Introduction Petroleum Technology

7/22/2019 Introduction Petroleum Technology

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Introduction to

Petroleum Technology

AMK-ORSB

Miri #1

Seismic Boat

Drilling Rig

Oil Refinery Transportation

Lecture 1
http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/vixen/index.htmlhttp://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/vixen/index.html


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NOTES ON THE LECTURE:

This introductory course covers hydrocarbon as sources of energy. Topics

include: introductionto petroleumindustry. Local, regional, national and globalenergy requirements are discussed. The course includes: an overview ofpetroleumtechnologyincluding geological, geophysical and geochemicalprospecting, drilling mechanisms, formation evaluation, reservoir engineering,

production engineering, processing, transportation, refining and petrochemicals.

The course contains utilization of products, Highlights of local Petroleum

industry, and the Job scope for PetroleumIndustry.

OverviewThis 1-day course is designed to familiarize non-technical personnel in the

petroleum and related government, financial, legal, and service industries with

the basics of the upstream (exploration and production) petroleum industry via

slides, and computer illustrations. The course will provide an overview of mostaspects of the petroleum industry, including exploration, drilling, reserves,production, and economics.


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Course Outline

Petroleum: a definition History of Oil Exploration in Malaysia Geology Exploration Techniques

Prospect Evaluation Drilling Field Evaluation Production Refining Materials and Products Energy Usage

AMK-ORSB

Lecture 1


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What is Petroleum

petroleum (p-tr'l-m) n .

A thick, flammable, clear-yellow to black mixture of gaseous, liquid,and solid hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the earth'ssurface, can be separated into fractions including natural gas,gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, fuel and lubricating oils, paraffin wax,and asphalt and is used as raw material for a wide variety ofderivative products. Latin petra, rock; see petrous+ Latin leum,

oil;

Definition includes: Crude oil, natural gas and Asphalt (Tar).

Crude oil samples Natural gas blow-out Oil seepagesAMK-ORSB
http://www.answers.com/topic/petroushttp://photos.runic.com/gallery1.htmlhttp://www.answers.com/topic/petrous


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History of Oil Exploration in MalaysiaMiri#1 1910

First Oil well Miri # 1in 1910, at Canada Hillafter exploratory drilling over four months.

Use the cable toll drilling technique adoptedfrom drilling water wells. The well dubbed theGrand Old Lady, this oil well remained in

production until 1972. Total productionamounted to about 98 Million Barrels for MiriField.

Peninsular Malaysia first discovery was atSotong field offshore Terengganu in 1976.Subsequent field we discovered such as Seligi(the largest 800 MMSTB), Tapis, Guntong andTinggi. Large Gas field were also discoveredsuch as Duyung, Sepat and Angsi.

Recent discovery is in deep-water offshoreSabah by Murphy (Kikeh field; about 400-600MMSTB)

Duyung gas platforms

Kikeh PFSO


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History of Oil Industry

Modern petroleum industry started in the 1860s in

Pennsylvania and West Virginia, USA Main product was kerosene for lighting (before that

people use whale oil) Gasoline was useless until the invention of the

internal combustion engine.

Petroleum

Crude Oil

Natural Gas Molecules of carbon and hydro gen atoms

Usually in chains or r ings of carbon atoms

Crude oi l is a m ix hydro carbon

Terminology: Oil & Natural Gas = Hydrocarbons


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What are Hydrocarbons?

Hydrocarbons are compounds containingcarbon & hydrogen elements bondedtogether by bonds.

H- C - H

H

H

methane

H- C - C - C - C - H

H H H

H H H H

H

n-Butane

Cyclo Hexane

C6H12

C6H6Benzene

C4H10CH4


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Crude Oil Compositions

Aliphaticssaturates and unsaturates

Crude oil can be fractionated into 3 simplecomponents:

CH3- CH2- CH2- CH3 CH2= CH - CH = CH2

Cyclo Hexane

C6H12

NSO compounds(asphaltene,resins)

Aromatics

OH Napthol

C10H7OH Benzothiophene

S

C6H6

Benzene

Anthracene

C14H10


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Petroleum Geology

Rock types Oil and gas origin Oil and gas migration and

accumulation Traps

Exploration methods.


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ROCKS TYPES

IGNEOUS ROCKS formed from molten magma at the surface or

subsurface of the earth.

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

formed at the surface of the earth, either byaccumulation and later cementation offragments of rocks, minerals and organism,or as percipitates and organic growths fromsea water and other solutions.

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

formed from the transformation of otherrocks, while in the solid state, by heat,pressure and chemically active fluids towhich they were subjected.


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Igneous Rocks

Geologists recognize three major rock groups, each of which has acharacteristic mode of formation. Each major rock group can besubdivided based on composition and texture.

Igneous rocks form by cooling and crystallization of molten material.

granite

basalt

Faster cooling at Earths

surface yields extrusive igneousrocks such as basalt.

Slow cooling within Earthproduces intrusive igneous rocksuch as granite.


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Sedimentary rocksform by:

1) consolidation of rockfragments,

2) precipitation of minerals

from solution

3) compaction of plant or

animal remains

Sedimentary rocks are veryuseful for interpreting Earthhistory

Sedimentary Rocks

limestone

conglomerate


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Metamorphic rocks form beneathEarths surface when other rocks are

transformed by heat, pressure, and/orchemically active fluids.

Fol ia ted metamorphic rocks, gneiss forexample, contain layers or bandsformed by the parallel alignment ofminerals due to pressure.

Nonfo l iated m etamorphic rocks, suchas quartzite, lack pressure-inducedlayering and commonly form due to

heat.

Metamorphic Rocks

gneiss

quartzite


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Rich in Organic Matter

710% of the total Weight (TOC)

Enough thickness

Example:

Black shale

Lacustrine Shale

Coals

Organic matter also known

as Kerogen

Source Rocks

Shale

Coal


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The Rock Cycle - Interrelationships

The rock cycle illustrates the relationships between Earths internaland external processes and relates the formation of the major rockgroups to external (weathering, transportation, deposition) and

internalprocesses(melting,metamorphism).


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The Rock Cycle - A Plate Tectonic Perspective

Plate movement drives the rock cycle and is responsible for therecycling of rocks from one major group to another.

For example, heat and pressure generated along convergentboundaries may lead to melting of and metamorphism of rocks in thedescending ocean plate and thereby lead to formation of newigneous and metamorphic rocks.


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Oil and gas origin

Inorganic VS Organic? Debated for many years Now most scientist agree on ORGANIC origin Oil forms from the decay and Transformation of

dead organisms buried in sedimentary rocks

Petroleum Geology

The study involved known as GEOCHEMISTRY


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Riverine Input

Primaryproduction

(Autotrophs)

Nutrients(CO2, NO3, PO4)

DissolvedOrganic

materials

Resuspension

Sedimentation

Flakes

Bacteria & Heterotrophs

Death

Digenesis

Kerogen

T, Pressure

T, Pressure

GAS

Adapted from Riboulleau (2000)

SEDIMENTS

Particulate Organic materials

H2S

Dissolved Organic MaterialsParticulate Organic MaterialsNutrients

Geochemistry - Source Type (Organic Origin)

SOURCE ROCKS


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Discovering andProducing Petroleum

Interpreting the Unseen

TrapSourceCharge (Migration)

Tools- Gravity

- Magnetics- Seismic- Wells (Drilling)


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Petroleum Geology - Hydrocarbon Accumulation

Prerequisite:Source,Reservoir&Seal

Process : Maturat ion , Migrat ion & Implacement (Trap)

Source Rocks

Top of Matur i ty

Immature SRx

Mature SRx in'Kitchen Area'

Hydrocarbon accumulation

Carrier beds

Expulsion

Migration

Seals

Seals

Migration

Fault

What are the techniques to find this accumulation?


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MethaneLight Hydrocarbon

Petroleum Geology - Hydrocarbon Maturation

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Depth (km)

Hydrocarbon maturity Max: paleo-temp(C)

Hydrocarbon

product

60

130

80

115

165

180

Biogenicmethane

immature

Oil

initial maturity(zone of oilgeneration)

Condensate/Wet

gas

High temp.methane (Dry

gas)

mature & postmature (high

temp. methane)

Heavy Hydrocarbon


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Petroleum System Elements

Source Rock-A rock with abundant hydrocarbon-proneorganic matter

Reservoir Rock- A rock in which oil and gas accumulates:- Porosity - space between rock grains in which oil accumulates

- Permeability - passage-ways between pores through which oiland gas moves

Seal Rock- A rock through which oil and gas cannot moveeffectively (such as mudstone and claystone)

Migration Route- Avenues in rock through which oil and gas

moves from source rock to a trap

Trap- The structural and stratigraphic configuration thatfocuses oil and gas into an accumulation


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EXPLORATION TECHNIQUES:

EXPLORATION METHODS

DIRECT (Surface) GEOPHYSICALGEOLOGICAL GEOCHEMICAL

Seepages

Outcrops

Aerialphotographs

Surface

Mapping

SubsurfaceMapping

RemoteSensing

Gravimetric

Magnetic

Seismic

Electrical

Surface

Tools- Gravity- Magnetics

- Seismic- Wells (Drilling)


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Hydrocarbon Trap Types

American Petroleum Institute, 1986

Salt DomeFault

Unconformity

Pinchout

Anticline


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Seismic Image of Anticline - example

1000

2000

3000

Millisecon

ds

1km


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Seismic Image of Anticline - interpretation

1000

2000

3000

Millisecon

ds

1km

Structure can be identified from seismic data


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Seismic Image of the field3D example

FaultsSalt Dome

Faults

source

Hydrophones -

streamers


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ElectromagneticsSea Bed Logging

SBL is a marine electromagnetic method that has the ability to map the subsurface resistivity

remotely from the seafloor. SBL uses a mobile horizontal electric dipole (HED) source

transmitting a low frequency electromagnetic signal and an array of seafloor electric field

receivers. In theory a hydrocarbon filled reservoir will typically have high resistivity compared

with shale and a water filled reservoirs. SBL therefore has the unique potential of

distinguishing between a hydrocarbon filled and a water filled reservoir and integrated with

3D seismic data can be a powerful tool in identifying HC prospects.


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Geophysics

Provides an image of thesubsurface and data usefulfor predicting rock type andthe occurrence of petroleum.

Regional Geology

Provides an understanding

of which areas areproductive, why they areproductive, and where elsewe should look.

Basin Modeling

Quantitative integrated

models of the petroleumsystem: source, reservoir,seal, hydrocarbon charge.

Industry Geoscience Careers:Exploration andProduction

Structural Geology

Provides an understanding of theprocess of deformation of thesubsurface due to external forces.

Stratigraphy

Provides an understanding ofprocesses creating sedimentary

units.

Geochemistry

Chemistry of petroleum and itssources to characterize the type,history and origin of petroleum.

Reservoir Characterization Describes the flow characteristics

and attributes of subsurfacereservoirs for enhanced exploitation.


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Prospect Evaluation

In the area where all elements of hydrocarbon

system are present:Source Rock

Reservoir Rock

Seal Rock/Cap Rock

Sufficient Charge

Traps

How effective the Petroleum system of the area?

Need to quantify how much you got and translateto $$$ for further evaluation


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Prospect EvaluationMapping


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GRV (GrossRock Volume) Well 1 Well 2

Oil

water

OWC

ResGRResGR

HH

OWC

H

Net Sand

Net Oil Sand

Gross intervalthickness

Prospect EvaluationVolume calculation


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Prospect Evaluation Volume calculation

BULK VOLUME (GBV) = A XH (A =AREA, H= HEIGHT)

NET VOLUME (Vnet) = GBVXN/G (N/G = NET TO GROSS)PORE VOLUME (Vpore) = VnetXP (P = POROSITY)

HCPV or (Reservoir Volume) = VporeX(1-Sw) (Sw = WATERSATURATION)

STOIIP(stb) = HCPV*1/Bo(Bo = Oi l shr in kage factor or Formation volum e factor)

STOIIP = Stock Tank Oil Init ial ly In Place

UR(stb) = HCPV*1/Bo * Rec Factor

UR =Ultimate Reserves or Recoverable Reserves

Reserves(stb) = UR - Cummulative Production

Calculations must also include UNCERTAINTY in the Data


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1 ITERATION

Minimum

Most Likely

Maximum

Prospect EvaluationVolume calculation & Uncertainty


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Hydrocarbon Reserves: Terminology

Abbreviation Unit Definition

STOIIP Barrel =MMSTB Stock Tank Oil Initially in-place

GIIP scf = Tcf/Bcf Gas Initially in-place

OOIP Barrel =MMSTB Oil Originally in-place (at Reservoir)

Proved reserves (1P) = Conservative

Proved + Probable reserves (2P) = Realistic

Proved + Probable + Possible reserves (3P) = Optimistic

P50 reserves = 2P reserves


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Expectation curve - Resource Classification

X0

50

100

100 200 300 4000

STOIIP (MMstb)

Cumula

tiveprobability%

P(x)=85% Low

P(x)=50% Medium or Most Likely

P(x)=15% High

120 150 190

A

B

C

A = Proven

B = Proven + Probable

C = Proven + Probable + Possible

EV = Proven + 2/3Probable + 1/3Possible

EV = Expected value


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Petronas - Resource Classification '2005'

TOTALPE

TROLEUMINIT

IALLYIN-PLAC

E

DISCOVEREDPETROLEUMINITIALLYIN-PLACE

UNDISCOVERED

PETROLEUM

INITIALLYIN-

PLACE

PRODUCTION

RESERVES

PROVED

PROVED

+

PROBABLE

PROVED+

PROBABLE

+

POSSIBLE

CONTINGENT RESOURCES (CR)

SUB-COMMER

CIAL

COMME

RCIAL

LOW ESTIMATE(1C) BEST ESTIMATE(2C) HIGH ESTIMATE(3C)

PROSPECTIVE RESOURCES (PR)

UNRECOVERABLE

UNRECOVERABLE

RANGE OF UNCERTAINTY

LOW ESTIMATE(1U)

BEST ESTIMATE(2U)

HIGH ESTIMATE(3U)

STATUS

On Production

Planned forDevelopment

UnderDevelopment

Development Pending

Development on-hold

Development NotViable

Prospect

Lead

PlayHIGHERR

ISK---->PROJECTMA

TURITY---->LOWERRISK

Source: PETRONAS Definition and guideline for classification of Petroleum Resources 2005 Revision


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Drilling

To prove that there is actualhydrocarbon present in the

rocks!.

Wildcat well: first well drilledfor the prospect

Appraisal well: the wells

drilled to appraise theprospect (How muchhydrocarbon there is)

Dry well: The well that did nothave any hydrocarbon present

(Water wet, tight, shale outetcs)

Shows: Some traces ofhydrocarbon present but notenough to do further tests


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Onshore Drilling Rig

Drilling equipment,tools and systems


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Field EvaluationFormation evaluation

Mud LoggingWellsite geologist / Mudlogger

Monitor and report the progress of the well while drilling:-Gas-ROP-Lithology-Oil stains

-Bit, Casing, mud weight, deviation surveys

Provides mud log report at the end of the drilling program


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Logging unit

Sonde

Sedimentarylayers

Well Bore

Field Evaluation - Wireline Logging

Output: Well Logs

Drilling Rig


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Field Evaluation -The Well Log

Wells are drilled to test our geological model

(besides to find oil/gas, of course).

Drilling gives direct access to subsurface geology,via samples (rocks an fluids), and wireline logs

Many types of logsindirect determination ofrock and fluid type.


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Field Evaluation (Well Logs): Type of Logs

GR (Gamma Ray)

Resistivity Log (ILD or MSFL)

SP (Spontaneous Potential)Sonic

Density Log

Neutron Porosity

Borehole Image

Dipmeter Log + etcs.

Petrophysical Well Logs


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Field Evaluation -Subsurface Sampling

CoreSidewall coreDrill Cutting

Core Bits

To get Geological andPetrophysical informationabout the rocks:

Age

Depositional Environment

Source Rocks Chemistry

Porosity

Minerals

Cements

Permeability

Lithology

S b f S li C i P


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Subsurface SamplingCoring Process


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Subsurface Sampling

Core

Core Plug

To determine:PorosityHorizontal permeabilityGrain densityGrain size

MineralogyPetrographyFossilsSedimentary structures

Special core Analysis

Vertical permeabilityRelative permeabilityCapillary pressureCementationSaturation

Cores un-slabbed

Slabbed cores

MDT Tool


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Field Evaluation (Drilling)Well test

To determine:

Reservoir pressure Permeability Skin Productivity

Data will have an impacton the produciblevolumes of Hydrocarbonfor the field

Types:

DST - Drill-stem testMDT - Modular Formation Dynamics TesterRFT - Repeat Formation Tester

MDT Tool

DST Test in Action


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Christmas Tree:

An assembly of valves, spools and fittings for

an oil well, named for its resemblance to a

decorated tree, are used on both subsea

(current technical limits are up to around

2000 to 2500 metres) and surface wellheadsand both are available in a wide range of

sizes and configurations, such as low- or

high-pressure capacity and single- or

multiple-completion capacity or horizontal or

vertical in their primary valve bore axis.

Production : Well Head (Christmas Tree)

Surface well head

Subsea well head


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Production: Offshore Platform

Oil platforms are an industrial town atsea, carrying the personnel and

equipment needed for continuoushydrocarbon production.

Functions:DrillingPreparing water or gas for injection

into the reservoirProcessing the oil and gas beforesending it ashoreCleaning the produced water fordisposal into the sea.

Power is generated on the platform todrive production equipment andsupport life. All production systemsare constantly monitored for leaks,since oil and gas are hazardous andextremely flammable.


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Production: Offshore Platform

Integrated Production Platform complexes

Qatar Gas

North Sea

Off f
http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/qatargas/index.html


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Production: Offshore loading facilities

SBM Tower

SBM Tower

SBM Buoy

P d ti T t ti f H d b


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Production: Transportation of Hydrocarbon

R fi i


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Refining

An oil refineryis an industrial processplant where crude oil is processed and

refined into more useful petroleumproducts, such as gasoline, diesel fuel,

asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and

liquefied petroleum gas.

Oil refineries are typically large sprawling

industrial complexes with extensive

piping running throughout, carryingstreams of fluids between large chemical

processing units.

Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. Thefractionating column is cooler at the top than at the bottom because

the fractions at the top have lower boiling points than the fractions at

the bottom. The heavier fractions that emerge from the bottom of the

fractionating column are often broken up (cracked) to make more

useful products. All of the fractions are subsequently routed to other

refining units for further processing.

R fi i


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CDUCrude Distillation Unit

Refining

R fi


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Refinery CDU during construction

Malaysia Refining Capacity:Melaka Refinery (Petronas) 126K b/d

Melaka Refinery (Petronas&ConocoPhillips) 93K b/d

Kerteh (Petronas) 40K b/d

Port Dickson (Shell) 155K b/dPort Dickson (ExxonMobil) 86K b/d

Simple Diagram of Refinery Processes


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Diesel

Gas Oil

Crude Oil

Bitumen

Roads

Long Chain Molecules

Gas treatmentSulphur

RecoverySulphur

H2S H2S

Waxy Distillate

Butane

De-asphalting

Asphalt Fuel oil

De-asphalted oil DAO

Desulphurisation

Kerosene

Shorter Chain Molecules

Hydrogen

Manufacturing

UnitHyrd

rocracker

Hydrogen

High Vacuum

Separation

Vacuum Gas Oil

Long Residue

Distillation

Platformer Petrol

R fi P


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Refinery Processes

To get high value products and

profitability. The refinery employed

several process to increase the amountof high value product:

Typical processes includes:

Hydrocracking

Plat-forming (Platinum reforming)

Hydrogen recovery

Sulfur recoveryGTL (gas to liquid)

We can see some of these units within

the refinery complexes built as a

separate petrochemical plants that get

their raw feedstock from the mainrefinery.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b6/USOR1.jpg


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Refinery Processes

Detail Flow Diagram of a

typical modern refinery

Examples of Modern


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CDU

Hydrocracker

FCC

Cat Reforming

Vacuum distillation unit

a p es o odeRefinery Processes

Materials and Products (Fuels)


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Materials and Products (Fuels)

Gasoline componentsPetroleum refineries produce a variety of

components that are then used to blend refined

products. Product blending is a critical source offlexibility and profitability for refining operations. Of

great interest is the economic blending of gasoline.

Gasoline is not a single product. Refiners blend

hundreds of different specifications. In addition to

the different grades of gasoline we all see at the

retail pump, gasoline is subject to differentspecifications based on country, geographic

location, season, humidity, altitude, and

environmental regulations. This further complicates

distribution systems with additional requirements

for low sulfur, conventional, reformulated and

oxygenated "boutique" blends.

Key to good gasoline performance is octane, vapor

pressure (Reid Vapor Pressure - RVP) and

distillation range of the blend. A table of octane,

RVP and specific gravity blending values for some

typical gasoline blending components is given:

MONmotor octane NumberRONresearch octane number

Materials and Products


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Materials and Products

Products from Petroleum:

FuelRaw material for PlasticsMan made fibersSynthetic rubbersLubricants

Organic ChemicalsFertilizer feedstock'sBitumen

Petroleum Industry byproducts:SulfurHydrogenOxygenHeliumMercuryCO2

Oil & Gas Exploration/Production: (HSE) issues


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Oil & Gas Exploration/Production: (HSE) issues

INDIA

IRAQ

GOM

ALGERIA

All production systems areconstantly monitored for leaks, sinceoil and gas are hazardous and

extremely flammable. Accidents canhappen and could result in Millions incosts and environmental damage.

CHINAUSA

Hydrocarbon Production


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Hydrocarbon Production

Hydrocarbon Producing countries

Hydrocarbon Usage


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Hydrocarbon Usage

Hydrocarbon Importing countries

World Fuel Consumption: 1970 1994


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World Fuel Consumption: 1970-1994

Cook and Sheath, 1997

Milliontonnesoile

quivalent

Year

8,000

7,00

06,00

05,00

04,00

03,00

02,00

01,00

00

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

Oil

Natural Gas

Nuclear Energy

Hydroelectricity

Coal

Crude Oil Prices: 2006 2007


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Crude Oil Prices: 2006-2007

Projected World Energy Supplies


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Projected World Energy Supplies

19001900 19201920 19401940 19601960 19801980 20002000 20202020 20402040 20602060 20802080 30003000

2020

4040

6060

8080

100100100 BILLION

BARRELS

BillionBarrelsof Oil

BillionBarrelsof Oil

YearYear

NaturalGas

NaturalGas

HydroelectricHydroelectric

Crude OilCrude Oil

Solar, WindGeothermal

Nuclear Electric

1993

CoalCoal

D

ecreasing

FossilFuels

NewTechn

ologies

World Energy Demand

after Edwards,AAPG 8/97

Careers in

Oil & GasRemain Important

US Energy Information Administration forecast World OilConsumption is at about 87.45m barrels a day (in 2007)amounted to about 32 Billion barrels per year.

Proved Oil Reserves (by area - end 1998)


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Proved Oil Reserves (by area end 1998)

The worlds proved oil reserves continue to be dominated by

the Middle East which holds 64% of the total.

North America85.1

S. & Cent.

America

89.5

Africa

75.4

Europe

20.7

Middle East

673.7

Asia Pacific

43.1

FormerSoviet Union

65.4

Billion barrels

Hydrocarbon Reserves


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IRAQ

Proved Oil Reserves (Middle EastSelected fields)RUMAILA 10 Bbbl


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IRAN

OMAN

SAUDI

ARABIA

RACHI

NAHR UMR

ZUBAIR

TUBA

RUMAILA

SUBA

RAUDHATAIN

DOHQUAIN

SAFWAN

SABRIYA

BAHRAH

BURGAN

KHASHMAN

MINAGISH

UMMGUDAIR

WAFRARIMTHAN

DIBDIBAH

RUWARIS

SADAWI 1

SUBAN

JAUF

WARI'AH

HABARI

JYRAYBIAT

BAKR

WATBAN

EL HABA

JARAM

KHURAIS GHAWAR

ABQAIQ

DUKHAN

AWALI

DAMMAM

ABU SA'FAH

QATIF

BERRI

JANA

KARAN

KURAYN

FADHILI

KHURSANIYAH

JALADI

ABUHADRIYA

MANIFASHARAR

LAWHAHMAHARAH

MARJAN

SAFANIYA

KHAFJI ZULUF

HOUT LULU

DORRA SOROOSH

ABOUZAR

NOWRUZ

DOROOD

AZADEGAN

RAMSHIR

AGHAJARI

PARSI

RAG-E-SAFIQ

HENDIJAN

KILUR KARIM

BINAKGULKHARI

NARGESI

RUDAK-MILATUN

GACHSARAN

CHILUNGAR

SULABEDAR

BAHRGANSAR

NORTHPARS

KUH-I-MAND

KUH-E-KAKI DALAN

BUSHGAN

AGHAR

NAR

KANGAN

SADAT ABAD 1SARVESTAN

VARAVI

ASSALUYEH SARKHUNSURU

GAVARZINQESHIM

HENJAM

SALEHBUKHA

MUBAREK

RASHID

NOSRAT

FATEH

FALAH

FARZAM

MANDOUSNASRUMM

SHAIF

BUNDUQ

BUL HANINE

MAYDANMAHZAM

AL-KHALIJNORTHFIELD

AL-SHAEEN

BALAL

AL RAYYAN

SOUTHPARS

HAMIDIYAH

KAHAIF

SAJAAMOVEYEID

MARGHAM

SALIM

UMMA DHOLOU1

AL KARKARA1

SATER

IRAQ

KUWAIT

BAHRAIN

QATAR UAE

GHAWAR: 70 Bbbl

BURGAN: 55 Bbbl

SAFANIYAH: 19 Bbbl

ABQAIQ: 17 Bbbl

GACHSARAN: 50 Bbbl

AZADEGAN:24 Bbbl

North Dome/South

Pars: 900+ Tcf

RUMAILA:10 Bbbl

Ghawar Field (Super Giant)


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Ghawar Field (Super Giant)

Largest Oil field in the worldDiscovered 1948

Onstream since 1951Water Injection since 1965

Produces about 5 Mil bbl/D**(6.5% of world daily production)

Area Size: 174 x 16 Miles

115 Bbbl with RF 60%

Shaybah field (KSA)Last giant field in KSADiscovered in 1967On-stream 1998 with EORProduces about 0.5 Mil bbl/D20 Bbbl

Proved and Speculative Hydrocarbon (by country)


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Proved oil reserves

259

180

113

94

92

90

78

60

30

24

22

18

15

9

6

5

5

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Saudi Arabia

Canada

Iraq

Kuwait

UAE

Iran

Venezuela

Russia

Libya

Nigeria

USA

China

Qatar

Algeria

Oman

Angola

Indonesia

Billion Bbl (inc condensate)

Proved gas reserves

1680

812

509

224

212

183

160

148

124

110

93

90

89

77

71

66

65

60

59

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Russia

Iran

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

UAE

USA

Algeria

Venezuela

Nigeria

Iraq

Indonesia

Australi a

Malaysia

Norway

Turkmenistan

Uzbekistan

Kazakhtan

Canada

Egypt

Tc f

Speculative oil resource

136

115

84

67

55

51

51

43

25

24

23

23

17

17

15

14

11

10

10

10

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Saudi Arabia

Russia

USA

Iran

Brazil

Iraq

Greenland

NigeriaKazakhtan

Venezuela

Mexico

Norway

Angola

China

Surinam

Turkmenista

Australia

Indonesia

UAE

Algeria

Billion Bbl

source: EIA, 2001

Speculative gas resource

1169

681

527

315

208

194

183

123120

109

108

86

81

72

68

50

49

49

45

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Russia

Saudi Arabia

USA

Iran

Turkmenistan

Brazil

Norway

NigeriaIraq

Australia

Indonesia

China

Greenland

Kazakhtan

Azerbaijan

Malaysia

Mexico

Algeria

UAE

Tc f

Historical data & Future Forecasts:


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Historical data & Future Forecasts:possible peak-oil

OFFSHORE

ONSHORE

Global cumulative discovery/yr

What happen if we ran out of oil? Humans


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What happen if we ran out of oil?. Humanswill find alternative energy sources..

Public Transport in 2050?


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presentation and no responsibility is accepted in relation to such information,whether fact or whether opinion or conclusion that may be drawn.

Any decisions based on information contained in this presentation are the
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Introduction Petroleum Technology

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