introduction Malaysia Indonesia -...

introduction

Malaysia Indonesia

Background During the late 18th and 19th

centuries, Great Britain

established colonies and

protectorates in the area of

current Malaysia; these were

occupied by Japan from 1942 to

1945. In 1948, the British-ruled

territories on the Malay

Peninsula except Singapore

formed the Federation of

Malaya, which became

independent in 1957. Malaysia

was formed in 1963 when the

former British colonies of

Singapore, as well as Sabah and

Sarawak on the northern coast

of Borneo, joined the

Federation. The first several

years of the country's

independence were marred by a

communist insurgency,

Indonesian confrontation with

Malaysia, Philippine claims to

Sabah, and Singapore's

withdrawal in 1965. During the

22-year term of Prime Minister

MAHATHIR bin Mohamad

(1981-2003), Malaysia was

successful in diversifying its

economy from dependence on

exports of raw materials to the

development of manufacturing,

services, and tourism. Prime

Minister Mohamed NAJIB bin

Abdul Razak (in office since

April 2009) has continued these

pro-business policies.

"The Dutch began to colonize

Indonesia in the early 17th

century; Japan occupied the

islands from 1942 to 1945.

Indonesia declared its

independence shortly before

Japan's surrender, but it required

four years of sometimes brutal

fighting, intermittent

negotiations, and UN mediation

before the Netherlands agreed to

transfer sovereignty in 1949. A

period of sometimes unruly

parliamentary democracy ended

in 1957 when President

SOEKARNO declared martial

law and instituted ""Guided

Democracy."" After an abortive

coup in 1965 by alleged

communist sympathizers,

SOEKARNO was gradually

eased from power. From 1967

until 1998, President SUHARTO

ruled Indonesia with his ""New

Order"" government. After street

protests toppled SUHARTO in

1998, free and fair legislative

elections took place in 1999.

Indonesia is now the world's third

most populous democracy, the

world's largest archipelagic state,

and the world's largest Muslim-

majority nation. Current issues

include: alleviating poverty,

improving education, preventing

terrorism, consolidating

democracy after four decades of

authoritarianism, implementing

economic and financial reforms,

stemming corruption, reforming

the criminal justice system,

Malaysia Indonesia

addressing climate change, and

controlling infectious diseases,

particularly those of global and

regional importance. In 2005,

Indonesia reached a historic

peace agreement with armed

separatists in Aceh, which led to

democratic elections in Aceh in

December 2006. Indonesia

continues to face low intensity

armed resistance in Papua by the

separatist Free Papua Movement.

"

Geography

Malaysia Indonesia

Location Southeastern Asia, peninsula

bordering Thailand and

northern one-third of the

island of Borneo, bordering

Indonesia, Brunei, and the

South China Sea, south of

Vietnam

Southeastern Asia, archipelago

between the Indian Ocean and the

Pacific Ocean

Geographic

coordinates

2 30 N, 112 30 E 5 00 S, 120 00 E

Map

references

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia

Area total: 329,847 sq km

land: 328,657 sq km

water: 1,190 sq km

total: 1,904,569 sq km

land: 1,811,569 sq km

water: 93,000 sq km

Area -

comparative

slightly larger than New

Mexico

slightly less than three times the

size of Texas

Land

boundaries

total: 2,742 km

border countries

(3): Brunei 266 km,

total: 2,958 km

border countries (3): Malaysia

Malaysia Indonesia

Indonesia 1,881 km,

Thailand 595 km

1,881 km, Papua New Guinea 824

km, Timor-Leste 253 km

Coastline 4,675 km (Peninsular

Malaysia 2,068 km, East

Malaysia 2,607 km)

54,716 km

Maritime

claims

territorial sea: 12 nm

exclusive economic

zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200-m

depth or to the depth of

exploitation; specified

boundary in the South China

Sea

measured from claimed

archipelagic straight baselines

territorial sea: 12 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate tropical; annual southwest

(April to October) and

northeast (October to

February) monsoons

tropical; hot, humid; more

moderate in highlands

Terrain coastal plains rising to hills

and mountains

mostly coastal lowlands; larger

islands have interior mountains

Elevation

extremes

mean elevation: 419 m

elevation extremes: lowest

point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Gunung

Kinabalu 4,095 m

mean elevation: 367 m

elevation extremes: lowest point:

Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Puncak Jaya 4,884 m

Natural

resources

tin, petroleum, timber,

copper, iron ore, natural gas,

bauxite

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel,

timber, bauxite, copper, fertile

soils, coal, gold, silver

Land use agricultural land: 23.2%

arable land 2.9%; permanent

crops 19.4%; permanent

pasture 0.9%

forest: 62%

other: 14.8% (2011 est.)

agricultural land: 31.2%

arable land 13%; permanent crops

12.1%; permanent pasture 6.1%

forest: 51.7%

other: 17.1% (2011 est.)

Malaysia Indonesia

Irrigated land 3,800 sq km (2012) 67,220 sq km (2012)

Natural

hazards

flooding; landslides; forest

fires

occasional floods; severe droughts;

tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes;

forest fires

volcanism: Indonesia contains the

most volcanoes of any country in

the world - some 76 are historically

active; significant volcanic activity

occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda

Islands, Halmahera Island,

Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island,

and in the Banda Sea; Merapi

(2,968 m), Indonesia's most active

volcano and in eruption since 2010,

has been deemed a Decade

Volcano by the International

Association of Volcanology and

Chemistry of the Earth's Interior,

worthy of study due to its

explosive history and close

proximity to human populations;

other notable historically active

volcanoes include Agung, Awu,

Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa),

Makian, Raung, and Tambora

Environment

- current

issues

air pollution from industrial

and vehicular emissions;

water pollution from raw

sewage; deforestation;

smoke/haze from Indonesian

forest fires

deforestation; water pollution from

industrial wastes, sewage; air

pollution in urban areas; smoke

and haze from forest fires

Environment

- international

agreements

party to: Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Desertification, Endangered

Species, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Marine Life

Conservation, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution,

Tropical Timber 83,

Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands

party to: Biodiversity, Climate

Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous

Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical

Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine

Life Conservation

Malaysia Indonesia

signed, but not

ratified: none of the

selected agreements

Geography -

note

strategic location along

Strait of Malacca and

southern South China Sea

according to Indonesia's National

Coordinating Agency for Survey

and Mapping, the total number of

islands in the archipelago is

13,466, of which 922 are

permanently inhabited (Indonesia

is the world's largest country

comprised solely of islands); the

country straddles the equator and

occupies a strategic location astride

or along major sea lanes from the

Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean;

despite having the fourth largest

population in the world, Indonesia

is the most heavily forested region

on earth after the Amazon

Population

distribution

a highly uneven distribution

with over 80% of the

population residing on the

Malay Peninsula

major concentration on the island

of Java, which is considered one of

the most densely populated places

on earth; of the outer islands (those

surrounding Java and Bali),

Sumatra contains some of the most

significant clusters, particularly in

the south near the Selat Sunda, and

along the northeastern coast near

Medan; the cities of Makasar

(Sulawesi), Banjarmasin

(Kalimantan) are also heavily

populated

Demographics

Malaysia Indonesia

Population 31,381,992 (July 2017 est.) 260,580,739 (July 2017 est.)

Age structure 0-14 years: 27.83% (male

4,493,084/female 4,238,991)

15-24 years: 16.81% (male

0-14 years: 25.02% (male

33,205,805/female 31,994,844)

15-24 years: 16.99% (male

Malaysia Indonesia

2,677,834/female 2,598,958)

25-54 years: 41% (male

6,507,499/female 6,358,762)

55-64 years: 8.27% (male

1,316,331/female 1,277,558)

65 years and over: 6.1%

(male 907,850/female

1,005,125) (2017 est.)

22,537,842/female 21,738,210)

25-54 years: 42.4% (male

56,493,414/female 53,980,979)

55-64 years: 8.58% (male

10,192,430/female 12,177,931)

65 years and over: 7.01%

(male 7,954,795/female

10,304,489) (2017 est.)

Median age total: 28.5 years

male: 28.2 years

female: 28.8 years (2017 est.)

total: 30.2 years

male: 29.6 years


Population

growth rate

1.37% (2017 est.) 0.86% (2017 est.)

Birth rate 19.1 births/1,000 population

(2017 est.)

16.2 births/1,000 population

(2017 est.)

Death rate 5.1 deaths/1,000 population

(2017 est.)

6.5 deaths/1,000 population

(2017 est.)

Net migration

rate

-0.3 migrant(s)/1,000

population (2017 est.)

-1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population

(2017 est.)

Sex ratio at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.06

male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.03

male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.02

male(s)/female

55-64 years: 1.03

male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.9

male(s)/female

total population: 1.03

male(s)/female (2016 est.)

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.04

male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.04

male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.84

male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.77

male(s)/female

total population: 1

male(s)/female (2016 est.)

Infant mortality

rate

total: 12.5 deaths/1,000 live

births

male: 14.4 deaths/1,000 live

total: 22.7 deaths/1,000 live

births

male: 26.6 deaths/1,000 live

Malaysia Indonesia

births

female: 10.4 deaths/1,000

live births (2017 est.)

births

female: 18.6 deaths/1,000 live

births (2017 est.)

Life

expectancy at

birth

total population: 75.2 years

male: 72.4 years


total population: 73 years

male: 70.4 years


Total fertility

rate

2.5 children born/woman

(2017 est.)

2.11 children born/woman (2017

est.)

HIV/AIDS -

adult

prevalence rate

0.4% (2016 est.) 0.4% (2016 est.)

Nationality noun: Malaysian(s)

adjective: Malaysian

noun: Indonesian(s)

adjective: Indonesian

Ethnic groups Bumiputera 61.7% (Malays

and indigenous peoples,

including Orang Asli, Dayak,

Anak Negeri), Chinese

20.8%, Indian 6.2%, other

0.9%, non-citizens 10.4%

(2017 est.)

Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese

15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak

3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi

2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%,

Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%,

Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%,

Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%,

Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%,

other 15% (2010 est.)

HIV/AIDS -

people living

with

HIV/AIDS

97,000 (2016 est.) 620,000 (2016 est.)

Religions Muslim (official) 61.3%,

Buddhist 19.8%, Christian

9.2%, Hindu 6.3%,

Confucianism, Taoism, other

traditional Chinese religions

1.3%, other 0.4%, none 0.8%,

unspecified 1% (2010 est.)

Muslim 87.2%, Protestant 7%,

Roman Catholic 2.9%, Hindu

1.7%, other 0.9% (includes

Buddhist and Confucian),

unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)

Malaysia Indonesia

HIV/AIDS -

deaths

7,000 (2016 est.) 38,000 (2016 est.)

Languages Bahasa Malaysia (official),

English, Chinese (Cantonese,

Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka,

Hainan, Foochow), Tamil,

Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi,

Thai

note: Malaysia has 134 living

languages - 112 indigenous

languages and 22 non-

indigenous languages; in East

Malaysia there are several

indigenous languages; most

widely spoken are Iban and

Kadazan

Bahasa Indonesia (official,

modified form of Malay),

English, Dutch, local dialects (of

which the most widely spoken is

Javanese)

note: more than 700 languages

are used in Indonesia

Literacy definition: age 15 and over

can read and write

total population: 94.6%

male: 96.2%

female: 93.2% (2015 est.)

definition: age 15 and over can

read and write

total population: 95.4%

male: 97.2%

female: 93.6% (2016 est.)

Major

infectious

diseases

degree of risk: intermediate

food or waterborne

diseases: bacterial diarrhea

vectorborne

diseases: dengue fever

water contact

disease: leptospirosis (2016)

degree of risk: very high

food or waterborne

diseases: bacterial diarrhea,

hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases: dengue

fever and malaria (2016)

School life

expectancy

(primary to

tertiary

education)

total: 13 years

male: 12 years

female: 13 years (2015)

total: 13 years

male: 13 years

female: 13 years (2014)

Education

expenditures

5% of GDP (2015) 3.3% of GDP (2014)

Malaysia Indonesia

Urbanization urban population: 76% of

total population (2017)

rate of urbanization: 2.19%

annual rate of change (2015-

20 est.)

urban population: 55.2% of

total population (2017)

rate of urbanization: 2.3%

annual rate of change (2015-20

est.)

Drinking water

source improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: 93% of population

total: 98.2% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: 7% of population


(2015 est.)

improved: urban: 94.2% of population

rural: 79.5% of population


unimproved: urban: 5.8% of population


total: 12.6% of population (2015

est.)

Sanitation

facility access improved: urban: 96.1% of population


total: 96% of population



total: 4% of population (2015

est.)

improved: urban: 72.3% of population





total: 39.2% of population (2015

est.)

Major cities -

population

KUALA LUMPUR (capital)

6.837 million; Johor Bahru

912,000 (2015)

JAKARTA (capital) 10.323

million; Surabaya 2.853 million;

Bandung 2.544 million; Medan

2.204 million; Semarang 1.63

million; Makassar 1.489 million

(2015)

Maternal

mortality rate

40 deaths/100,000 live births

(2015 est.)

126 deaths/100,000 live births

(2015 est.)

Children under

the age of 5

years

underweight

12.4% (2015) 19.9% (2013)

Malaysia Indonesia

Health

expenditures

4.2% of GDP (2014) 2.8% of GDP (2014)

Physicians

density

1.28 physicians/1,000

population (2011)

0.2 physicians/1,000 population

(2012)

Hospital bed

density

1.9 beds/1,000 population

(2012)

0.9 beds/1,000 population

(2012)

Obesity - adult

prevalence rate

15.6% (2016) 6.9% (2016)

Contraceptive

prevalence rate

52.2% (2014) 61.1% (2015)

Dependency

ratios

total dependency ratio: 44.6

youth dependency

ratio: 36.1

elderly dependency

ratio: 8.5

potential support ratio: 11.8

(2015 est.)

total dependency ratio: 49.2

youth dependency ratio: 41.6

elderly dependency ratio: 7.6

potential support ratio: 13.2

(2015 est.)

Government

Malaysia Indonesia

Country name "conventional long

form: none

conventional short

form: Malaysia

local long form: none

local short form: Malaysia

former: Federation of

Malaya

etymology: the name means

""Land of the Malays""

"

"conventional long

form: Republic of Indonesia

conventional short

form: Indonesia

local long form: Republik

Indonesia

local short form: Indonesia

former: Netherlands East Indies,

Dutch East Indies

etymology: the name is an 18th-

century construct of two Greek

words, ""Indos"" (India) and

""nesoi"" (islands), meaning

""Indian islands""

"

Malaysia Indonesia

Government

type

federal parliamentary

constitutional monarchy

note: all Peninsular

Malaysian states have

hereditary rulers (commonly

referred to as sultans) except

Melaka (Malacca) and Pulau

Pinang (Penang); those two

states along with Sabah and

Sarawak in East Malaysia

have governors appointed by

government; powers of state

governments are limited by

federal constitution; under

terms of federation, Sabah

and Sarawak retain certain

constitutional prerogatives

(e.g., right to maintain their

own immigration controls)

presidential republic

Capital name: Kuala Lumpur; note -

nearby Putrajaya is referred

to as a federal government

administrative center but not

the capital; Parliament meets

in Kuala Lumpur

geographic coordinates: 3

10 N, 101 42 E

time difference: UTC+8 (13

hours ahead of Washington,

DC, during Standard Time)

name: Jakarta

geographic coordinates: 6 10 S,

106 49 E

time difference: UTC+7 (12

hours ahead of Washington, DC,

during Standard Time)

note: Indonesia has three time

zones

Administrativ

e divisions

13 states (negeri-negeri,

singular - negeri); Johor,

Kedah, Kelantan, Melaka,

Negeri Sembilan, Pahang,

Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang,

Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor,

Terengganu; and 1 federal

territory (Wilayah

Persekutuan) with 3

components, Kuala Lumpur,

Labuan, and Putrajaya

31 provinces (provinsi-provinsi,

singular - provinsi), 1

autonomous province*, 1 special

region** (daerah-daerah

istimewa, singular - daerah

istimewa), and 1 national capital

district*** (daerah khusus

ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten,

Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta

Raya***, Jambi, Jawa Barat

(West Java), Jawa Tengah

(Central Java), Jawa Timur (East

Java), Kalimantan Barat (West

Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan

Malaysia Indonesia

(South Kalimantan), Kalimantan

Tengah (Central Kalimantan),

Kalimantan Timur (East

Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara

(North Kalimantan), Kepulauan

Bangka Belitung (Bangka

Belitung Islands), Kepulauan

Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung,

Maluku, Maluku Utara (North

Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat

(West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa

Tenggara Timur (East Nusa

Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat

(West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi

Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi

Selatan (South Sulawesi),

Sulawesi Tengah (Central

Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara

(Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi

Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera

Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera

Selatan (South Sumatra),

Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra),

Yogyakarta**

note: following the

implementation of

decentralization beginning on 1

January 2001, regencies and

municipalities have become the

key administrative units

responsible for providing most

government services

Independence 31 August 1957 (from the

UK)

17 August 1945 (declared

independence from the

Netherlands)

National

holiday

Independence Day (or

Merdeka Day), 31 August

(1957) (independence of

Malaya); Malaysia Day, 16

September (1963) (formation

of Malaysia)

Independence Day, 17 August

(1945)

Malaysia Indonesia

Constitution previous 1948; latest drafted

21 February 1957, effective

27 August 1957; amended

many times, last in 2010

(2016)

"drafted July to August 1945,

effective 17 August 1945,

abrogated by 1949 and 1950

constitutions, 1945 constitution

restored 5 July 1959; amended

several times, last in 2002; note -

an amendment on ""national

character building and national

consciousness awareness"" was

pending parliamentary review in

early 2016 (2016)

"

Legal system mixed legal system of

English common law,

Islamic law, and customary

law; judicial review of

legislative acts in the Federal

Court at request of supreme

head of the federation

civil law system based on the

Roman-Dutch model and

influenced by customary law

Suffrage 21 years of age; universal 17 years of age; universal and

married persons regardless of age

Executive

branch

chief of state: King

MUHAMMAD V (formerly

known as Tuanku

Muhammad Faris Petra)

(selected on 14 October

2016; installed on 13

December 2016); note - the

position of the king is

primarily ceremonial, but he

is the final arbiter on the

appointment of the prime

minister

head of government: Prime

Minister Mohamed NAJIB

bin Abdul Najib Razak (since

3 April 2009); Deputy Prime

Minister Ahmad ZAHID

Hamidi (since 29 July 2015)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed

by the prime minister from

among members of

chief of state: President Joko

WIDODO (since 20 October

2014); Vice President Jusuf

KALLA (since 20 October 2014);

note - the president is both chief

of state and head of government

head of government: President

Joko WIDODO (since 20 October

2014); Vice President Jusuf

KALLA (since 20 October 2014)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the

president

elections/appointments: presiden

t and vice president directly

elected by absolute majority

popular vote for a 5-year term

(eligible for a second term);

election last held on 9 July 2014

(next to be held in 2019)

election results: Joko WIDODO

elected president; percent of vote

Malaysia Indonesia

Parliament with the consent

of the king

elections/appointments: kin

g elected by and from the

hereditary rulers of 9 states

for a 5-year term; election is

on a rotational basis among

rulers of the 9 states; election

last held on 14 October 2016

(next to be held in 2021);

prime minister designated

from among members of the

House of Representatives;

following legislative

elections, the leader who

commands support of the

majority of members in the

House becomes prime

minister

election results: Mohamed

NAJIB bin Abdul Najib

Razak (UMNO) sworn in as

prime minister for second

term on 3 April 2009

- Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 53.2%,

PRABOWO Subianto

(GERINDRA) 46.8%

Legislative

branch

description: bicameral

Parliament or Parlimen

consists of the Senate or

Dewan Negara (70 seats; 44

members appointed by the

king and 26 indirectly elected

by 13 state legislatures;

members serve 3-year terms)

and the House of

Representatives or Dewan

Rakyat (222 seats; members

directly elected in single-seat

constituencies by simple

majority vote to serve 5-year

terms)

elections: House of

Representatives - last held on

5 May 2013 (next to be held

by 24 August 2018)

election results: House of

Representatives - percent of

description: bicameral People's

Consultative Assembly or Majelis

Permusyawaratan Rakyat consists

of the Regional Representative

Council or Dewan Perwakilan

Daerah (132 seats; non-partisan

members directly elected in multi-

seat constituencies - 4 each from

the country's 33 electoral districts

- by proportional representation

vote to serve 5-year terms) and

the House of Representatives or

Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (560

seats; members directly elected in

multi-seat constituencies by

single non-transferable vote to

serve 5-year terms); note - the

Regional Council has no

legislative authority

elections: last held on 9 April

2014 (next to be held in 2019)

Malaysia Indonesia

vote by party/coalition - BN

47.4%, People's Alliance

(DAP, PAS, PKR) 50.9%,

other 1.7%; seats by

party/coalition - BN 133,

People's Alliance (DAP,

PAS, PKR) 89

note: seats by party/coalition

as of October 2016 - BN 132,

PH 72 (DAP 37, PKR 28,

AMANAH 6, PPBM 1), PAS

14, WARISAN 2, PSM 1,

independent 1

election results: Regional

Representative Council - all seats

elected on a non-partisan basis;

House of Representatives -

percent of vote by party - PDI-P

19.0%, Golkar 14.8%, Gerindra

11.8%, PD 10.2%, PKB 9.0%,

PAN 2.6%, PKS 6.8%, NasDem

6.7%, PPP 6.5%, Hanura 5.3%,

other 7.9%; seats by party - PDI-P

109, Golkar 91, Gerindra 73, PD

61, PAN 48, PKB 47, PKS 40,

PPP 39, NasDem 36, Hanura 16

Judicial

branch

highest court(s): Federal

Court (consists of the chief

justice, president of the Court

of Appeal, chief justice of the

High Court of Malaya, chief

judge of the High Court of

Sabah and Sarawak and 7

judges); note - Malaysia has

a dual judicial hierarchy of

civil and religious (sharia)

courts

judge selection and term of

office: Federal Court justices

appointed by the monarch on

advice of the prime minister;

judges serve until mandatory

retirement at age 65

subordinate courts: Court

of Appeal; High Court;

Sessions Court; Magistrates'

Court

highest court(s): Supreme Court

or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges

divided into 8 chambers);

Constitutional Court or

Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of

9 judges)

judge selection and term of

office: Supreme Court judges

nominated by Judicial

Commission, appointed by

president with concurrence of

parliament; judges serve until

retirement at age 65;

Constitutional Court judges - 3

nominated by president, 3 by

Supreme Court, and 3 by

parliament; judges appointed by

the president; judges serve until

mandatory retirement at age 70

subordinate courts: High Courts

of Appeal, district courts,

religious courts

Political

parties and

leaders

National Front (Barisan

Nasional) or BN: Gerakan

Rakyat Malaysia Party or

GERAKAN [MAH Siew

Keong]

Liberal Democratic Party

(Parti Liberal Demokratik -

Sabah) or LDP [TEO Chee

Kang]

Democrat Party or PD [Susilo

Bambang YUDHOYONO]

Functional Groups Party or

GOLKAR [Setya NOVANTO]

Great Indonesia Movement Party

or GERINDRA [PRABOWO

Subianto Djojohadikusumo]

Indonesia Democratic Party-

Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI

Malaysia Indonesia

Malaysian Chinese

Association (Persatuan China

Malaysia) or MCA [LIOW

Tiong Lai]

Malaysian Indian Congress

(Kongres India Malaysia) or

MIC [S. SUBRAMANIAM]

Parti Bersatu Sabah or PBS

[Joseph PAIRIN Kitingan]

Sarawak United People's

Party (Parti Bersatu Rakyat

Sarawak) or SUPP [Dr. SIM

Kui Hian]

United Malays National

Organization or UMNO

[NAJIB bin Abdul Razak]

United Pasokmomogun

Kadazandusun Murut

Organization (Pertubuhan

Pasko Momogun Kadazan

Dusun Bersatu) or UPKO

[Wilfred Madius TANGAU]

Coalition of Hope (Pakatan

Harapan) or PH (formerly

the People's Alliance):: Democratic

Action Party (Parti Tindakan

Demokratik) or DAP [TAN

Kok Wai, Acting National

Chairman]

National Trust Party (Parti

Amanah Negara) or

AMANAH [Mohamad

SABU]

People's Justice Party (Parti

Keadilan Rakyat) or PKR

[WAN AZIZAH Wan Ismail]

Parti Pribumi Bersatu

Malaysia or PPBM

[MAHATHIR Mohamad]

Other: Islamic Party of

Malaysia (Parti Islam se

Malaysia) or PAS [Abdul

HADI Awang]

Sabah Heritage Party or

WARISAN [Shafie APDAL]

Socialist Party of Malaysia

Sukarnoputri]

National Awakening Party or

PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR]

National Democratic Party or

Nasdem [Surya PALOH]

National Mandate Party or PAN

[Zulkifli HASAN]

People's Conscience Party or

HANURA [WIRANTO]

Prosperous Justice Party or PKS

[Muhammad Sohibul IMAN]

United Development Party or PPP

[Muhammad

ROMAHURMUZIY]

Malaysia Indonesia

(Parti Sosialis Malaysia) or

PSM [Mohd Nasir HASHIM]

Political

pressure

groups and

leaders

Bar Council

BERSIH (electoral reform

coalition)

ISMA (Muslim NGO)

PERKASA (defense of

Malay rights)

other: religious groups;

women's groups; youth

groups

"Commission for the

""Disappeared"" and Victims of

Violence or KontraS

Indonesia Corruption Watch or

ICW

Indonesian Forum for the

Environment or WALHI

"

International

organization

participation

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN,

BIS, C, CICA (observer),

CP, D-8, EAS, FAO, G-15,

G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

ICC (national committees),

ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD,

IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,

IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC,

IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC

(NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO,

MONUSCO, NAM, OIC,

OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner),

UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD,

UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL,

UNISFA, UNMIL, UNWTO,

UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs),

WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS,

CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8,

EAS, EITI (compliant country),

FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77,

IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC

(national committees), ICRM,

IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,

IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO,

Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer),

IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU,

ITUC (NGOs), MIGA,

MINURSO, MINUSTAH,

MONUSCO, MSG (associate

member), NAM, OECD

(enhanced engagement), OIC,

OPCW, PIF (partner), UN,

UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO,

UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA,

UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO,

WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO,

WMO, WTO

Diplomatic

representation

in the US

chief of

mission: Ambassador

ZULHASNAN Rafique

(since 9 January 2017)

chancery: 3516 International

Court NW, Washington, DC

20008

telephone: [1] (202) 572-

9700

FAX: [1] (202) 572-9882

chief of mission: Ambassador

Budi BOWOLEKSONO (since

21 May 2014)

chancery: 2020 Massachusetts

Avenue NW, Washington, DC

20036

telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200

FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365

consulate(s) general: Chicago,

Malaysia Indonesia

consulate(s) general: Los

Angeles, New York

Houston, Los Angeles, New

York, San Francisco

Diplomatic

representation

from the US

chief of

mission: Ambassador

Kamala Shirin LAKHDIR

(since 21 February 2017)

embassy: 376 Jalan Tun

Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur

mailing address: US

Embassy Kuala Lumpur,

APO AP 96535-8152

telephone: [60] (3) 2168-

5000

FAX: [60] (3) 2142-2207

chief of mission: Ambassador

Joseph R. DONOVAN, Jr. (since

12 January 2017)

embassy: Jalan Medan Merdeka

Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110

mailing address: Unit 8129, Box

1, FPO AP 96520

telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000

FAX: [62] (21) 386-2259

consulate general: Surabaya

consulate: Medan

Flag

description

14 equal horizontal stripes of

red (top) alternating with

white (bottom); there is a

dark blue rectangle in the

upper hoist-side corner

bearing a yellow crescent and

a yellow 14-pointed star; the

flag is often referred to as

Jalur Gemilang (Stripes of

Glory); the 14 stripes stand

for the equal status in the

federation of the 13 member

states and the federal

government; the 14 points on

the star represent the unity

between these entities; the

crescent is a traditional

symbol of Islam; blue

symbolizes the unity of the

Malay people and yellow is

the royal color of Malay

rulers

note: the design is based on

the flag of the US

two equal horizontal bands of red

(top) and white; the colors derive

from the banner of the Majapahit

Empire of the 13th-15th centuries;

red symbolizes courage, white

represents purity

note: similar to the flag of

Monaco, which is shorter; also

similar to the flag of Poland,

which is white (top) and red

National

anthem

"name: ""Negaraku"" (My

Country)

lyrics/music: collective, led

by Tunku ABDUL

"name: ""Indonesia Raya""

(Great Indonesia)

lyrics/music: Wage Rudolf

SOEPRATMAN

Malaysia Indonesia

RAHMAN/Pierre Jean DE

BERANGER

note: adopted 1957; full

version only performed in the

presence of the king; the

tune, which was adopted

from a popular French

melody titled ""La Rosalie,""

was originally the anthem of

Perak, one of Malaysia's 13

states

"

note: adopted 1945

"

International

law

organization

participation

has not submitted an ICJ

jurisdiction declaration; non-

party state to the ICCt

has not submitted an ICJ

jurisdiction declaration; non-party

state to the ICCt

National

symbol(s)

tiger, hibiscus; national

colors: red, white, blue,

yellow

garuda (mythical bird); national

colors: red, white

Citizenship citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent

only: at least one parent must

be a citizen of Malaysia

dual citizenship

recognized: no

residency requirement for

naturalization: 10 out 12

years preceding application

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at

least one parent must be a citizen

of Indonesia

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for

naturalization: 5 continuous

years

Economy

Malaysia Indonesia

Economy -

overview

Malaysia, an upper middle-

income country, has

transformed itself since the

1970s from a producer of raw

materials into a multi-sector

economy. Under current

Prime Minister NAJIB,

Malaysia is attempting to

Indonesia, the largest

economy in Southeast Asia,

has seen a slowdown in

growth since 2012, mostly due

to the end of the commodities

export boom. During the

global financial crisis,

Indonesia outperformed its

Malaysia Indonesia

achieve high-income status by

2020 and to move further up

the value-added production

chain by attracting

investments in high

technology, knowledge-based

industries and services.

NAJIB's Economic

Transformation Program is a

series of projects and policy

measures intended to

accelerate the country's

economic growth. The

government has also taken

steps to liberalize some

services sub-sectors. Malaysia

is vulnerable to a fall in world

commodity prices or a general

slowdown in global economic

activity.

The NAJIB administration is

continuing efforts to boost

domestic demand and reduce

the economy's dependence on

exports. Domestic demand

continues to anchor economic

growth, supported mainly by

private consumption, which

accounts for 53% of GDP.

Nevertheless, exports -

particularly of electronics, oil

and gas, and palm oil - remain

a significant driver of the

economy. In 2015, gross

exports of goods and services

were equivalent to 73% of

GDP. The oil and gas sector

supplied about 22% of

government revenue in 2015,

down significantly from prior

years amid a decline in

commodity prices and

diversification of government

revenues. Malaysia has

embarked on a fiscal reform

program aimed at achieving a

regional neighbors and joined

China and India as the only

G20 members posting growth.

Indonesia’s annual budget

deficit is capped at 3% of

GDP, and the Government of

Indonesia lowered its debt-to-

GDP ratio from a peak of

100% shortly after the Asian

financial crisis in 1999 to 33%

today. While Fitch and

Moody's Investors upgraded

Indonesia's credit rating to

investment grade in December

2011, Standard & Poor’s has

yet to raise Indonesia’s rating

to this status amid several

constraints to foreign direct

investment in the country,

such as a high level of

protectionism.

Indonesia still struggles with

poverty and unemployment,

inadequate infrastructure,

corruption, a complex

regulatory environment, and

unequal resource distribution

among its regions. President

Joko WIDODO - elected in

July 2014 – seeks to develop

Indonesia’s maritime

resources and pursue other

infrastructure development,

including significantly

increasing its electrical power

generation capacity. Fuel

subsidies were significantly

reduced in early 2015, a move

which has helped the

government redirect its

spending to development

priorities. Indonesia, with the

nine other ASEAN members,

will continue to move towards

participation in the ASEAN

Economic Community,

Malaysia Indonesia

balanced budget by 2020,

including rationalization of

subsidies and the 2015

introduction of a 6% value

added tax. Sustained low

commodity prices throughout

the period not only strained

government finances, but also

shrunk Malaysia’s current

account surplus and weighed

heavily on the Malaysian

ringgit, which was among the

region’s worst performing

currencies during 2013-17.

The ringgit hit new lows

following the US presidential

election amid a broader selloff

of emerging market assets.

Bank Negara Malaysia (the

central bank) maintains

adequate foreign exchange

reserves; a well-developed

regulatory regime has limited

Malaysia's exposure to riskier

financial instruments,

although it remains vulnerable

to volatile global capital

flows. In order to increase

Malaysia’s competitiveness,

Prime Minister NAJIB raised

possible revisions to the

special economic and social

preferences accorded to ethnic

Malays under the New

Economic Policy of 1970, but

retreated in 2013 after he

encountered significant

opposition from Malay

nationalists and other vested

interests. In September 2013

NAJIB launched the new

Bumiputra Economic

Empowerment Program,

policies that favor and

advance the economic

condition of ethnic Malays.

though full implementation of

economic integration has not

yet materialized.

Malaysia Indonesia

Malaysia signed the 12-nation

Trans-Pacific Partnership

(TPP) free trade agreement in

February 2016, although the

future of the TPP remains

unclear following the US

withdrawal from the

agreement. Along with nine

other ASEAN members,

Malaysia established the

ASEAN Economic

Community in 2015, which

aims to advance regional

economic integration.

GDP

(purchasing

power parity)

$926.1 billion (2017 est.)

$878.4 billion (2016 est.)

$842.8 billion (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

$3.243 trillion (2017 est.)




GDP - real

growth rate

5.4% (2017 est.)

4.2% (2016 est.)

5% (2015 est.)

5.2% (2017 est.)

5% (2016 est.)

4.9% (2015 est.)

GDP - per capita

(PPP)

$28,900 (2017 est.)

$27,800 (2016 est.)

$27,000 (2015 est.)


$12,400 (2017 est.)

$11,900 (2016 est.)

$11,500 (2015 est.)


GDP -

composition by

sector

agriculture: 8.4%

industry: 36.9%

services: 54.7% (2017 est.)

agriculture: 13.9%

industry: 40.3%

services: 45.9% (2017 est.)

Population

below poverty

line

3.8% (2009 est.) 10.9% (2016 est.)

Household

income or

consumption by

percentage share

lowest 10%: 1.8%

highest 10%: 34.7% (2009

est.)

lowest 10%: 3.4%

highest 10%: 28.2% (2010)

Malaysia Indonesia

Inflation rate

(consumer

prices)

3.8% (2017 est.)

2.1% (2016 est.)

note: approximately 30% of

goods are price-controlled

4% (2017 est.)

3.5% (2016 est.)

Labor force 14.94 million (2017 est.) 126.1 million (2017 est.)

Labor force - by

occupation

agriculture: 11%

industry: 36%

services: 53% (2012 est.)

agriculture: 32%

industry: 21%

services: 47% (2016 est.)

Unemployment

rate

3.4% (2017 est.)

3.5% (2016 est.)

5.4% (2017 est.)

5.6% (2016 est.)

Distribution of

family income -

Gini index

46.2 (2009)

49.2 (1997)

36.8 (2009)

39.4 (2005)

Budget revenues: $51.23 billion

expenditures: $60.26 billion

(2017 est.)

revenues: $130.6 billion

expenditures: $154.8 billion

(2017 est.)

Industries Peninsular Malaysia - rubber

and oil palm processing and

manufacturing, petroleum and

natural gas, light

manufacturing,

pharmaceuticals, medical

technology, electronics and

semiconductors, timber

processing; Sabah - logging,

petroleum and natural gas

production; Sarawak -

agriculture processing,

petroleum and natural gas

production, logging

petroleum and natural gas,

textiles, automotive, electrical

appliances, apparel, footwear,

mining, cement, medical

instruments and appliances,

handicrafts, chemical

fertilizers, plywood, rubber,

processed food, jewelry, and

tourism

Industrial

production

growth rate

4.6% (2017 est.) 3.8% (2017 est.)

Malaysia Indonesia

Agriculture -

products

Peninsular Malaysia - palm

oil, rubber, cocoa, rice; Sabah

- palm oil, subsistence crops;

rubber, timber; Sarawak -

palm oil, rubber, timber;

pepper

rubber and similar products,

palm oil, poultry, beef, forest

products, shrimp, cocoa,

coffee, medicinal herbs,

essential oil, fish and its

similar products, and spices

Exports $188.2 billion (2017 est.)

$165.3 billion (2016 est.)

$157.8 billion (2017 est.)

$144.4 billion (2016 est.)

Exports -

commodities

semiconductors and electronic

equipment, palm oil,

petroleum and liquefied

natural gas, wood and wood

products, palm oil, rubber,

textiles, chemicals, solar

panels

mineral fuels, animal or

vegetable fats (includes palm

oil), electrical machinery,

rubber, machinery and

mechanical appliance parts

Exports -

partners

Singapore 14.7%, China

12.6%, US 10.3%, Japan

8.1%, Thailand 5.7%, Hong

Kong 4.8%, India 4.1%

(2016)

China 11.6%, US 11.2%,

Japan 11.1%, Singapore 7.8%,

India 7%, Malaysia 4.9%,

South Korea 4.8% (2016)

Imports $163.4 billion (2017 est.)

$140.9 billion (2016 est.)

$142.3 billion (2017 est.)

$129 billion (2016 est.)

Imports -

commodities

electronics, machinery,

petroleum products, plastics,

vehicles, iron and steel

products, chemicals

mineral fuels, boilers,

machinery, and mechanical

parts, electric machinery, iron

and steel, foodstuffs

Imports -

partners

China 19.4%, Singapore

9.8%, Japan 7.7%, US 7.6%,

Thailand 5.8%, South Korea

5%, Indonesia 4% (2016)

China 22.9%, Singapore

10.8%, Japan 9.6%, Thailand

6.4%, US 5.4%, Malaysia

5.4%, South Korea 5% (2016)

Debt - external $213 billion (31 December

2017 est.)

$195.3 billion (31 December

2016 est.)


2017 est.)


2016 est.)

Malaysia Indonesia

Exchange rates ringgits (MYR) per US dollar

-

4.343 (2017 est.)

4.15 (2016 est.)

4.15 (2015 est.)

3.91 (2014 est.)

3.27 (2013 est.)

Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per

US dollar -

13,360.1 (2017 est.)

13,308.3 (2016 est.)

13,308.3 (2015 est.)

13,389.4 (2014 est.)

11,865.2 (2013 est.)

Fiscal year calendar year calendar year

Public debt 52.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

52.7% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: this figure is based on

the amount of federal

government debt, RM501.6

billion ($167.2 billion) in

2012; this includes Malaysian

Treasury bills and other

government securities, as well

as loans raised externally and

bonds and notes issued

overseas; this figure excludes

debt issued by non-financial

public enterprises and

guaranteed by the federal

government, which was an

additional $47.7 billion in

2012

33.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

31.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

Reserves of

foreign exchange

and gold


2017 est.)


2016 est.)


2017 est.)


2016 est.)

Current Account

Balance

$7.486 billion (2017 est.)

$6.996 billion (2016 est.)

-$17.03 billion (2017 est.)

-$16.77 billion (2016 est.)

GDP (official

exchange rate)

$309.9 billion (2016 est.) $1.011 trillion (2016 est.)

Stock of direct

foreign


2017 est.)


2017 est.)

Malaysia Indonesia

investment - at

home


2016 est.)


2016 est.)

Stock of direct

foreign

investment -

abroad


2017 est.)


2016 est.)


2017 est.)


2016 est.)

Market value of

publicly traded

shares

$383 billion (31 December

2015 est.)

$459 billion (31 December

2014 est.)


2013 est.)


2016 est.)


2015 est.)


2014 est.)

Central bank

discount rate

3% (31 December 2011)

2.83% (31 December 2010)

6.37% (31 December 2010)

6.46% (31 December 2009)

note: this figure represents the

3-month SBI rate; the Bank of

Indonesia has not employed

the one-month SBI since

September 2010

Commercial

bank prime

lending rate

4.5% (31 December 2017 est.)

4.49% (31 December 2016

est.)

11.3% (31 December 2017

est.)

11.89% (31 December 2016

est.)

note: these figures represent

the average annualized rate on

working capital loans

Stock of

domestic credit


2017 est.)


2016 est.)


2017 est.)


2016 est.)

Stock of narrow

money


2017 est.)


2016 est.)


2017 est.)


2016 est.)

Malaysia Indonesia

Stock of broad

money


2017 est.)


2016 est.)


2017 est.)


2016 est.)

Taxes and other

revenues

16.5% of GDP (2017 est.) 12.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

Budget surplus

(+) or deficit (-)

-2.9% of GDP (2017 est.) -2.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

Unemployment,

youth ages 15-24

total: 10.7%

male: 9.9%

female: 11.8% (2015 est.)

total: 22.6%

male: 22.3%

female: 23.1% (2015 est.)

GDP -

composition, by

end use

household

consumption: 55.4%

government

consumption: 12.5%

investment in fixed

capital: 26.3%

investment in

inventories: 0.1%

exports of goods and

services: 75.2%

imports of goods and

services: -69.5% (2017 est.)

household

consumption: 57.5%

government

consumption: 8.9%

investment in fixed

capital: 32.1%

investment in

inventories: 0.7%

exports of goods and

services: 19.2%

imports of goods and

services: -18.4% (2017 est.)

Gross national

saving

28% of GDP (2017 est.)

28.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

28.2% of GDP (2015 est.)

32.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

32.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

32.1% of GDP (2015 est.)

Energy

Malaysia Indonesia

Electricity - production 141.9 billion kWh (2015

est.)

221.3 billion kWh (2015

est.)

Electricity -

consumption

133 billion kWh (2015

est.)

199.3 billion kWh (2015

est.)

Malaysia Indonesia

Electricity - exports 3 million kWh (2015 est.) 0 kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - imports 13 million kWh (2015

est.)

13 million kWh (2015 est.)

Oil - production 666,900 bbl/day (2016

est.)

831,100 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Oil - imports 194,400 bbl/day (2014

est.)

507,900 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Oil - exports 310,900 bbl/day (2014

est.)

289,300 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Oil - proved reserves 3.6 billion bbl (1 January

2017 es)

3.23 billion bbl (1 January

2017 es)

Natural gas - proved

reserves

1.183 trillion cu m (1

January 2017 es)

2.775 trillion cu m (1

January 2017 es)

Natural gas -

production

63.43 billion cu m (2015

est.)

72.8 billion cu m (2015 est.)

Natural gas -

consumption


est.)


est.)

Natural gas - exports 34.99 billion cu m (2015

est.)


est.)

Natural gas - imports 3.27 billion cu m (2015

est.)

1.8 billion cu m (2014 est.)

Electricity - installed

generating capacity

33.34 million kW (2015

est.)

57.35 million kW (2015

est.)

Electricity - from fossil

fuels

82.1% of total installed

capacity (2015 est.)



Malaysia Indonesia

Electricity - from

hydroelectric plants

14% of total installed




Electricity - from

nuclear fuels





Electricity - from other

renewable sources





Refined petroleum

products - production

512,900 bbl/day (2014

est.)

990,700 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Refined petroleum

products - consumption

760,000 bbl/day (2015

est.)

1.708 million bbl/day (2015

est.)

Refined petroleum

products - exports

231,400 bbl/day (2014

est.)

98,780 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Refined petroleum

products - imports

409,500 bbl/day (2014

est.)

668,500 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Carbon dioxide

emissions from

consumption of energy

208 million Mt (2013

est.)

442 million Mt (2013 est.)

Electricity access population without

electricity: 100,000

electrification - total

population: 99.5%

electrification - urban

areas: 99.8%

electrification - rural

areas: 98.7% (2013)

population without

electricity: 48,700,000

electrification - total

population: 81%

electrification - urban

areas: 94%

electrification - rural

areas: 66% (2013)

Telecommunications

Malaysia Indonesia

Telephones

- main lines

in use

total subscriptions: 4,510,200

subscriptions per 100

inhabitants: 15 (July 2016 est.)

total subscriptions: 10,372,912



Telephones

- mobile

cellular

total: 43,912,600


inhabitants: 142 (July 2016

est.)

total: 385,573,398



Telephone

system

general assessment: modern

system featuring good intercity

service on Peninsular Malaysia

provided mainly by microwave

radio relay and an adequate

intercity microwave radio relay

network between Sabah and

Sarawak via Brunei;

international service excellent

domestic: domestic satellite

system with 2 earth stations;

combined fixed-line and mobile-

cellular teledensity exceeds 155

per 100 persons

international: country code -

60; landing point for several

major international submarine

cable networks that provide

connectivity to Asia, Middle

East, and Europe; satellite earth

stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian

Ocean, 1 Pacific Ocean) (2016)

general assessment: domestic

service includes an interisland

microwave system, an HF radio

police net, and a domestic

satellite communications system;

international service good

domestic: coverage provided by

existing network has been

expanded by use of over 200,000

telephone kiosks many located in

remote areas; mobile-cellular

subscribership growing rapidly

international: country code - 62;

landing point for both the SEA-

ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4

submarine cable networks that

provide links throughout Asia,

the Middle East, and Europe;

satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat

(1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific

Ocean) (2015)

Internet

country

code

.my .id

Internet

users

total: 24,384,952

percent of population: 78.8%

(July 2016 est.)

total: 65,525,226

percent of population: 25.4%

(July 2016 est.)

Broadcast

media

state-owned TV broadcaster

operates 2 TV networks with

relays throughout the country,

mixture of about a dozen national

TV networks - 2 public

broadcasters, the remainder

Malaysia Indonesia

and the leading private

commercial media group

operates 4 TV stations with

numerous relays throughout the

country; satellite TV

subscription service is available;

state-owned radio broadcaster

operates multiple national

networks, as well as regional

and local stations; many private

commercial radio broadcasters

and some subscription satellite

radio services are available;

about 55 radio stations overall

(2012)

private broadcasters - each with

multiple transmitters; more than

100 local TV stations;

widespread use of satellite and

cable TV systems; public radio

broadcaster operates 6 national

networks, as well as regional and

local stations; overall, more than

700 radio stations with more than

650 privately operated (2008)

Transportation

Malaysia Indonesia

Railways total: 1,851 km

standard gauge: 59 km

1.435-m gauge (59 km

electrified)

narrow gauge: 1,792 km

1.000-m gauge (339 km

electrified) (2014)

total: 8,159 km

narrow gauge: 8,159 km 1.067-

m gauge (565 km electrified)

note: 4,816 km operational

(2014)

Roadways total: 144,403 km (excludes

local roads)

paved: 116,169 km (includes

1,821 km of expressways)

unpaved: 28,234 km (2010)

total: 496,607 km

paved: 283,102 km

unpaved: 213,505 km (2011)

Waterways 7,200 km (Peninsular

Malaysia 3,200 km; Sabah

1,500 km; Sarawak 2,500 km)

(2011)

21,579 km (2011)

Pipelines condensate 354 km; gas 6,439

km; liquid petroleum gas 155

km; oil 1,937 km;

oil/gas/water 43 km; refined

condensate 1,064 km;

condensate/gas 150 km; gas

11,702 km; liquid petroleum gas

119 km; oil 7,767 km;

oil/gas/water 77 km; refined

Malaysia Indonesia

products 114 km; water 26 km

(2013)

products 728 km; unknown 53

km; water 44 km (2013)

Ports and

terminals

major seaport(s): Bintulu,

Johor Bahru, George Town

(Penang), Port Kelang (Port

Klang), Tanjung Pelepas

container port(s)

(TEUs): George Town

(Penang) (1,317,000), Port

Kelang (Port Klang)

(11,887,000), Tanjung Pelepas

(8,797,000) (2015)

LNG terminal(s)

(export): Bintulu (Sarawak)

LNG terminal(s)

(import): Sungei Udang

major seaport(s): Banjarmasin,

Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg

Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang,

Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak,

Tanjung Priok

container port(s)

(TEUs): Belawan (1,197,000),

Tanjung Priok (5,154,000) (2015)

LNG terminal(s)

(export): Bontang, Tangguh

LNG terminal(s)

(import): Arun, Lampung, West

Java

Merchant

marine

total: 1,690

by type: bulk carrier 12,

container ship 26, general

cargo 188, oil tanker 129,

other 1,335 (2017)

total: 8,782

by type: bulk carrier 81, container

ship 194, general cargo 2,142, oil

tanker 544, other 5,821 (2017)

Airports 114 (2013) 673 (2013)

Airports -

with paved

runways

total: 39

over 3,047 m: 8

2,438 to 3,047 m: 8

1,524 to 2,437 m: 7

914 to 1,523 m: 8

under 914 m: 8 (2017)

total: 186

over 3,047 m: 5

2,438 to 3,047 m: 21

1,524 to 2,437 m: 51

914 to 1,523 m: 72

under 914 m: 37 (2017)

Airports -

with

unpaved

runways

total: 75

914 to 1,523 m: 6

under 914 m: 69 (2013)

total: 487

1,524 to 2,437 m: 4

914 to 1,523 m: 23

under 914 m: 460 (2013)

Heliports 4 (2013) 76 (2013)

Malaysia Indonesia

National air

transport

system

number of registered air

carriers: 12

inventory of registered

aircraft operated by air

carriers: 263

annual passenger traffic on

registered air

carriers: 50,347,149

annual freight traffic on

registered air

carriers: 2,005,979,379 mt-

km (2015)

number of registered air

carriers: 29

inventory of registered aircraft

operated by air carriers: 550

annual passenger traffic on

registered air

carriers: 88,685,767

annual freight traffic on

registered air

carriers: 747,473,207 mt-km

(2015)

Civil aircraft

registration

country code

prefix

9M (2016) PK (2016)

Military

Malaysia Indonesia

Military

branches

Malaysian Armed Forces

(Angkatan Tentera

Malaysia, ATM):

Malaysian Army (Tentera

Darat Malaysia), Royal

Malaysian Navy (Tentera

Laut Diraja Malaysia,

TLDM), Royal Malaysian

Air Force (Tentera Udara

Diraja Malaysia, TUDM)

(2013)

Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara

Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army

(TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)),

Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-

AL), includes marines (Korps

Marinir, KorMar), naval air arm),

Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara

(TNI-AU)), National Air Defense

Command (Kommando Pertahanan

Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas))

(2013)

Military

service age

and obligation

17 years 6 months of age

for voluntary military

service (younger with

parental consent and proof

of age); mandatory

retirement age 60; women

serve in the Malaysian

Armed Forces; no

conscription (2013)

18-45 years of age for voluntary

military service, with selective

conscription authorized; 2-year

service obligation, with reserve

obligation to age 45 (officers);

Indonesian citizens only (2012)

Malaysia Indonesia

Military

expenditures -

percent of

GDP

1.41% of GDP (2016)

1.53% of GDP (2015)

1.46% of GDP (2014)

1.52% of GDP (2013)

1.43% of GDP (2012)

0.88% of GDP (2016)

0.89% of GDP (2015)

0.78% of GDP (2014)

0.92% of GDP (2013)

0.71% of GDP (2012)

Transnational Issues

Malaysia Indonesia

Disputes -

international

"while the 2002 ""Declaration

on the Conduct of Parties in the

South China Sea"" has eased

tensions over the Spratly

Islands, it is not the legally

binding ""code of conduct""

sought by some parties;

Malaysia was not party to the

March 2005 joint accord among

the national oil companies of

China, the Philippines, and

Vietnam on conducting marine

seismic activities in the Spratly

Islands; disputes continue over

deliveries of fresh water to

Singapore, Singapore's land

reclamation, bridge

construction, and maritime

boundaries in the Johor and

Singapore Straits; in 2008, ICJ

awarded sovereignty of Pedra

Branca (Pulau Batu

Puteh/Horsburgh Island) to

Singapore, and Middle Rocks to

Malaysia, but did not rule on

maritime regimes, boundaries,

or disposition of South Ledge;

land and maritime negotiations

with Indonesia are ongoing, and

disputed areas include the

controversial Tanjung Datu and

Camar Wulan border area in

Borneo and the maritime

boundary in the Ambalat oil

block in the Celebes Sea;

separatist violence in Thailand's

Indonesia has a stated foreign

policy objective of establishing

stable fixed land and maritime

boundaries with all of its

neighbors; three stretches of

land borders with Timor-Leste

have yet to be delimited, two of

which are in the Oecussi

exclave area, and no maritime

or Exclusive Economic Zone

(EEZ) boundaries have been

established between the

countries; all borders between

Indonesia and Australia have

been agreed upon bilaterally,

but a 1997 treaty that would

settle the last of their maritime

and EEZ boundary has yet to be

ratified by Indonesia's

legislature; Indonesian groups

challenge Australia's claim to

Ashmore Reef; Australia has

closed parts of the Ashmore and

Cartier Reserve to Indonesian

traditional fishing and placed

restrictions on certain catches;

land and maritime negotiations

with Malaysia are ongoing, and

disputed areas include the

controversial Tanjung Datu and

Camar Wulan border area in

Borneo and the maritime

boundary in the Ambalat oil

block in the Celebes Sea;

Indonesia and Singapore

continue to work on finalizing

Malaysia Indonesia

predominantly Muslim southern

provinces prompts measures to

close and monitor border with

Malaysia to stem terrorist

activities; Philippines retains a

dormant claim to Malaysia's

Sabah State in northern Borneo;

per Letters of Exchange signed

in 2009, Malaysia in 2010

ceded two hydrocarbon

concession blocks to Brunei in

exchange for Brunei's sultan

dropping claims to the Limbang

corridor, which divides Brunei;

piracy remains a problem in the

Malacca Strait

"

their 1973 maritime boundary

agreement by defining

unresolved areas north of

Indonesia's Batam Island;

Indonesian secessionists,

squatters, and illegal migrants

create repatriation problems for

Papua New Guinea; maritime

delimitation talks continue with

Palau; EEZ negotiations with

Vietnam are ongoing, and the

two countries in Fall 2011

agreed to work together to

reduce illegal fishing along their

maritime boundary

Illicit drugs drug trafficking prosecuted

vigorously, including

enforcement of the death

penalty; heroin still primary

drug of abuse, but synthetic

drug demand remains strong;

continued ecstasy and

methamphetamine producer for

domestic users and, to a lesser

extent, the regional drug market

illicit producer of cannabis

largely for domestic use;

producer of methamphetamine

and ecstasy; President

WIDODO's war on drugs has

led to an increase in death

sentences and executions,

particularly of foreign drug

traffickers

Refugees and

internally

displaced

persons

"refugees (country of

origin): 87,036 (Burma) (2016)

stateless persons: 10,931

(2016); note - Malaysia's

stateless population consists of

Rohingya refugees from Burma,

ethnic Indians, and the children

of Filipino and Indonesian

illegal migrants; Burma stripped

the Rohingya of their

nationality in 1982; Filipino and

Indonesian children who have

not been registered for birth

certificates by their parents or

who received birth certificates

stamped ""foreigner"" are not

eligible to attend government

IDPs: 7,100 (inter-communal,

inter-faith, and separatist

violence between 1998 and

2004 in Aceh and Papua;

religious attacks and land

conflicts in 2012 and 2013;

most IDPs in Aceh, Maluku,

East Nusa Tengarra) (2

Malaysia Indonesia

schools; these children are

vulnerable to statelessness

should they not be able to apply

to their parents' country of

origin for passports

"

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