Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at...

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Religion and its contrasting uses within Pre-Romantic and Romantic literature By Dawn Graham

Transcript of Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at...

Page 1: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

Religion and its contrasting uses within

Pre-Romantic and Romantic literature

By Dawn Graham

Page 2: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

IntroductionReligion used extensively in early

American literatureIt was used differently at different

timesPre-Romantic writers used it for

comfort and to endorse conformityRomantic writers used it to

express personal ideas and opinions or to mock popular public opinion

Page 3: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

Pre-Romantic Period Authors

Anne BradstreetMary RowlandsonJonathan EdwardsJ. Hector St. John De Crevecoeur

Phillis Wheatley

Page 4: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

Anne BradstreetBible used to comfort and

reassure herselfHer poetry gives readers

insight into her emotionsAll possessions belong to

GodLinks religion to her

personal life (Salska)Life within acceptable

limits of her society

Page 5: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

Mary RowlandsonUsed the Psalms to comfort

and reassure herself of Divine retaliation (Henwood)

Grief and anger not valued for personal expression

Bible provided legitimacy to her frustration and rage

Allows her to speak her mind in a common language that readers will understand

Page 6: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

Jonathan EdwardsConsidered one of

America’s most spiritually defining Puritan voices (Ward)

Bible used to persuade listeners to follow his example if they wanted to go to Heaven

Religious discovery was the ultimate significance of experience

Page 7: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

J. Hector St. John De CrevecoeurThinks religion is very

important on an individual level

God wants people to work together and help each other (Rucker)

Religion and politics share similar goals for life, liberty, property, and happiness

Page 8: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

Phillis WheatleyPersonally delighted

with Christianity (Scheick)

God responsible for bringing her to America to learn religion

Even slaves deserved to have the Christian version of salvation that the white people had

Page 9: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

Romantic Period Authors

Washington IrvingHenry David ThoreauNathaniel HawthorneFrederick DouglassWalt Whitman

Page 10: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

Washington IrvingCelebrated individualityIndividual often in

opposition to societyAmerica not limited by

social class structureHistory is the possibility

of a beginning for the individual that will seize it (Shear)

Page 11: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

Henry David ThoreauFaith just sight and

knowledgeMore virtue in seeing than

believing (Furtak)Religion not the only truth

to live byBlatantly rejected religion

in writingsOpenly encouraged

individual learning

Page 12: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

Nathaniel HawthorneVast difference between

people of different religious beliefs

Religious obligation to take care of the poor (Elbert)

Used life experiences in his writing

Points out negative aspects of religion instead of only benefits

Page 13: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

Frederick DouglassDifferentiates between

religious slave holders and true Christians

While a slave, began to believe God was a cruel, sadistic entity if real (Gibson)

Expresses both belief and disbelief of religion

Page 14: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

Walt WhitmanHad a church in

England that followed his works

Thought his works would supplant that of churches and priests (Smith)

Religion organic, ongoing process of exploration, not journey towards a defined goal

Page 15: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

ConclusionPre-Romantic use of religion tended to

be for crowd control or acceptable way to relate emotions

Romantic encouraged self-exploration and reflections before deciding on a religion

Shifting views reflected changing society itself

Religion to inspire thought, not comfort

Page 16: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

Works Cited Elbert, Monika M. "Hawthorne's Reconceptualization of Transcendentalist Charity.“ American Transcendental Quarterly 11.3 (Sep. 1997): 213-232. MLA

International Bibliography. EBSCO. Century College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 6 Nov. 2008<http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mzh&AN=1997021041&site=ehost-live>.

Furtak, Rick Anthony. "Skepticism and Perceptual Faith: Henry David Thoreau and Stanley Cavell on Seeing and Believing." Transactions of the Charles

S. Peirce Society: A Quarterly Journal in American Philosophy 43.3 (Summer 2007): 542-561. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Century College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 6 Nov. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mzh&AN=2007380566&site=ehost-live>.

Gibson, Donald B. "Christianity and Individualism: (Re)-Creation and Reality in Frederick Doulgass's Representation of Self." African American Review 26.4 (Winter 1992): 591-603. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Century

College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 11 Nov. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mzh&AN=0000300088&site=ehost-live>.

Henwood, Dawn. "Mary Rowlandson and the Psalms: The Textuality of Survival." Early American Literature 32.2 (1997): 169-186. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Century College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 6 Nov. 2008

<http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mzh&AN=1997024616&site=ehost-live>.

Page 17: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

Works Cited Continued Rucker, Mary E. "Crevecoeur's Letters and Enlightenment Doctrine." Early American

Literature 13 (1978): 193-212. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Century College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 6

Nov. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mzh&AN=1978108752&site=ehost-live>.

Salska, Agnieszka. "Puritan Poetry: Its Public and Private Strain." Early American Literature 19.2 (Fall 1984): 107-121. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Century

College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 6 Nov. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mzh&AN=1984083379&site=ehost-live>.

Scheick, William J. "Subjection and Prophecy in Phillis Wheatley's Verse Paraphrases of Scripture." College Literature 22.3 (Oct. 1995): 122-130. MLA International

Bibliography. EBSCO. Century College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 6 Nov. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mzh&AN=1998063009&site=ehost-live>.

Shear, Walter. "Cultural Fate and Social Freedom in Three American Short Stories." Studies in Short Fiction 29.4 (Fall 1992): 543-549. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Century College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 6

Nov. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=m zh&AN=1992061282&site=ehost-live>.

Page 18: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

Works Cited Continued Smith, Ernest. "'Restless Explorations': Whitman's Evolving Spiritual Vision in Leaves of

Grass." Papers on Language and Literature: A Journal for Scholars and Critics of Language and Literature 43.3 (Summer 2007): 227-263. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Century College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 11 Nov. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=m zh&AN=2007581408&site=ehost-live>.

Ward, Roger. "Experience as Religious Discovery in Edwards and Peirce." Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society: A Quarterly Journal in American Philosophy

36.2 (Spring 2000): 297-309. MLA International Bibliography. EBSCO. Century College Library, White Bear Lake, MN. 6 Nov. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com.cenproxy.mnpals.net/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mzh&AN=2000053447&site=ehost-live>.

Page 19: Introduction Religion used extensively in early American literature It was used differently at different times Pre-Romantic writers used it for comfort.

Picture SourcesAnne Bradstreet www.todayinliterature.comMary Rowlandson Novel Cover www.hawthorneinsalem.org Jonathan Edwards www.calvin.edu J. Hector St. John De Crevecoeur www.shsu.eduPhillis Wheatley www.earlyamerica.comWashington Irving www.kancoll.orgHenry David Thoreau www.seasonedbooks.comNathaniel Hawthorne www.bedfordstmartins.comFrederick Douglass www.africawithin.comWalt Whitman www.todayinliterature.com

http://www.todayinliterature.com/
http://www.hawthorneinsalem.org/
http://www.calvin.edu/
http://www.shsu.edu/
http://www.earlyamerica.com/
http://www.kancoll.org/
http://www.seasonedbooks.com/
http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/
http://www.africawithin.com/
http://www.todayinliterature.com/

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METHOD THE DETERMINATION SERUM - NISTfieldsinscience,industry,andtechnology,bothwithinthe United Statesand throughout theworld.Theyarealso used extensively in thefieldsof environmental

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