Introduction of IPV - Amazon S3 · 4. BUILDING RAPPORT 1) Observe non-verbal communication. Always...

Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with Parents and Caregivers Of ChildrenIntroduction of IPV

ADAPTED FOR ADDITION TO THE RHIZOME POLIOK.IT PLATFORM 16 JAN 2017

INFORMATION FORERADICATION FROM

BEHAVIORALANDCOMMUNICTAIONBARRIERSanINTERVIEWGUIDELINE

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FOCUSGROUPDISCUSSION(FGD)WITHPARENTSANDCAREGIVERSOFCHILDREN

(IntroductionofIPV)NOTE:AllinformationcollectedinthegroupdiscussionisCONFEDENTIALandwillonlybeusedforthepurposeofresearchtoassistwiththeintroductionofIPV IDENTIFICATION

NameofRegion

District

Village

NumberofFocusGroupParticipants

DateofFGD

NameofInterviewer

NameofModerator

NameofRecorder

NameofSupervisor/Institution

DateofDataTranscription

NameofTranscriber

SignatureofSupervisor/Institution

NAMESOFPARTICIPANTS

No. NAMES AGE

1

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3

4

5

6

7

8


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PART1-INSTRUCTIONSTOTHEMODERATORThisFGDistobeadministeredtoparentsandcaregiversofchildrenwithintheselectedregion.TheFGD has a purpose on gathering information about health seeking behavior, as well as theinformants’perceptionoftheoralpoliovaccine,andintroductionoftheinjectablepoliovaccine.TIMEFRAMEANDGROUPSIZETIME--Approximately1hour30mins.GROUPSIZE–6-8RespondentsSelectionofparticipantstobefacilitatedbythelocallinkperson.1. INTRODUCETHESESSION

1) IntroduceyourselfasFacilitatorandintroduceyourteammembers(thereneedstobea

minimumoftwopersonspresentwhenconductingFGD)OneistheModerator,anotheroneisrecordkeepersandthethirdpersonwillbetimekeeper(ifpossible).

2) Asktheparticipantstointroducethemselves3) ProvideabriefoutlineofthepurposeoftheFGD,thekindofinformationneededfrom

theparticipants,andhowtheinformationwillbeused(to improvepolio immunizationofchildren).

4) Let theparticipants know that youwill beusing a recordingdevice in order to recordinformation provided by them and not to miss any important information. Seekpermission from the participants for its use. A demonstration of the use of recordershould be conducted. Let the respondents hear their own voices before the sessionstarts.

(You may offer some snacks/ water, tea and allow some informal discussion before theactualsessionstarts.

2. ENCOURGEINVOLVMENTANDDISCUSSION

1) Beenthusiastic,lively,interactandshowinterestinthegroup’sideas.2) Formulate questions and encourage asmany participants as possible to express their

views.3) Remember there are no ‘RIGHT’ or ‘WRONG’ answers. React neutrally to both verbal

andnon-verbalresponses.

3. DEALINGWITHDOMINANTANDORRESERVEDPARTICIPANTS1) Whendealingwith dominant participants, avoid continuous eye contact, or thank the

personfortheircontributionandalsosuggestthatyouwould liketohearwhatothershavetosayonthesametopic.

2) When a participant is reserved; talk to them directly by calling them by name and,requestingtheiropinion,makingmorefrequenteyecontacttoencourageparticipation,butmakesurenottoembarrassthem.

3) Ifyounoticethatthediscussiongetsquietwhendealingwithasensitiveissue,youcanmoveon toanother topicandcomeback to theother laterwhen theparticipantsaremorerelaxed.


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4. BUILDINGRAPPORT

1) Observenon-verbal communication.Alwaysmaintaina controlled toneof voice, keepyour facial expressions and body language in check to encourage open participationandthoseoftheparticipants.

2) Observe the body language of participants that should guide the direction of thediscussion.

3) Avoidbeingplaced in the roleof an expert:Whenasked for your ideasor viewsby arespondent,rememberthatyouarenottheretoeducateorinform.

4) Directthequestionsbacktothegroupbysaying:‘Whatdoyouthink’,‘Whatwouldyoudo?’Setaside time, ifnecessary,after thesession togiveparticipants the informationtheyhaveaskedfor.

5) Donottrytocommentoneverythingthatisbeingsaid.6) Probing shouldmake for some conditions, such as explainingquestions that arequite

difficulttounderstand;remindingthegroupaboutthecontextofthequestion;orwhentheanswerisoutofcontext.Probingistheresearchers’efforttoelaboratequestionsinordertoexploreortoclarifytheanswergivenbytheinformants.

7) Donotleadorgivecluesfortheanswer.8) Don’tfeelobligatedtosaysomethingduringeverypauseinthediscussion.Waitalittle

andseewhathappens.9) Listencarefully,andmovethediscussionfromtopictotopic.10) Subtlycontrolthetimeallocatedtovarioustopicssoastomaintaininterest.11) If participants spontaneously jump from one topic to another, let the discussion

continue for awhile since useful additional informationmay surface; then summarizethepointsbroughtupandre-orientthediscussion.

12) During thediscussion,continue to letparticipantsknowhow important their responseandcommentsareintheimprovementofhealthservicesforthemandtheirchildren.

5. ROLEOFTHERECORDER

1) Therecorderdocumentsthecontentofthediscussion:verbalandnon-verbalandgroupdynamics.

2) AssessmentoftheemotionaltoneofthemeetingandthegroupprocesswillenableyoutojudgethevalidityoftheinformationcollectedduringtheFGD.

3) Thefollowingneedstobedocumented:i. Date,Time,Placeii. Nameandcharacteristicsofparticipantsiii. Generaldescriptionofthegroupdynamics(levelofparticipation,presenceofa

dominantparticipant,levelofinterest)iv. Opinions of participants, recorded as much as possible in their own words,

especiallyforkeystatementsv. Emotionalaspects(e.g.,reluctance,strongfeelingsattachedtocertainopinions)vi. Vocabularyused-particularly inFGDsthatareintendedtoassist indeveloping

educationmaterials.vii. Otherunstructuredobservations

The recorder does not participate in the conversation and should avoid distracting thefacilitator unless additional informationon a topic sentence is required. The recorder andthefacilitatorshouldworkasateamduringtheentireperiodandresolveallconflict.


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6. ETHICALCONSIDERATIONS

Confidentiality: Inform theparticipants thateverything that they sayherewill bekept strictlyconfidential.Nothingsaidinthisgroupwilleverbeassociatedwithanyindividualbyname.Thefacilitatorandrecorderalsohavetomaintaintheconfidentialityofwhatissaidinthegroup.Voluntaryparticipation:ParticipationintheFGDisentirelyvoluntaryandparticipantsmaystopparticipating at any time. One can withdraw from the group’s discussion without anyconsequences. Consent forms should be provided with more information regardingconfidentialityandvoluntarynatureofparticipation.

7. USEOFTAPERECORDER

1. It is highly recommended that a recorderbeused to assist in capturing information. Takeintoconsiderationthecultureandtheenvironmentyouarein.Ifrecordingafocusgroupisnotacceptable,thenonlytakenotes.

2. Ifthesession isrecorded,thenit is importantthatyouinformtheparticipantsbeforehandandgetconsentfromthem.

3. Even though the session is recorded, notes should be taken aswell, in case themachinemalfunctionssothatinformationwillbeavailableimmediatelyafterthesessiontocompiletheFGDreport.Recordingswillbestoredasaback-upoftheFGD.

Thankparticipants: thank theparticipants foravailing themselves toparticipate in thisdiscussion,fortheirtime,andopinions.GROUNDRULES(RULESTOGUIDETHEDISCUSSION)–TOBEEXPLAINEDTOEACHPARTICIPANT

1. Talkoneatatimeinavoiceasloudasmineandletusnotinterrupt.2. Respecteachother’sopinions.3. Avoidsideconversationswiththosesittingnexttoyou.4. Thegroupneedstohearfromeveryoneinthecourseofthediscussion,butyoudon’thave

toanswereveryquestion.5. Onlyanswerwhatyoufeelcomfortabletoanswer.6. Feelfreetoresponddirectlytosomeonewhohasmadeapoint.Youdonothavetoaddress

yourcommentstothefacilitatorin-orderforthemtoberecorded.7. Saywhatistrueforyouandhavethecourageofyourconviction.Don’tletthegroupsway

youandyoudonothavetoagreewiththegroupopinion.8. Askquestions/clarificationastheycomeup.

RECORDTHETIMESTARTED

HourMinutes

REMINDERFORTHEMODERATOR:Makesuretoprobeasmuchaspossiblein-ordertoobtainasmuchinformationfromtheparticipants


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PART2-DISCUSSIONGUIDE

FORFGDWITHPARENTSANDCAREGIVERS

Thankyouverymuchforagreeingtotakepart.Let’sbegin![SWITCHONRECORDER]1.INTRODUCTIONANDGENERALHEALTHDISCUSSION

1) TellmewhatyouthinkaboutinonewordorashortphrasewhenIsayneedles?

2) TellmewhatyouthinkaboutinonewordorashortphrasewhenIsaytwodrops?

3) TellmewhatyouthinkaboutinonewordorashortphrasewhenIsayvaccinations?

4) TellmewhatyouthinkaboutinonewordorashortphrasewhenIsayIPV?

5) Arechildrenhealthyinyourcommunity?Whyaretheyhealthyorwhynot?

6) Canyoutellmewhatsomeofthecommondiseasesinthiscommunityare?

7) Whatwouldyouconsidertobeanimportantdiseaseinthiscommunity?

8) Whataboutpolio(orlocaltermforadiseasethatcausesparalysisinchildren)?Isthisanimportantdisease?

9) Inthiscommunity,whoisresponsibleforlookingafterchildren?

10) Whatarethemainhealthconcernsregardingchildreninyourcommunity?

11) Whatdoyouthinkofthehealthcarecentersandhealthworkersthatareavailableforchildreninyourarea?PROBETHEMFORINFORMATIONONHEALTHSERVICESWHICHCANINCLUDECLINICS,DOCTORS,ANDHOSPITALS.

LETSUSKNOWYOURVIEWSONIMMUNIZATION

1) Doyouknowreasonswhyimmunizationisnecessaryandwhatarethemaindiseasesthatchildrenmayhaveiftheyarenotimmunized?PROBEFORINFROMATIONTHEYHAVE,MISINFROMATION,ANYSOCIALANDRELIGIOUSREASONS?FORTHESEASKLEADINGQUESTIONS

2) Whydoyousay-----------so?Gettothemainreasons–religious,fear,distance,lackofinformation,etc.

3) Whatdoyouthinkarethereasonsorbarrierstogettingchildrenimmunized?PROBEIFANYFEAREXISTSDUETORELIGIOUSREASONS,WHY?


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4) Whoseopinionisimportanttochangecommunityattitudeorpracticetowardsimmunization?

5) Howcanhealthmessagesbecommunicatedtothecommunityinthemosteffectiveway?

6) Whatareyourviewsoninjectablevaccinesdeliveredwithaneedle

GETTINGINFORMATIONONPOLIOVACCINATION

Wewouldliketolearnmoreaboutyouropinionofthepoliovaccination.Toprotectallchildren,youand children in your community who have been vaccinated with the oral polio vaccine – “poliodrops”.Wewouldliketolearnmoreaboutyourfeelingsandyouropinionofthepoliodiseaseandtheoralvaccination.

POLIO1) Whatdoyouknowaboutthepoliodisease?

2) Whatdoyouthinkcausespolio?

3) Howcanonetreatpolio?

4) Isitcurable?

5) Howcanyouprotectyourselfandchildrenfrompolio?

6) Whatdoyouknowabouttheoralpoliovaccine?

7) Howsafedoyouthinkthisvaccineis?

8) Howeffectivedoyouthinkthevaccineisintermsofprotectingyouandyourchildrenfrom

polio?

9) Doyouhaveanyconcernswithavaccinethatisgivenintothemouth?Why?

OPV

Nowthatwehavediscussedaboutthepoliovaccinethatisgivenasdropsintothemouth,wewouldliketodiscussyouropinionabouttheinjectablepoliovaccine–onethatisgiventhroughaneedle.This vaccinewill soonbeavailable to your childrenwhoareunder five yearsold. First a childwillreceive an oral polio vaccine – (the drops), and then, an injectable vaccinewill be given once toboostyourchild’shealth.Yourchildwillstillcontinuetoreceive“poliodrops”untilyourchildisfullyprotectedagainstpolio.

ITISVERYIMPORTANTTORECORDANYVISUALCOMMUNCATIONOBSERVATIONSSINCETHISISANEWCONCEPT

1) Whatdoyouthinkaboutthisidea–givingchildreninyourcommunityadditionalprotectionagainstpoliointheformof“poliodrops”combinedwithaninjectablevaccine?PROBEFORINFROMATIONTHEYHAVEINCLUDINGMISINFROMATION,FEARS,etc.


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2) WoulditmakeadifferencetoyoutoknowthatbytakingbothOPV“poliodrops”withIPV“polioinjection”thatyourchildwouldbebetterprotected?Ifthisdoesmakeadifferencetoyou,whatconcernsdoyouhave?

3) Whatdoyouthinkaboutaninjectablepoliovaccineoverall?

4) Doyouordoyounothaveanyspecificconcernsaboutthepolioinjection?Whatarethey?

5) Whatspecificallywouldyouliketoknowaboutthepolioinjection?Whatinformationwouldmakeyoufeelcomfortableandconfidentinacceptingit?

6) Whatareyourfeelingaboutthe“polioinjection”versus“oralpoliodrops”?Whatdoyouthinkthedifferenceis?ALSORECORDVISUALOBSERVATIONS

7) Afteryourchildhadreceivedthe“poliodrops”withthe“polioinjection”forextraprotection,willyoucontinuetogiveyourchild“poliodrops”inthefuture?Ifyes,why?Ifnot,why?

8) Whatwouldmakeyouconvincedtocontinuegivingyourchild“poliodrops”tokeepyourchildprotectedinthefuture?

9) Inyouropinion,wherewouldyoureceivethemostcredibleinformationaboutthe“polioinjection”?

10) Whatdoyouthinkotherpeopleinyourcommunitywouldthinkaboutgivingthe“injectablevaccine”inadditiontothe“poliodrops

11) Canyouthinkofanyissues(barriers)whichcanmakegivingthe“injectablevaccine”along

with“poliodrops”tochildrendifficult?GIVETHEGROUPPLENTYOFTIMETOANSWER.

VACCINEADMINISTRATION–IMPLEMENTATIONTESTINGNowthatwehavetalkedaboutthepolio“injectablevaccine”,letustalkabouthowthiswillhappen.Beforeanupcomingpoliocampaign,youmayhearfromahealthworker,orradio,orareligiousleaderaboutanupcomingcampaign.Youwillbeaskedtobringyourchildrenwhoareunderfiveyearsofagetoahealthclinicorvaccinationcentertoreceive“poliodrops”,maybeotherheathsupplementsorvaccines,includinga“polioinjectablevaccine”.

1) Whatwasyourpreviousvaccinationexperiencewith“poliodrops”?Whatdoyouthinkaboutpoliovaccinationcampaigns?Haveyouexperiencedanyproblemswiththepoliovaccination?

2) Whydoyouthinkvaccinationcampaignshappensooften?

3) Howdoyouthinkgiving“poliodrops”with“polioinjection”willbedifferentfromregularpoliocampaignsthatyouareusedto?

4) Whatchallengesdoyouseeaboutbringingyourchildrenouttohealthfacilitiesandtemporaryvaccinationposts?

Whatwouldbethebestwaytoinformyouthatavaccinationteamhasreachedyourblockareaandthatyouneedtobringyourchildrenoutfor“polioinjection”and“poliodrops”?


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PRELIMINARYMESSAGINGWewouldliketogetyourfeedbackandreactionto(NUMBER)messagesandconceptsregardingthepromotionofpoliovaccineinyourcommunity,inparticulartheintroductionofinjectablepoliovaccine.Introduceeachmessageorconceptone-by-one.Recordallresponses,verbalaswellasnon-verbal.Teaseoutfeedbackrelatedtoculturalandgenderappropriateness,religiousviews,competitionwithotherinitiativesormessagesinthecommunity.Topofmindreactionstovisualsorphrasescanbeparticularlyusefulinunderstandingsplit-secondjudgmentsofmessagingandmaterials.

CLOSING

Talktothegroup:

“Ourdiscussionwillcometotheend,isthereanycritique,suggestionorexpectationthatyoufeelisimportanttoaddressbeforeweclosethediscussion?Please,feelfreetotalkaboutit”.

Attheendoftheinterview,theInterviewerwillsummarizetheessenceoftheinterview,andclosesitafterward.

Thankyouverymuchforyourtime,andwealmosttook….....Hour(s)………minutesofinterviews.

Thankyouforyouropenmindandallanswers,opinion,critiques,andsuggestionstoourquestions.

Youropinionisveryvaluabletous.Wedohopethattheresultsoftheinterviewwillgiveinputstohelpimproveyourhealthservices.Thankyouandgoodluck.

References:FocusGroupDiscussions–KeyFindings.Co-AdministrationofIPVwithOPVinPolioOutbreaksResponseintheRefugeeCampsandtheHostCommunityofDadaapDistrict.UNICEFKenya-ESARONovember,2013PlanningforIPVIntroduction:ImplementationFacts.GlobalPolioEradicationInitiative(GPEI)January2014Technicallsupport–RahelGhezaiToolkitsforconductingfocusgroups:RowanUniversity


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PART3-Instruments


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CONSENTTOPARTICIPATEINAFOCUSGROUPSTUDYFORTHEINTRODUCATIONOFIPV

Thepurposeofthegroupdiscussionandthenatureofthequestionshavebeenexplainedtome.IconsenttotakepartinafocusgroupdiscussionforparentsandcaregiversofchildrenfortheintroductionofIPV.MyparticipationisvoluntaryandIunderstandthatIamfreetoleavethegroupatanytime.IfIdecidenottoparticipateatanytimeduringthediscussion,mydecisionwillinnowayaffecttheservicesthatIreceiveinmycommunity.Noneofmyexperienceorthoughtswillbesharedwithanyoneexceptforthepurposeofthisresearchstudy;introductionofthepoliovaccine,IPVunlessallidentifyinginformationisremovedfirst.TheinformationthatIprovideduringthefocusgroupwithbegroupedwithanswersfromotherpeoplesothatIcannotbepersonallyidentified.# Name Signature Date1

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__________________________________ ____________________________________WitnessSignature Date


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CHECKLISTFORFOCUSGROUPNOTETAKINGPleaseusethisformasaguidelinetohelpyousetupyournotetakingstrategyforthefocusgroup.Notesshouldbeextensiveandaccuratelyreflectthecontentofthediscussionincludingvisualobservations,nonverbalbehaviourthatincludefacialexpressions,handmovements,andgroupdynamics.NotethefollowingDateofFocusGroup: __________________________________LocationofFocusGroup: __________________________________NameoftheNoteTaker: __________________________________Thefollowingtemplatewillguidethenotetakertocapturethefollowingkeyareas.

KEY AREA 1: Observations opening of FGD KEY AREA 2: Views on immunization KEY AREA 3: Polio vaccination KEY AREA 4: OPV KEY AREA 5: Vaccination administration, implementation and training KEY AREA 6: Preliminary messaging KEY AREA 7: Closing

Introduction of IPV - Amazon S3 · 4. BUILDING RAPPORT 1) Observe non-verbal communication. Always...

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