
variations are attended by swelling or shrinkage. This provides an ideal point of operation for the
enzyme.
The electrostatic characteristics of soil particles will also have to be con
mechanism of soil-enzyme interaction. As a result of lowering the dipole moment of the water
molecule by the enzyme, dissociation occurs in a hydroxyl (
in turn dissociates into oxygen and hydrogen, while the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl is transformed
into a hydronium ion. The latter can accept or reject positive or negative charges, according to
circumstances. Normally the finest colloidal particles of soil are negatively charged. The e
film of absorbed water contains a sufficient number of positive charged metal ions
potassium, aluminum and magnesium
electrically negative soil ion. In bringing about this p
hydronium ion or of the negatively charged hydroxyl ion will normally combine with the positively
charged metal ions in the water adhering to the surface of the particles. Because of the effect of the
enzyme formulation in reducing the electric charge of the water molecule, there is sufficient negative
charge to exert adequate pressure on the positively charged metal ions in the absorbed water film. As
a result of this, the existing electrostatic potential barrier is
metal ions migrate into the free water, which can be washed out or removed by evaporation. Thus the
film of absorbed water enveloping the particles is reduced. The particles thereby lose their swelling
capacity and the soil as a whole acquires a friable structure.
The hydrogen ions, which are liberated in the dissociation of the water molecules, can once again react
with free hydroxyl ions and form water along the gaseous hydrogen. It is important to note that the
moisture content of the soil affects the surface tension and is thus a factor affecting compaction. The
enzyme reduces surface tension making the soil compaction easier to perform. After the absorbed
water is reduced, the soil particles tend to agglomerate and
between particles, the surface area is reduced and less absorbed water can be held, which in turn
reduces the swelling capacity.
Field performance The enzyme products have been used in more than 40 countries in the
rural roads to highways for the past 30 years. A short review of some of the projects where enzymes
were used as a road stabilizer is presented below.
enzymes in Paraguay reported consistent road
stabilizer treated roads compared to untreated roads.
gathered on a large-scale study from multiple sites using
road performance for up to 33 months. Stabilization with
performance of these roads despite the heavy traffic and the
increase in the strength and durability of the roads, a
Enzymes have been used successfully to stabilize roads in Malaysia, China and the Western USA at low
cost. In Mendocino County, California Department of Transportation has conducted several tests of
compaction additive based on enzymes. This natural product helped the road base to set very tightly,
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
The most difficult problem is raised by the presence of absorbed water in the soil that adheres to the
entire surface of each soil particle. This film of water enveloping the particles, which ultimately
governs the expansion and shrinkage of colloidal soil constituents, cannot be completely eliminated by
purely mechanical methods. However, by means of temperature effects, addition or removal of water
e, it is possible to vary the amount of water held in this manner. Such
variations are attended by swelling or shrinkage. This provides an ideal point of operation for the
The electrostatic characteristics of soil particles will also have to be considered to understand the
enzyme interaction. As a result of lowering the dipole moment of the water
molecule by the enzyme, dissociation occurs in a hydroxyl (-) and a hydrogen (+) ion. The hydroxyl ion
d hydrogen, while the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl is transformed
into a hydronium ion. The latter can accept or reject positive or negative charges, according to
circumstances. Normally the finest colloidal particles of soil are negatively charged. The e
film of absorbed water contains a sufficient number of positive charged metal ions
potassium, aluminum and magnesium - which ensure charge equalization with respect to the
negative soil ion. In bringing about this phenomenon, the positive charges of the
the negatively charged hydroxyl ion will normally combine with the positively
water adhering to the surface of the particles. Because of the effect of the
reducing the electric charge of the water molecule, there is sufficient negative
pressure on the positively charged metal ions in the absorbed water film. As
existing electrostatic potential barrier is broken. When this reaction occurs, the
the free water, which can be washed out or removed by evaporation. Thus the
enveloping the particles is reduced. The particles thereby lose their swelling
whole acquires a friable structure.
The hydrogen ions, which are liberated in the dissociation of the water molecules, can once again react
with free hydroxyl ions and form water along the gaseous hydrogen. It is important to note that the
ture content of the soil affects the surface tension and is thus a factor affecting compaction. The
enzyme reduces surface tension making the soil compaction easier to perform. After the absorbed
water is reduced, the soil particles tend to agglomerate and as a result of the relative movement
between particles, the surface area is reduced and less absorbed water can be held, which in turn
The enzyme products have been used in more than 40 countries in the construction of structures from
rural roads to highways for the past 30 years. A short review of some of the projects where enzymes
were used as a road stabilizer is presented below. A World Bank study on soil stabilization using
ed consistent road improvements and better performance from soil
stabilizer treated roads compared to untreated roads. The conclusions were drawn based on data
scale study from multiple sites using commercial enzymes and documentation o
road performance for up to 33 months. Stabilization with enzymes has been used in India. Good
performance of these roads despite the heavy traffic and the high rainfall has been found. Besides an
increase in the strength and durability of the roads, a reduction in project cost has also been achieved.
Enzymes have been used successfully to stabilize roads in Malaysia, China and the Western USA at low
cost. In Mendocino County, California Department of Transportation has conducted several tests of
ction additive based on enzymes. This natural product helped the road base to set very tightly,
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 5
The most difficult problem is raised by the presence of absorbed water in the soil that adheres to the
the particles, which ultimately
governs the expansion and shrinkage of colloidal soil constituents, cannot be completely eliminated by
purely mechanical methods. However, by means of temperature effects, addition or removal of water
e, it is possible to vary the amount of water held in this manner. Such
variations are attended by swelling or shrinkage. This provides an ideal point of operation for the
sidered to understand the
enzyme interaction. As a result of lowering the dipole moment of the water
) and a hydrogen (+) ion. The hydroxyl ion
d hydrogen, while the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl is transformed
into a hydronium ion. The latter can accept or reject positive or negative charges, according to
circumstances. Normally the finest colloidal particles of soil are negatively charged. The enveloping
film of absorbed water contains a sufficient number of positive charged metal ions - such as sodium,
which ensure charge equalization with respect to the
henomenon, the positive charges of the
the negatively charged hydroxyl ion will normally combine with the positively
water adhering to the surface of the particles. Because of the effect of the
reducing the electric charge of the water molecule, there is sufficient negative
pressure on the positively charged metal ions in the absorbed water film. As
broken. When this reaction occurs, the
the free water, which can be washed out or removed by evaporation. Thus the
enveloping the particles is reduced. The particles thereby lose their swelling
The hydrogen ions, which are liberated in the dissociation of the water molecules, can once again react
with free hydroxyl ions and form water along the gaseous hydrogen. It is important to note that the
ture content of the soil affects the surface tension and is thus a factor affecting compaction. The
enzyme reduces surface tension making the soil compaction easier to perform. After the absorbed
as a result of the relative movement
between particles, the surface area is reduced and less absorbed water can be held, which in turn
construction of structures from
rural roads to highways for the past 30 years. A short review of some of the projects where enzymes
A World Bank study on soil stabilization using
improvements and better performance from soil
The conclusions were drawn based on data
commercial enzymes and documentation of
enzymes has been used in India. Good
high rainfall has been found. Besides an
reduction in project cost has also been achieved.
Enzymes have been used successfully to stabilize roads in Malaysia, China and the Western USA at low
cost. In Mendocino County, California Department of Transportation has conducted several tests of a
ction additive based on enzymes. This natural product helped the road base to set very tightly,
DHARA BIOTECHreducing dust and improving chip-seal applications. With air quality and water quality agencies
requiring dust reduction, this is a potentially effective new pr
County in Utah has more than 40 miles of surface
that have been in use for several years. The climate is extremely arid and the 15 to 20% clay content in
the aggregates has a very low Plasticity Index (PI) (<3%). A practical procedure for application of the
treatment has been evolved. Jerome County in Idaho reported a similar experience. Two city streets in
Stillwater, Oklahoma were also treated with enzyme products. Th
good performance was reported. A number of projects have been completed in Panaji (India) with the
use of enzymes. A rural road and a city road in Maharasthra have lasted for more than two years
without any damage.
Road sections placed in western Pennsylvania in the fall of 1992 passed subfreezing winters and over
forty freeze-thaw cycles and required no maintenance for ruts, potholes or wash boarding during three
years. The road sections then received chip
repairs to the stabilized base. Enzymes have been used to stabilize more than 160 miles of subgrades
and road surfacing in sites located across the National Forest land of the United States Department of
Agriculture, where intense rainfall, highly erosive aggregate surfacing and expansive clay are found.
The performance of the test sections shows improvement over non
historical performances of these sections before stabilization. Fa
related with the misuse of the enzymes, such as application over the wrong type of soil and gradation.
Some of the properties modified by the stabilization process are listed below:
• Increased compressive strength: the
road material bonding. The enzyme creates a denser, more cohesive and stable soil.
• Reduced compaction effort and improved soil workability: lubricates
makes the soil easier to grade and allows the compactor to achieve targeted soil density with
fewer passes.
• Increased soil density: helps reduce voids between soil partic
attraction in soil particles and releasing bound water. The result is a tighte
road foundation.
• Lowered water permeability: a tighter soil configuration redu
normally occurs in the voids between particles. It produces a greater resistance to water
penetration deterioration.
Some of the advantages of using enzyme
listed below:
• Environmentally safe: enzymes are natural, safe (organic) materials. These materials are
nontoxic and will cause no harm or danger to humans, animals, fi
• Cost effective: all-weather, low
small fraction of bituminous paving or other resurfacing costs.
• Simple to use: the enzyme is added to water, applied with a sprayer truck and m
material.
Normally the enzyme comes in liquid concentrate. This benefit eases handling and preparation
procedures and adds to the cost effectiveness.
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
seal applications. With air quality and water quality agencies
requiring dust reduction, this is a potentially effective new product, cheaper than asphalt. Emery
County in Utah has more than 40 miles of surface-dressed roads treated with soil stabilization enzymes
that have been in use for several years. The climate is extremely arid and the 15 to 20% clay content in
s has a very low Plasticity Index (PI) (<3%). A practical procedure for application of the
treatment has been evolved. Jerome County in Idaho reported a similar experience. Two city streets in
Stillwater, Oklahoma were also treated with enzyme products. The clay had a plastic index of 20% and
good performance was reported. A number of projects have been completed in Panaji (India) with the
use of enzymes. A rural road and a city road in Maharasthra have lasted for more than two years
in western Pennsylvania in the fall of 1992 passed subfreezing winters and over
thaw cycles and required no maintenance for ruts, potholes or wash boarding during three
years. The road sections then received chip-seal coats and asphalt surfaces with no requirement for
repairs to the stabilized base. Enzymes have been used to stabilize more than 160 miles of subgrades
and road surfacing in sites located across the National Forest land of the United States Department of
ure, where intense rainfall, highly erosive aggregate surfacing and expansive clay are found.
performance of the test sections shows improvement over nonstabilized control sections and
performances of these sections before stabilization. Failures in the test sections have been
the misuse of the enzymes, such as application over the wrong type of soil and gradation.
Some of the properties modified by the stabilization process are listed below:
Increased compressive strength: the enzyme acts as a catalyst to accelerate and strengthen
aterial bonding. The enzyme creates a denser, more cohesive and stable soil.
Reduced compaction effort and improved soil workability: lubricates the soil particles. This
grade and allows the compactor to achieve targeted soil density with
Increased soil density: helps reduce voids between soil particles by altering electrochemical
in soil particles and releasing bound water. The result is a tighte
Lowered water permeability: a tighter soil configuration reduces the migration of water that
occurs in the voids between particles. It produces a greater resistance to water
advantages of using enzyme-based stabilizers instead of the traditional stabilizers are
Environmentally safe: enzymes are natural, safe (organic) materials. These materials are
will cause no harm or danger to humans, animals, fish or vegetation.
weather, low-maintenance soils for road construction can be achieved for a
fraction of bituminous paving or other resurfacing costs.
Simple to use: the enzyme is added to water, applied with a sprayer truck and m
Normally the enzyme comes in liquid concentrate. This benefit eases handling and preparation
adds to the cost effectiveness.
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 6
seal applications. With air quality and water quality agencies
oduct, cheaper than asphalt. Emery
dressed roads treated with soil stabilization enzymes
that have been in use for several years. The climate is extremely arid and the 15 to 20% clay content in
s has a very low Plasticity Index (PI) (<3%). A practical procedure for application of the
treatment has been evolved. Jerome County in Idaho reported a similar experience. Two city streets in
e clay had a plastic index of 20% and
good performance was reported. A number of projects have been completed in Panaji (India) with the
use of enzymes. A rural road and a city road in Maharasthra have lasted for more than two years
in western Pennsylvania in the fall of 1992 passed subfreezing winters and over
thaw cycles and required no maintenance for ruts, potholes or wash boarding during three
nd asphalt surfaces with no requirement for
repairs to the stabilized base. Enzymes have been used to stabilize more than 160 miles of subgrades
and road surfacing in sites located across the National Forest land of the United States Department of
ure, where intense rainfall, highly erosive aggregate surfacing and expansive clay are found.
stabilized control sections and
ilures in the test sections have been
the misuse of the enzymes, such as application over the wrong type of soil and gradation.
enzyme acts as a catalyst to accelerate and strengthen
aterial bonding. The enzyme creates a denser, more cohesive and stable soil.
the soil particles. This
grade and allows the compactor to achieve targeted soil density with
les by altering electrochemical
in soil particles and releasing bound water. The result is a tighter, dryer, denser
ces the migration of water that
occurs in the voids between particles. It produces a greater resistance to water
based stabilizers instead of the traditional stabilizers are
Environmentally safe: enzymes are natural, safe (organic) materials. These materials are
sh or vegetation.
maintenance soils for road construction can be achieved for a
Simple to use: the enzyme is added to water, applied with a sprayer truck and mixed into the
Normally the enzyme comes in liquid concentrate. This benefit eases handling and preparation
DHARA BIOTECH
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS:
Q: Over time will DZ-1X increase its bonding strength?
A: DZ-1X treated soils (for roads and ponds) achieves their greatest strength at the time of compaction and
immediate subsequent curing (72 hours curing) time. Bonding of the soil particles takes place in the presence
moisture and compactive force. This condition will last as long as the material resists external forces. Heavy
wheel loads, water, freeze-thaw cycles ultimately have their effect on all roads. DZ
these forces due to the bonded, high density of the road material. Th
detrimental effects of erosion and mechanical forces.
Q: Will the road come out with cracks or become fragile?
A: Cracking occurs as a result of 2 factors. (1) If the road material contains a high percent of expansive clays
having a high shrink-swell factor, after the road is completed and dries out some cracking will appear. This
condition reduces the effectiveness of the road stability. However, these roads still perform very well with a
slightly reduced service life. (2) A soft sub
wheel loads. The bearing capacity of the road is insufficient. This
the road base.
When the clay fines (-200 mesh) exceed 25% or are highly expansive, some surface cracking may occur.
Generally, the cracks are superficial, often filling in with road particles during normal t
condition is referred to as "Alligator/Crocodile Cracking" and does not significantly affect the stability of the
road base.
Rain or other moisture will moderately swell the clay fines and the cracks will close. If the clay mater
expansive, then the percentage of these fines should be kept low to reduce the amount of cracking
cracks should not migrate upward through the asphalt unless the clay fines are in the upper range and
conditions see radical sub-surface ground moisture variations. Proper drainage will reduce ground moisture
keep cracking to a minimum.
Q: After compaction, what is the ratio of expansion?
A: After compaction, the expansion-contraction ratio will be dependent upon the soil
expansive clays) as well as the gradation range (distribution of particle sizes). Well
200 mesh to 1 inch) are ideal for road building. The
level extends below the level of the road base, some heaving may occur. However, in the spring, the road
settle back to its original elevation without severe damage. Proper road construction including shoulder
drainage will minimize the effects of frost. Goo
Q: What can be expected of DZ-1X?
A: DZ-1X was formulated to increase the overall strength of poor quality clay based soils in the subgrade of
pavements. It then requires less good quality gravels owing to the increase in CBR's of the subgrade and
depending on the engineers design, possibly a thinner wear coat.
Q: What is the setting or curing time for DZ
A: Curing time is 7 days but cure continues for 28 days.
Q: How soon can traffic be run on the road?
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS:
1X increase its bonding strength?
1X treated soils (for roads and ponds) achieves their greatest strength at the time of compaction and
immediate subsequent curing (72 hours curing) time. Bonding of the soil particles takes place in the presence
ndition will last as long as the material resists external forces. Heavy
thaw cycles ultimately have their effect on all roads. DZ-1X treated roads will resist
these forces due to the bonded, high density of the road material. The DZ-1X treated road will resist the
detrimental effects of erosion and mechanical forces.
Q: Will the road come out with cracks or become fragile?
Cracking occurs as a result of 2 factors. (1) If the road material contains a high percent of expansive clays
swell factor, after the road is completed and dries out some cracking will appear. This
of the road stability. However, these roads still perform very well with a
slightly reduced service life. (2) A soft sub-base (expansive clays) may not support the treated base under heavy
wheel loads. The bearing capacity of the road is insufficient. This can be corrected by increasing the thickness
200 mesh) exceed 25% or are highly expansive, some surface cracking may occur.
Generally, the cracks are superficial, often filling in with road particles during normal traffic use. Generally this
condition is referred to as "Alligator/Crocodile Cracking" and does not significantly affect the stability of the
Rain or other moisture will moderately swell the clay fines and the cracks will close. If the clay mater
expansive, then the percentage of these fines should be kept low to reduce the amount of cracking
cracks should not migrate upward through the asphalt unless the clay fines are in the upper range and
surface ground moisture variations. Proper drainage will reduce ground moisture
compaction, what is the ratio of expansion?
contraction ratio will be dependent upon the soil type (percentage of
expansive clays) as well as the gradation range (distribution of particle sizes). Well-graded soils (ranging from
200 mesh to 1 inch) are ideal for road building. The -200 mesh fines should be approximately 20%. If the frost
ends below the level of the road base, some heaving may occur. However, in the spring, the road
settle back to its original elevation without severe damage. Proper road construction including shoulder
drainage will minimize the effects of frost. Good engineering practices should be observed
1X was formulated to increase the overall strength of poor quality clay based soils in the subgrade of
pavements. It then requires less good quality gravels owing to the increase in CBR's of the subgrade and
depending on the engineers design, possibly a thinner wear coat.
What is the setting or curing time for DZ-1X?
ontinues for 28 days.
road?
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 7
1X treated soils (for roads and ponds) achieves their greatest strength at the time of compaction and
immediate subsequent curing (72 hours curing) time. Bonding of the soil particles takes place in the presence of
ndition will last as long as the material resists external forces. Heavy
1X treated roads will resist
1X treated road will resist the
Cracking occurs as a result of 2 factors. (1) If the road material contains a high percent of expansive clays
swell factor, after the road is completed and dries out some cracking will appear. This
of the road stability. However, these roads still perform very well with a
base (expansive clays) may not support the treated base under heavy
can be corrected by increasing the thickness of
200 mesh) exceed 25% or are highly expansive, some surface cracking may occur.
raffic use. Generally this
condition is referred to as "Alligator/Crocodile Cracking" and does not significantly affect the stability of the
Rain or other moisture will moderately swell the clay fines and the cracks will close. If the clay material is highly
expansive, then the percentage of these fines should be kept low to reduce the amount of cracking Reflective
cracks should not migrate upward through the asphalt unless the clay fines are in the upper range and site
surface ground moisture variations. Proper drainage will reduce ground moisture and
type (percentage of
graded soils (ranging from -
200 mesh fines should be approximately 20%. If the frost
ends below the level of the road base, some heaving may occur. However, in the spring, the road should
settle back to its original elevation without severe damage. Proper road construction including shoulder
d engineering practices should be observed.
1X was formulated to increase the overall strength of poor quality clay based soils in the subgrade of
pavements. It then requires less good quality gravels owing to the increase in CBR's of the subgrade and
DHARA BIOTECHA: All during the construction and immediately after, except for heavy vehicles, they may have to wait for a
period of 24-48 hours.
Q: What can be done to correct this (cracking /
A: Two things can be done, on heavy traffic roads it will correct it's self with no problems or the surface 20mm
can be re-worked as you have 7 days curing.
Q: How much gain in CBR can be expected?
A: This will depend on the soil and gravel being treated, but anywhere from 100% to 1200%. Independent
empirical evidence is available.
Q: Can the surface be maintained should it be damaged or worn?
A: Yes! But DZ-1X must be used to patch or resurface the treated roa
Q: If for some reason a customer does NOT profile the gravel road with a 5
"accidentally" keeps it 100 % horizontal, then what?
A: Good work practices are essential to good road
Drainage and profile errors are nothing to do with the efficacy of the product and puddling will occur which
undermine the road.
Q: Does water quality affect the result?
A: Generally no! Brackish water and sea water have been used successfully but the better the water supply the
fewer problems will occur.
Q: What is the largest benefit to using DZ
A: Using low quality in-situ soils and gravel's to construct low cost low maintenance
resources in the construction of highways.
Q: What are the main elements of DZ-1X?
A: There are three main elements [1] surfactants that allow the other two elements to penetrate the clay
soils and make it workable. [2] Electrolytes that change the cation exchange of the clay platelets and [
enzymes that cement together the clay platelets within the sands, silts and gravel's.
Q: If we double the application rate will we get twice the strength
A: No! You lose the benefit of the cation exchange as it will be reversed and you will end up with a lower
strength.
Q: We are still getting dust from the road after 3 weeks, why?
A: The soil used is low in clay content and high in silt fines, a
Remember clay is the binder and that DZ
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
: All during the construction and immediately after, except for heavy vehicles, they may have to wait for a
: What can be done to correct this (cracking / crazing) and what will be the effect?
: Two things can be done, on heavy traffic roads it will correct it's self with no problems or the surface 20mm
worked as you have 7 days curing.
: How much gain in CBR can be expected?
depend on the soil and gravel being treated, but anywhere from 100% to 1200%. Independent
Q: Can the surface be maintained should it be damaged or worn?
1X must be used to patch or resurface the treated road. Please ask for a Maintenance Guide.
Q: If for some reason a customer does NOT profile the gravel road with a 5-6 % gradient to each side,
"accidentally" keeps it 100 % horizontal, then what?
: Good work practices are essential to good road construction and should only be carried out by professionals.
Drainage and profile errors are nothing to do with the efficacy of the product and puddling will occur which
Brackish water and sea water have been used successfully but the better the water supply the
largest benefit to using DZ-1X?
situ soils and gravel's to construct low cost low maintenance roads, thus saving valuable
resources in the construction of highways.
1X?
surfactants that allow the other two elements to penetrate the clay
Electrolytes that change the cation exchange of the clay platelets and [
enzymes that cement together the clay platelets within the sands, silts and gravel's.
Q: If we double the application rate will we get twice the strength?
: No! You lose the benefit of the cation exchange as it will be reversed and you will end up with a lower
rom the road after 3 weeks, why?
The soil used is low in clay content and high in silt fines, a proportional mix design should have been used.
Remember clay is the binder and that DZ-1X only works on the clay particles within a soil / gravel mix.
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 8
: All during the construction and immediately after, except for heavy vehicles, they may have to wait for a
: Two things can be done, on heavy traffic roads it will correct it's self with no problems or the surface 20mm
depend on the soil and gravel being treated, but anywhere from 100% to 1200%. Independent
d. Please ask for a Maintenance Guide.
6 % gradient to each side, but
construction and should only be carried out by professionals.
Drainage and profile errors are nothing to do with the efficacy of the product and puddling will occur which will
Brackish water and sea water have been used successfully but the better the water supply the
roads, thus saving valuable
surfactants that allow the other two elements to penetrate the clay based
Electrolytes that change the cation exchange of the clay platelets and [3]
: No! You lose the benefit of the cation exchange as it will be reversed and you will end up with a lower
proportional mix design should have been used.
1X only works on the clay particles within a soil / gravel mix.
DHARA BIOTECH
Q: It rained within seven days of construction and the road got very slippery and wheel tracks could be
A: This has to do with good work practices during construction which
drainage and profile.
Q: 40 % clay gives about 17 plasticity index. Wouldn't 40 % normally give a far too slippery and
cracking" surface?
A: "Crocodile-cracking" surface is caused only through high moisture content at compaction.
Q: Would you say that an increase of the Plastic Index from say 8 to say 15, has any specific advantages
towards the end-result?
A: Yes! If you look at a grading chart the ideal is a plastic index of 17% backed up by a good grading of silts,
sands and gravel to add to the overall strength. The clay content plus DZ
together.
Q: When you are making your own calculations on clay
weight/weight and thus use different bulk densities on clay and rest respectively to come up with
necessary?
A: No we use a proportional mix design that we have
Q: I checked grain size distributions of aggregates we have now. Maximum grain sizes are 20
One aggregate has about 7-8 % fines (<0.063 mm) we use the 0.075mm sieve and two others
about 15-17 % fines?
A: All three soils are below the required guide lines of a minimum of 20% passing the 0.075 sieve but the PI
could put them within possibility of improvement in CBR. The increase in CBR will not be as great but could
make an otherwise useless resource into a better road. I suggest we try to view the Atterberg Limits when they
are available. Most soils will have some silt content unless they are straight sandy gravels.
Profile: The road profile is very important in the construct
a central crown, compaction from the centre out on both sides so that the integrity of the crown is not
Drainage: Table drains and culvert design are in the hands of the design engineer and
the fault of the product or the workers on the day.
Compaction: This is a large subject and has many different viewpoints held by academics and engineers
worldwide. Almost all of these views are held and vented on non plastic
exclude clay from any construction were possible. For clay areas were highway construction is in progress all
forms of compaction will be used and mostly in this order:
Compaction: DZ-1X and dirt road construction:
Dirt road construction is low cost construction and is the finished
same strict design control as highways. Good work practices must still be adhered to at all times.
Ideally all three roller types should be used during construction but excellent roads have been constructed using
nothing but the steel drum roller and the water cart used as the rubber tyre roller. The point here is that a steel
drum roller will bridge soft spots but the wobbly tyre
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Q: It rained within seven days of construction and the road got very slippery and wheel tracks could be
This has to do with good work practices during construction which include rain during construction, correct
Q: 40 % clay gives about 17 plasticity index. Wouldn't 40 % normally give a far too slippery and
cracking" surface is caused only through high moisture content at compaction.
Q: Would you say that an increase of the Plastic Index from say 8 to say 15, has any specific advantages
Yes! If you look at a grading chart the ideal is a plastic index of 17% backed up by a good grading of silts,
sands and gravel to add to the overall strength. The clay content plus DZ-1X are the cement that binds the mass
your own calculations on clay-addition on a job, do you normally work on the
weight/weight and thus use different bulk densities on clay and rest respectively to come up with
No we use a proportional mix design that we have put together over the years and update from time to time.
Q: I checked grain size distributions of aggregates we have now. Maximum grain sizes are 20
8 % fines (<0.063 mm) we use the 0.075mm sieve and two others
All three soils are below the required guide lines of a minimum of 20% passing the 0.075 sieve but the PI
could put them within possibility of improvement in CBR. The increase in CBR will not be as great but could
herwise useless resource into a better road. I suggest we try to view the Atterberg Limits when they
are available. Most soils will have some silt content unless they are straight sandy gravels.
The road profile is very important in the construction of a dirt road and should be between 5 and 6 %
a central crown, compaction from the centre out on both sides so that the integrity of the crown is not
Table drains and culvert design are in the hands of the design engineer and any fault in this area is
the fault of the product or the workers on the day.
This is a large subject and has many different viewpoints held by academics and engineers
worldwide. Almost all of these views are held and vented on non plastic soils and the teaching in general is to
exclude clay from any construction were possible. For clay areas were highway construction is in progress all
forms of compaction will be used and mostly in this order: Sheepsfoot, steel drum and rubber tyre.
1X and dirt road construction:
Dirt road construction is low cost construction and is the finished product; it does not usually come under the
same strict design control as highways. Good work practices must still be adhered to at all times.
lly all three roller types should be used during construction but excellent roads have been constructed using
nothing but the steel drum roller and the water cart used as the rubber tyre roller. The point here is that a steel
pots but the wobbly tyre-roller will not. Potholes can be the result of poor
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 9
Q: It rained within seven days of construction and the road got very slippery and wheel tracks could be seen?
rain during construction, correct
Q: 40 % clay gives about 17 plasticity index. Wouldn't 40 % normally give a far too slippery and "crocodile-
cracking" surface is caused only through high moisture content at compaction.
Q: Would you say that an increase of the Plastic Index from say 8 to say 15, has any specific advantages
Yes! If you look at a grading chart the ideal is a plastic index of 17% backed up by a good grading of silts,
1X are the cement that binds the mass
addition on a job, do you normally work on the basis
weight/weight and thus use different bulk densities on clay and rest respectively to come up with the % clay
put together over the years and update from time to time.
Q: I checked grain size distributions of aggregates we have now. Maximum grain sizes are 20-32 mm.
8 % fines (<0.063 mm) we use the 0.075mm sieve and two others aggregates have
All three soils are below the required guide lines of a minimum of 20% passing the 0.075 sieve but the PI
could put them within possibility of improvement in CBR. The increase in CBR will not be as great but could
herwise useless resource into a better road. I suggest we try to view the Atterberg Limits when they
are available. Most soils will have some silt content unless they are straight sandy gravels.
ion of a dirt road and should be between 5 and 6 % to
a central crown, compaction from the centre out on both sides so that the integrity of the crown is not changed.
any fault in this area is not
This is a large subject and has many different viewpoints held by academics and engineers
soils and the teaching in general is to
exclude clay from any construction were possible. For clay areas were highway construction is in progress all
Sheepsfoot, steel drum and rubber tyre.
it does not usually come under the
same strict design control as highways. Good work practices must still be adhered to at all times.
lly all three roller types should be used during construction but excellent roads have been constructed using
nothing but the steel drum roller and the water cart used as the rubber tyre roller. The point here is that a steel
roller will not. Potholes can be the result of poor
DHARA BIOTECHcompaction; rubber tyre rollers give a better finish to fine soils and dehydrate the moisture far more
(Heavy traffic will accelerate the cure and seal the surface).
Rain: If rain is expected on the day of construction use the local knowledge available to gauge the extent of rain
that is normal and use as little water as possible to apply DZ
truck and continue to work the soil ready for compaction, it is most important that the road is fully compacted
prior to leaving the site. If heavy rain suddenly appears from nowhere and you are in the middle of
simply grade all treated soil into one windrow and lay out la
application of DZ-1X. On returning make sure the base has a moisture content equal to the treated
so that delamination does not occur, DZ-
ensure sufficient bonding. Nobody can change the weather but good work practices and knowledge of
1X works will always get a great result. DZ
abundance (rain) is the surfactants in the formulation. These surfactants are used to get into the
and take with it the other two very important elements, they also render the water ten times
alone and increase the drying time to allow for a slo
So you can see that if you then add more moisture you are headed for major problems. Conclusion: good
profile, compaction and finish are paramount and then all rain will end up in the table drains were it should
If rain is forecast do not start the construction.
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
compaction; rubber tyre rollers give a better finish to fine soils and dehydrate the moisture far more
(Heavy traffic will accelerate the cure and seal the surface).
If rain is expected on the day of construction use the local knowledge available to gauge the extent of rain
that is normal and use as little water as possible to apply DZ-1X to the soil. Use the rain instead of the water
soil ready for compaction, it is most important that the road is fully compacted
prior to leaving the site. If heavy rain suddenly appears from nowhere and you are in the middle of
simply grade all treated soil into one windrow and lay out later or when the rain stops, up to seven
1X. On returning make sure the base has a moisture content equal to the treated
-1X at 1000 to 1 in the water truck during this proc
ensure sufficient bonding. Nobody can change the weather but good work practices and knowledge of
1X works will always get a great result. DZ-1X has three main elements, the one of concern were
surfactants in the formulation. These surfactants are used to get into the
and take with it the other two very important elements, they also render the water ten times
alone and increase the drying time to allow for a slow cure to eliminate cracking and shrinking.
So you can see that if you then add more moisture you are headed for major problems. Conclusion: good
profile, compaction and finish are paramount and then all rain will end up in the table drains were it should
If rain is forecast do not start the construction.
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 10
compaction; rubber tyre rollers give a better finish to fine soils and dehydrate the moisture far more rapidly.
If rain is expected on the day of construction use the local knowledge available to gauge the extent of rain
1X to the soil. Use the rain instead of the water
soil ready for compaction, it is most important that the road is fully compacted
prior to leaving the site. If heavy rain suddenly appears from nowhere and you are in the middle of construction,
ter or when the rain stops, up to seven days after
1X. On returning make sure the base has a moisture content equal to the treated soil to be laid
1X at 1000 to 1 in the water truck during this procedure will help
ensure sufficient bonding. Nobody can change the weather but good work practices and knowledge of how DZ-
1X has three main elements, the one of concern were moisture is in
surfactants in the formulation. These surfactants are used to get into the clay based soils
and take with it the other two very important elements, they also render the water ten times wetter than water
w cure to eliminate cracking and shrinking.
So you can see that if you then add more moisture you are headed for major problems. Conclusion: good
profile, compaction and finish are paramount and then all rain will end up in the table drains were it should be.
DHARA BIOTECH
HOW TO APPLY:
DZ-1x is easy to apply and requires no special equipment or application procedures. It can be used
reclaiming machines or applied with regular road building machines. DZ
that contain approximately 10% cohesive fines. It is mixed with water used for compaction
normal road building techniques. A typical application to stabilize a 6
presented as follows:
1. If the existing road bed is too hard to blade, scarify to the required depth. Normally this
should be done dry for better traction.
2. Add 1 litre of DZ-1X concentrate to the required amount of water needed to bring 3.75
cubic metres of material up
depend on how wet or dry your material is.
3. Spray DZ-1X water solution over the road surface and start mixing using a blade or a
cultivator. Continue adding DZ
1X is distributed evenly throughout the material.
material in a windrow overnight to promote total
this whenever possible for better compaction results
4. If the road base is too dry the next morning, or after the material is thoroughly mixed and
ready to lay, spray the surface with a DZ
Always start to lay the material on a damp floor. Pull the material out and lay
lifts. Start compaction immediately, in sub
but usually a steel or pneumatic roller works best for finished roads. Continue compaction
while you shape and dress the surface with a blade. Be s
promote water drainage.
on a hot day, a light mist of
to compact until the desired
vibrator off when finishing so
you foresee heavy, high-speed
consider closing the road unt
Normal traffic will not harm it.
5. If asphalt or other permanent wearing surface is to be added, a better bond can be
obtained by moistening the surface with a spray of DZ
litre). This permanent surface can be applied at any time after a 3
under good weather conditions.
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
1x is easy to apply and requires no special equipment or application procedures. It can be used
reclaiming machines or applied with regular road building machines. DZ-1X should be used with
that contain approximately 10% cohesive fines. It is mixed with water used for compaction
normal road building techniques. A typical application to stabilize a 6 - inch existing or new
the existing road bed is too hard to blade, scarify to the required depth. Normally this
should be done dry for better traction.
1X concentrate to the required amount of water needed to bring 3.75
s of material up to optimum moisture. The amount of water needed will
wet or dry your material is.
1X water solution over the road surface and start mixing using a blade or a
ontinue adding DZ-1X and water while mixing until the required amount of D
1X is distributed evenly throughout the material. After thoroughly mixing, leave the soil
material in a windrow overnight to promote total moisture absorption. We recommend
this whenever possible for better compaction results with less effort.
d base is too dry the next morning, or after the material is thoroughly mixed and
lay, spray the surface with a DZ-1X water mixture of one litre
Always start to lay the material on a damp floor. Pull the material out and lay
Start compaction immediately, in sub-base fill, or pond areas, a sheep foot works fine,
usually a steel or pneumatic roller works best for finished roads. Continue compaction
you shape and dress the surface with a blade. Be sure to crown the surface to
Even while laying and compacting, if your material dries too fast
on a hot day, a light mist of DZ-1X treated water (1:10000 litres) can be applied. Continue
to compact until the desired density is reached. Vibratory rollers may be used, but turn the
vibrator off when finishing so that no fracturing occurs. The road is now ready for use. If
speed traffic, involving spinning or skidding wheels, you might
consider closing the road until the material has had a chance to cure for 12
Normal traffic will not harm it.
If asphalt or other permanent wearing surface is to be added, a better bond can be
moistening the surface with a spray of DZ-1X and water solution (1:100
permanent surface can be applied at any time after a 3-5 day curing period
conditions.
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 11
1x is easy to apply and requires no special equipment or application procedures. It can be used with
should be used with soils
that contain approximately 10% cohesive fines. It is mixed with water used for compaction during
inch existing or new road base is
the existing road bed is too hard to blade, scarify to the required depth. Normally this
1X concentrate to the required amount of water needed to bring 3.75
oisture. The amount of water needed will
1X water solution over the road surface and start mixing using a blade or a
1X and water while mixing until the required amount of DZ-
After thoroughly mixing, leave the soil
moisture absorption. We recommend
d base is too dry the next morning, or after the material is thoroughly mixed and
litre to 10000 litre water.
Always start to lay the material on a damp floor. Pull the material out and lay in 2-3 inches
base fill, or pond areas, a sheep foot works fine,
usually a steel or pneumatic roller works best for finished roads. Continue compaction
ure to crown the surface to
Even while laying and compacting, if your material dries too fast
s) can be applied. Continue
d. Vibratory rollers may be used, but turn the
that no fracturing occurs. The road is now ready for use. If
traffic, involving spinning or skidding wheels, you might
material has had a chance to cure for 12-24 hours.
If asphalt or other permanent wearing surface is to be added, a better bond can be
1X and water solution (1:10000
5 day curing period
DHARA BIOTECH
Procedural Specifications to make a WBM (sub
Description:
1. This specification defines Enzyme based stabilization of
placing, compacting and finishing a mixture composed of necessary Enzymes
the existing, in-place sub grade soil and water, uniformly blended and mixed.
2. The mixed material shall be spread, shaped a
specifications.
3. Roadway pavements shall be built in series of parallel lines using a plan of processing that
reduces longitudinal and transverse joints to a minimum.
4. The contractor may use the in
defined as road base soil modification/stabilization.
Materials:
� Water:
� Water shall be clean, and free from injurious amounts of sewage, oil, or vegetable
� Enzyme formulation
� Shall be in compliance with specification of DZ
shall be 1 litre per 4.5 cubic metre
� Aggregates:
� The contractor shall submit to the engineer a soil analysis report from an acceptable
on the existing in-situ soil. The contractor shall make adjustments in the insitu
materials that the final admixture shall conform to the requirements
given below:
Sieve Size %
1" (25mm)
½" (12.5mm)
¼" (4.75mm)
1/16" (1.6mm)
1/200" (0.075mm)
� Liquid limit: 30 maximum
� Plasticity Index: 10+
� Free Swell Index % : 25%
� Optimal Moisture Content (OMC) shall be obtained and submitted to the Engineer.
Construction Method:
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Procedural Specifications to make a WBM (sub-base) Road:
This specification defines Enzyme based stabilization of soils in road bases, as well as
placing, compacting and finishing a mixture composed of necessary Enzymes
place sub grade soil and water, uniformly blended and mixed.
The mixed material shall be spread, shaped and compacted in accordance with these
Roadway pavements shall be built in series of parallel lines using a plan of processing that
reduces longitudinal and transverse joints to a minimum.
The contractor may use the in-place mixing method as described herein which discipline is
defined as road base soil modification/stabilization.
shall be clean, and free from injurious amounts of sewage, oil, or vegetable
be in compliance with specification of DZ-1X, the admixture for the enzyme formulation
metres of soil.
The contractor shall submit to the engineer a soil analysis report from an acceptable
situ soil. The contractor shall make adjustments in the insitu
materials that the final admixture shall conform to the requirements of a modified grading as
Sieve Size % Passing
1" (25mm) 100%
½" (12.5mm) 81-89%
(4.75mm) 58-66%
1/16" (1.6mm) 44-52%
1/200" (0.075mm) 18-30%
(OMC) shall be obtained and submitted to the Engineer.
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 12
soils in road bases, as well as furnishing,
placing, compacting and finishing a mixture composed of necessary Enzymes formulation and
place sub grade soil and water, uniformly blended and mixed.
nd compacted in accordance with these
Roadway pavements shall be built in series of parallel lines using a plan of processing that
described herein which discipline is
shall be clean, and free from injurious amounts of sewage, oil, or vegetable matter.
the enzyme formulation
The contractor shall submit to the engineer a soil analysis report from an acceptable laboratory
situ soil. The contractor shall make adjustments in the insitu soil by adding
of a modified grading as
(OMC) shall be obtained and submitted to the Engineer.
DHARA BIOTECH
� Weather Limitations:
� Treatment of soil shall not be initiated while the atmospheric temperature is below 4
conditions indicate that the temperature may fall below 2
not be initiated when the sub
� Treatment of the soil shall not be initiated while it is raining or when rain is expected
next 48 hours.
� Preparation of surface:
� The in-situ soil to be stabilized, if not in loose state, must first be ripped, scarified, or
into a well pulverized mixture.
� The soil should be wetted to the permissible limit of ±2% of OMC, if material is too
time to drying is to be allowed, if it is too dry, water must be added until the
moisture content is achieved.
� Equipment:
� All methods employed in performing the work and all stabilization equipment, tools,
used for handling and executing any part of the work shall be subject to the
engineer before the work is started.
� Mixed-in-place operations:
� The additional materials to achieve the modified soil grading as per specifications in
above, shall be spread over the existing in
� The mixing of additional materials must be ensured to attain a homogenous mixture of
stabilization.
� The calculated amount of enzyme as per section 2 above shall be mixed into water
a water tanker.
� The quantity of water shall be calculated such as to bring the admixture to
moisture content.
� The measuring devices for proportioning, by we
that the proportions of the mix will be maintained.
� The enzyme solution shall be spread in such a manner to ensure uniform distribution.
� The mixing operations shall be such that all ingredients are distributed
desired depth and a uniform mixture and shall be satisfactory to the
� Windrow:
� Leave the soil overnight for charging in a windrow after through mixing.
� Compaction:
� Immediately upon completion of the spreading and leveling
thoroughly compacted with conventional 8
compactor).
� Compaction shall be done in 3
� The field density of the compacted mixture shall be at least 95% of the maximum
laboratory specified MDD.
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Treatment of soil shall not be initiated while the atmospheric temperature is below 4
conditions indicate that the temperature may fall below 2oc within 24 hours.
not be initiated when the sub-grade soil is frozen.
Treatment of the soil shall not be initiated while it is raining or when rain is expected
situ soil to be stabilized, if not in loose state, must first be ripped, scarified, or
ll pulverized mixture.
The soil should be wetted to the permissible limit of ±2% of OMC, if material is too
time to drying is to be allowed, if it is too dry, water must be added until the
moisture content is achieved.
methods employed in performing the work and all stabilization equipment, tools,
used for handling and executing any part of the work shall be subject to the
engineer before the work is started.
itional materials to achieve the modified soil grading as per specifications in
above, shall be spread over the existing in-situ soil.
The mixing of additional materials must be ensured to attain a homogenous mixture of
e calculated amount of enzyme as per section 2 above shall be mixed into water
The quantity of water shall be calculated such as to bring the admixture to
The measuring devices for proportioning, by weight, or volume, shall be of
that the proportions of the mix will be maintained.
The enzyme solution shall be spread in such a manner to ensure uniform distribution.
The mixing operations shall be such that all ingredients are distributed evenly
desired depth and a uniform mixture and shall be satisfactory to the engineer.
Leave the soil overnight for charging in a windrow after through mixing.
Immediately upon completion of the spreading and leveling operations, the mixture
thoroughly compacted with conventional 8-10T roller (recommended vibrating
Compaction shall be done in 3-4 inch layers.
The field density of the compacted mixture shall be at least 95% of the maximum
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 13
Treatment of soil shall not be initiated while the atmospheric temperature is below 4oc or when
c within 24 hours. The process shall
Treatment of the soil shall not be initiated while it is raining or when rain is expected within the
situ soil to be stabilized, if not in loose state, must first be ripped, scarified, or roto-tilled
The soil should be wetted to the permissible limit of ±2% of OMC, if material is too wet, then
time to drying is to be allowed, if it is too dry, water must be added until the permissible
methods employed in performing the work and all stabilization equipment, tools, machinery
used for handling and executing any part of the work shall be subject to the approval of the
itional materials to achieve the modified soil grading as per specifications in section 3
The mixing of additional materials must be ensured to attain a homogenous mixture of soil for
e calculated amount of enzyme as per section 2 above shall be mixed into water contained in
The quantity of water shall be calculated such as to bring the admixture to optimum
ight, or volume, shall be of such accuracy so
The enzyme solution shall be spread in such a manner to ensure uniform distribution.
evenly throughout the
engineer.
operations, the mixture shall be
10T roller (recommended vibrating earth
The field density of the compacted mixture shall be at least 95% of the maximum density of
DHARA BIOTECH� The moisture content of the mixture at the start of compaction shall not be more than
below the OMC.
� Finishing:
� When initial compaction of the mixture is nearly completed, the surface shall be
required lines, grades and cross sections, and compaction continued until
density is obtained.
� Surface compaction and finishing shall be done in such a manner as to produce a
closely knit surface, free from cracks, ridges, low spots, o
shall be tested for crown and elevation and should meet the tolerance
directed by the engineer.
� Curing:
� On completion of the final layer, the road base shall be allowed to cure for a period o
� No surface watering shall be done during this period (dry curing).
� No traffic movement of the road base shall be permitted during the first 24 hours of
period.
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
The moisture content of the mixture at the start of compaction shall not be more than
When initial compaction of the mixture is nearly completed, the surface shall be
lines, grades and cross sections, and compaction continued until
Surface compaction and finishing shall be done in such a manner as to produce a
closely knit surface, free from cracks, ridges, low spots, or loose material. The
shall be tested for crown and elevation and should meet the tolerance in thickness required as
On completion of the final layer, the road base shall be allowed to cure for a period o
No surface watering shall be done during this period (dry curing).
No traffic movement of the road base shall be permitted during the first 24 hours of
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 14
The moisture content of the mixture at the start of compaction shall not be more than 2%
When initial compaction of the mixture is nearly completed, the surface shall be shaped to the
uniform and specified
Surface compaction and finishing shall be done in such a manner as to produce a smooth,
r loose material. The finished surface
in thickness required as
On completion of the final layer, the road base shall be allowed to cure for a period of 72 hours.
No traffic movement of the road base shall be permitted during the first 24 hours of curing
DHARA BIOTECH
Cost comparison of a sub
Road Information:
Length of road:
Width of road:
Crust/depth of work:
Area to be worked:
Volume of work:
Assuming the cost of metal (rubble) on the following criteria:
- Distance of quarry from site:
- Basic rate of metal @ quarry:
- Capacity of truck:
Therefore the cost of metal @ site:
(Inclusive of transport charges)
Assuming the cost of soil (rubble) on the following criteria:
- Distance of quarry from site:
- Basic rate of soil @ quarry:
- Capacity of truck:
Therefore the cost of soil @ site:
(Inclusive of transport charges)
Price of DZ-1X:
Labour and Equipment rates:
Labour for spreading of soil/metal:
Hiring of roller (non-vibrating):
Hiring of water tanker:
Hiring of tractor:
* - these prices are bound to change from work site to work site, depending on distances from the
materials to be sourced and local hiring charges.
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Cost comparison of a sub-base road for rural construction:
1000 metres
6 metres
24 centimetres
6000 square metres
1440 cubic metres
Assuming the cost of metal (rubble) on the following criteria:
80 km*
Rs.400/- per cubic metre*
8.5 cubic metres*
Rs.665/- per cubic metre*
of soil (rubble) on the following criteria:
3 km*
Rs.80/- per cubic metre*
8.5 cubic metres
Rs.88/- per cubic metre*
Rs.1100/- per litre
Rs.40/- per cubic metre*
Rs.3000/- per day, fuel consumed is extra*
Rs.135/- per day*
Rs.450/- per day*
these prices are bound to change from work site to work site, depending on distances from the
materials to be sourced and local hiring charges.
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 15
base road for rural construction:
per day, fuel consumed is extra*
these prices are bound to change from work site to work site, depending on distances from the
DHARA BIOTECH
Conventional Method with Foreign SoilDescription Quantity
Metal Requirement 40mm to 63mm size
Soil Required
Labour For Spreading Metal
Labour For Spreading Soil
Spraying DZ-1X
Tractor Tilling + Watering
Water Required for DZ-1X treatment
Rolling with 8T - 10T Roller
(8 hrs by 1 machine, 42 cu.mts per day)
Add for Sundries and Contingencies
Watering Charges
Grand Total
Cost per Cubic Metre
Cost per Square Metre
Cost per Square Foot
Here the entire road is made using soil and metal brought in from
Conventional Method with Soil from SiteDescription Quantity
Metal Requirement 40mm to 63mm size
Soil Required
Labour For Spreading Metal
Labour For Spreading Soil
Spraying DZ-1X
Tractor Tilling + Watering
Water Required for DZ-1X treatment
Rolling with 8T - 10T Roller
(8 hrs by 1 machine, 42 cu.mts per day)
Add for Sundries and Contingencies
Watering Charges
Grand Total
Cost per Cubic Metre
Cost per Square Metre
Cost per Square Foot
Here the entire road is made using metal brought in from outside
used. The conventional method of sub
way, followed by the filling of the cut box with 40
passes of a roller every 3-4 inch's of thickness. This is a time consuming process limited by the
of work a roller can process, per hour. From the above data it is found, to process 1km by 6
metre road, one will require approx. 380 hours of rolling, which adds to fuel
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Conventional Method with Foreign Soil Unit Rate
Metal Requirement 40mm to 63mm size 1728 Cu.mts 665
296.23 Cu.mts 88
1728 Cu.mts 40
296.23 Cu.mts 40
48 Days 3720
8 hrs by 1 machine, 42 cu.mts per day)
1.5 %
1.5 %
Here the entire road is made using soil and metal brought in from outside sources.
Conventional Method with Soil from Site Unit Rate
Metal Requirement 40mm to 63mm size 1728 Cu.mts 665
296.23 Cu.mts 0
1728 Cu.mts 40
296.23 Cu.mts 40
48 days 3720
(8 hrs by 1 machine, 42 cu.mts per day)
1.5 %
1.5 %
Here the entire road is made using metal brought in from outside sources. This is more commonly
The conventional method of sub-base of road making involves the cost of box cutting the road
followed by the filling of the cut box with 40-63mm size rubble (metal) and soil mix, involving 2
4 inch's of thickness. This is a time consuming process limited by the
of work a roller can process, per hour. From the above data it is found, to process 1km by 6
road, one will require approx. 380 hours of rolling, which adds to fuel and time based costs.
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 16
Rate Amount
665 $ 1,149,120.00
88 $ 26,068.24
40 $ 69,120.00
40 $ 11,849.20
3720 $ 178,560.00
$ 21,520.76
$ 21,843.57
$1,478,081.77
$ 1026.45
$ 246.35
$ 22.88
outside sources.
Rate Amount
665 1149120
0 0
40 69120
40 11849.20
3720 178560
21129.74
21446.68
1451225.62
1007.8
241.87
22.47
sources. This is more commonly
base of road making involves the cost of box cutting the road
63mm size rubble (metal) and soil mix, involving 2-4
4 inch's of thickness. This is a time consuming process limited by the amount
of work a roller can process, per hour. From the above data it is found, to process 1km by 6
and time based costs.
DHARA BIOTECH
Description Quantity
Metal Requirement 40mm to 10mm size
Soil Required
Labour For Spreading Metal
Labour For Spreading Soil
Spraying DZ-1X
Tractor Tilling + Watering
Water Required for DZ-1X treatment
Rolling with 8T - 10T Roller
(8 hrs by 1 machine, 200 cu.mts per day)
Add for Sundries and Contingencies
Watering Charges
Grand Total
Cost per Cubic Metre
Cost per Square Metre
Cost per Square Foot
Here the entire road is made using metal @ 15% volume of road brought in from outside sources, the
soil requirement is entirely from local site. This is the most common recommendations used to base
the estimate of a road.
Here the process begins just like the conventional way, by digging the box cut, and placing the dug out
soil next to the cut out box. This soil is then treated with DZ
ranging from 12-18%, depending on soil type and weather conditions. The treated soil
back into the box cut along with size 10
then rolled 2-4 times using a heavy roller. The maximum amount of thickness that should be handled
no more than 8 inches. Considering that the amount of metal required is more than halved, the
with which a roller (non-vibrating) can compact the soil is greatly increased, as can be seen from
above data, 72-75 rolling hours would be required to work 1km by 6
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Metal with DZ-1X Unit Rate
mm size 288 Cu.mts 665
1152 Cu.mts
1728 Cu.mts 40
296.23 Cu.mts 40
349 Litres 1100
7 Days 850
144000 Litres 0.13375
7 days 3720
cu.mts per day)
Here the entire road is made using metal @ 15% volume of road brought in from outside sources, the
soil requirement is entirely from local site. This is the most common recommendations used to base
the conventional way, by digging the box cut, and placing the dug out
soil next to the cut out box. This soil is then treated with DZ-1X and the proper amount of moisture,
18%, depending on soil type and weather conditions. The treated soil
back into the box cut along with size 10-40 mm size metal and mixed using a tractor cultivator. This is
4 times using a heavy roller. The maximum amount of thickness that should be handled
that the amount of metal required is more than halved, the
vibrating) can compact the soil is greatly increased, as can be seen from
75 rolling hours would be required to work 1km by 6 metre road.
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 17
Rate Amount
665 191,520.00
0 0.00
40 69,120.00
40 11,849.20
1100 383,900.00
850 5,950.00
0.13375 19,260.00
3720 26,040.00
21,520.76
729,159.96
607.63
121.53
11.29
Here the entire road is made using metal @ 15% volume of road brought in from outside sources, the
soil requirement is entirely from local site. This is the most common recommendations used to base
the conventional way, by digging the box cut, and placing the dug out
1X and the proper amount of moisture,
18%, depending on soil type and weather conditions. The treated soil is then spread
40 mm size metal and mixed using a tractor cultivator. This is
4 times using a heavy roller. The maximum amount of thickness that should be handled is
that the amount of metal required is more than halved, the speed
vibrating) can compact the soil is greatly increased, as can be seen from the
DHARA BIOTECH
Description Quantity
Metal Requirement 40mm to 10mm size
Soil Required
Labour For Spreading Metal
Labour For Spreading Soil
Spraying DZ-1X
Tractor Tilling + Watering
Water Required for DZ-1X treatment
Rolling with 8T - 10T Roller
(8 hrs by 1 machine, 200 cu.mts per day)
Add for Sundries and Contingencies
Watering Charges
Grand Total
Cost per Cubic Metre
Cost per Square Metre
Cost per Square Foot
Here the entire road is made using no metal. This is used where the soil aggregates already have
sufficient quantities of rubble or is of a very agreeable quality such as murram type of soil (yellow
soil), or clay-sand, sandy-silt, or silty-clay types having gravel aggregates.
Metal not required, soil trucked in from other
Description Quantity
Metal Requirement 40mm to 10mm size
Soil Required
Labour For Spreading Metal
Labour For Spreading Soil
Spraying DZ-1X
Tractor Tilling + Watering
Water Required for DZ-1X treatment
Rolling with 8T - 10T Roller
(8 hrs by 1 machine, 200 cu.mts per day)
Add for Sundries and Contingencies
Watering Charges
Grand Total
Cost per Cubic Metre
Cost per Square Metre
Cost per Square Foot
Here the sub-base of the road is prepared using both metal and soil hauled from outside (within 3km
range) as the local soil is not of any use. This is generally the case when soil is mostly of the sandy type.
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
DZ-1X Only Unit Rate
mm size
1440 Cu.mts 40
349 Litres 1100
7 Days 850
144000 Litres Rs.0.10
7 days 3720
cu.mts per day)
Here the entire road is made using no metal. This is used where the soil aggregates already have
sufficient quantities of rubble or is of a very agreeable quality such as murram type of soil (yellow
clay types having gravel aggregates.
DZ-1X with Foreign Soil,
Metal not required, soil trucked in from other site
Unit Rate
mm size
1440 Cu.mts 88.00
1440 Cu.mts 40
349 Litres 1100
7 Days 850
144000 Litres Rs.0.10
7 days 3720
cu.mts per day)
base of the road is prepared using both metal and soil hauled from outside (within 3km
range) as the local soil is not of any use. This is generally the case when soil is mostly of the sandy type.
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 18
Rate Amount
40 57,600.00
1100 383,900.00
850 5,950.00
Rs.0.10 14,400.00
3720 26,040.00
7,318.35
495,208.35
412.67
82.53
7.67
Here the entire road is made using no metal. This is used where the soil aggregates already have
sufficient quantities of rubble or is of a very agreeable quality such as murram type of soil (yellow
site
Rate Amount
88.00 126,720.00
40 57,600.00
1100 383,900.00
850 5,950.00
Rs.0.10 14,400.00
3720 26,040.00
9,003.15
609,213.15
507.68
101.54
9.43
base of the road is prepared using both metal and soil hauled from outside (within 3km
range) as the local soil is not of any use. This is generally the case when soil is mostly of the sandy type.
DHARA BIOTECH
DZ-Description Quantity
Metal Requirement 40mm to 10mm size
Soil Required
Labour For Spreading Metal
Labour For Spreading Soil
Spraying DZ-1X
Tractor Tilling + Watering
Water Required for DZ-1X treatment
Rolling with 8T - 10T Roller
(8 hrs by 1 machine, 200 cu.mts per day)
Add for Sundries and Contingencies
Watering Charges
Grand Total
Cost per Cubic Metre
Cost per Square Metre
Cost per Square Foot
Here the sub-base of the road is prepared using soil hauled from outside (within 3km
local soil is not of any use. This is generally the case when soil is mostly of the clay type and sand is
hauled in to make a more agreeable mixture.
After the sub-base is prepared the road can be opened to vehicular traffic without any top
either tar, or cement when it is sufficiently dry (approx 24
conditions).
This surface will remain road worthy for up to 2 years without any top coatings. To improve life of the
road a top coating will have to done, depending on the maximum load the road has been built
Also, the use of vibrating rollers is highly recommended as it can increase the packing density of the
soil and hence also increase the life of the road.
DHARA BIOTECH
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
-1X with Metal + Foreign soil Unit Rate
mm size 288 Cu.mts Rs.665.00
1152 Cu.mts Rs.88.00
288 Cu.mts Rs.40.00
1152 Cu.mts Rs.40.00
349 Litres Rs.1,100.00
7 Days Rs.850.00
144000 Litres Rs.0.13
7 days Rs.3,720.00
cu.mts per day)
base of the road is prepared using soil hauled from outside (within 3km
local soil is not of any use. This is generally the case when soil is mostly of the clay type and sand is
hauled in to make a more agreeable mixture.
base is prepared the road can be opened to vehicular traffic without any top
either tar, or cement when it is sufficiently dry (approx 24-36 hours, depending on weather
This surface will remain road worthy for up to 2 years without any top coatings. To improve life of the
e, depending on the maximum load the road has been built
Also, the use of vibrating rollers is highly recommended as it can increase the packing density of the
soil and hence also increase the life of the road.
PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616
Skype: Gumat007 19
Rate Amount
Rs.665.00 Rs.191,5020.00
Rs.88.00 Rs.101,376.00
Rs.40.00 Rs.11,520.00
Rs.40.00 Rs.46,080.00
Rs.1,100.00 Rs.383,900.00
Rs.850.00 Rs.5,950.00
Rs.0.13 Rs.19,260.00
Rs.3,720.00 Rs.26,040.00
Rs.11,784.69
Rs.797,430.69
Rs.664.53
Rs.132.91
Rs.12.35
base of the road is prepared using soil hauled from outside (within 3km range) as the
local soil is not of any use. This is generally the case when soil is mostly of the clay type and sand is
base is prepared the road can be opened to vehicular traffic without any top coatings of
36 hours, depending on weather
This surface will remain road worthy for up to 2 years without any top coatings. To improve life of the
e, depending on the maximum load the road has been built-up.
Also, the use of vibrating rollers is highly recommended as it can increase the packing density of the