Introduction

EOCT Review guide page 1

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• Biology is the study of life.

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• 1.) Need food.

• 2.) Reproduce

• 3.) Use energy

• 4.) Grow and develop

• 5.) Maintain Homeostasis

• 6.) Have DNA

• 7.) Adapt & Respond to stimuli

• 8.) Made of at least one cell.

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• Homeostasis is an organism’s ability to regulate its internal environment.

• Example: – When your temperature goes up, you sweat to cool

yourself off. When you get cold, you shiver to warm up.

• Importance:

– Without being able to respond to changes in its internal environment, an organism would die.

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• 1.) Observation

• 2.) Hypothesis

• 3.) Prediction

• 4.) Experiment

• 5.) Data Collection

• 6.) Conclusion

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• Independent variable:

– is the variable being tested.

– is the variable the experimenter makes different between the different groups.

– is also called the manipulated variable.

• Dependent Variable:

– Is what changes because of the independent variable.

– Is what is measured in the experiment.

– Is called the responding variable.

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• Qualitative data: – Involves characteristics/descriptions.

– Ex: The plant’s leaves changed from green to yellow-brown.

• Quantitative data: – Involves numbers/calculations.

– Example: 25% of the plant’s leaves changed colors on the first day.

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Chart Summarizes data in rows/columns

Bar Graph Compares different data (magnitude)

Line Graph Shows how data changes over time

Circle Graph Shows how parts relate to the whole

Flowchart Shows order of steps

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• Know these branches of biology.

Domain I

Cells

EOCT Review Guide pages 2-4

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• A.) All living things are made of cells.

• B.) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.

• C.) All cells come from existing cells.

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• Eukaryotes: – Have a nucleus

– Have membrane-bound organelles • E.R., Golgi, vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria

– Some can be multicellular.

• Prokaryotes: – No nucleus

– No membrane-bound organelles • No E.R., No Golgi, No vesicles, No lysosomes, No mitochondria

– Only unicellular

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• The cell membrane (plasma membrane) is made up of phospholipids and proteins.

3 continued…

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• Selectively Permiable:

– Only certain substances can cross the membrane and come into/go out of the cell.

– Substances that can cross freely:

• Water

• Amino acids

• Gases

• Sugars

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• A.) Receptor • A protein that serves as a receiving point for cellular

messages or signals.

• B.) Marker

• A protein that indicates the cell’s identity • Important in immunity

• C.) Channel

• A protein that serves as a doorway into the cell for large or electrically charged molecules.

6 Organelle Function Pro/Eu/Both Animal/Plant/Both

Nucleus Store & protect DNA; “control center of the

cell.”

EU

Both

Nuclear Envelope Controls what can go into/out of the nucleus

EU

Both

Ribosomes Make proteins Both Both

Mitochondria Make ATP EU Both

Chloroplast Make sugar EU Plants

6 continued E.R. Transport

proteins from ribosome to golgi; make lipids

EU

Both

Golgi Modify, package and ship proteins.

EU

Both

Cell Membrane Controls what can go into/out of the cell

Both Both

Cell Wall Provides shape and external support to the cell.

Both Plants

Cytoplasm Contains building blocks for molecules

Both Both

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• Active transport requires ATP energy.

• Passive does not require any energy.

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• Diffusion – Movement of particles from high concentration to low.

• Facilitated Diffusion – Diffusion of large molecules using channel proteins.

• Osmosis – Movement of water from high concentration to low.

• Endocytosis – Active transport that brings large molecules into the cell by engulfing the molecule.

• Exocytosis – Active transport that sends molecules out of the cell.

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• Picture 1 = Isotonic

• Picture 2 = Hypotonic

• Picture 3 = Hypertonic

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• Chemical reaction = results in new chemicals being formed.

• Physical reaction = changes the shape/structure of the molecules, but no new molecules are formed.

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• Reactants = on the left

• Products = on the right

• Example: CO2 + H20 + light Sugar + O2

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

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• Endothermic =

– absorbs energy.

– Photosynthesis is endothermic.

• Exothermic =

– Releases energy

– Cell respiration is exothermic

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• Enzymes:

– Proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions.

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• Substrate:

– Molecule being changed by the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

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• Active site

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• Will be shown on board in class…

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• A.) pH changes • Can change the shape of the enzyme, resulting in it not

functioning.

• B.) Temperature changes

• Cold: molecules move slower, so are less likely to encounter enzymes.

• Hot: changes shape of enzyme • General rule: as the environment gets warmer, enzymes

work faster. HOWEVER, too hot = denatured enzyme.

• “Denature”: – Means: “Change the shape of an enzyme.”

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• Water has a slightly positive and slightly negative end.

– due to the unequal pull on the electrons by the molecules.

– Oxygen is “stronger” than hydrogen, so it can pull on the electron in the bond more.

– The electron is closer to the oxygen, so oxygen becomes negative and hydrogen becomes positive.

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• Your cells and the cells of all other organisms are made mostly of water.

• Water gives cells structure and transports substances within the organism.

• All cell processes take place in a watery environment.

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• C.) 0-6.9

• D.) 7.1-14

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Macromolecule Function Monomer Example

Carbohydrate Provide energy Monosaccharide Glucose, sucrose, starch

Lipid Store energy, provide insulation, make cell membranes

No true monomer, but made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

Phospholipid, waxes, oils, fats

Protein Markers, channels, receptors, build bones and muscles, act as enzymes

Amino acids

Enzymes

Nucleic Acid Store and transmit heredity; contain information for making proteins

Nucleotide

DNA & RNA