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Unit – I: Introduction & Growth of Hotel Industry in IndiaHotels & the Catering Industry as we know it, started in the 19th century with the development of major cities, easier sea travel & coming up of railways.

In ancient times, travellers were a rarity, but could always rely on a meal on the road side, whilst passing through. As centuries progressed travellers mostly pilgrims would be cared for in the temple or monasteries. During Mogul rule, the forts & their surroundings would cater to the needs of the traveller often in exchange for no more than the story of their adventures during their travel or any news from other towns and villages they passed by.

Development of the hotel and catering industry is often attributed to the development of transportation in a country. In India, resting houses called serais/sarais and dharamshallas were established on high ways by kings and emperors of ancient and medieval periods. This gradually changed with the advent of the Europeans. Movement of people both political and pilgrimage stressed the need for better and improved facilities to cater to the varied needs of the various classes of the society.

In India, development of catering can also be attributed also to the legacy left by people belonging to different cultures and ethnic groups who have ruled her. The moguls, the French, the English all brought their culinary art. Development of catering in India as we see it today is chiefly due to the British, who had introduced hotels and restaurants similar to those found in Europe.

Most of modern hotels that sprouted were managed by European families. The Bombay hotel was opened in 1799. The British brought modern hotels to Kolkata. The Oldest was John Spence's Hotel. Spence's, the first ever hotel in Asia was opened to the public in 1830. The credit for opening the first Western style hotel under the name of British Hotel in Bombay in 1840, goes to Pallonjee Pestonjee was the first hotel to give a la carte and table de hôte menu. Then came the Auckland hotel by David Wilson in Calcutta in the year 1840-41 (now - The Great Eastern Hotel - officially Lalit Great Eastern Hotel) is a colonial era hotel in the Indian city of Kolkata - formerly Calcutta) and Connemara hotel in madras in the year 1870 by E. A. Oakshroff. But now this property belongs to Taj group.

In 1902, the Indian hotels company was started by Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata. In 1903 he raised finance invested his own money, hired the best architects and craftsmen and build the exquisitely beautiful Taj mahal hotel in Bombay with 220 rooms. In 1971-72, a beautiful palace of Rajasthan was linked up to the taj, the lake palace in Udaipur, a marble dream, afloat lake pichola and the Rambagh palace, originally created at the height of Rajput splendor in Jaipur. This chain was born. In 1974, a new company ¡§the oriental hotels limited built the TAJ COROMANDEL hotel in Madras. Fort Aguade beach resort was added to the Taj group whichwas built by Indian resorts hotels ltd.

Mohan Singh Oberoi took Carlton hotel in Shimla on lease in 1927, renamed as Clark¡¦s hotel. He took a building in 1933 and built grand hotel in Calcutta. OBEROI HOTEL PVT. LTD. Was renamed as EAST INDIA HOTELS LTD., and was registered in Calcutta in 1949. Since the 50s there has been so many new hotel chains that formed and paved the way to the present situation of the hotel/ hospitality industry.

The India Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC) was set up in 1966 as a corporation under the Indian Companies Act of 1956, with the merger of Janpath Hotel India Ltd. and India Tourism Transport Undertaking Ltd. Today, ITDC provides a complete range of tourism services, including accommodation, catering, entertainment and shopping, hotel consultancy, duty free shops, and an in-house travel agency.

In 1975 ITDC launched its hotel business with the acquisition of a hotel in Chennai, which was rechristened "Hotel Chola." Three Welcome Group Hotels were commissioned between 1975 and 1977; these were non-franchised hotels, inspired by the slogan "Be Indian, Buy Indian" and using Indian expertise. Ultimately, however, these hotels adopted the Sheraton system in 1978 and used the services of expatriates for the purposes of upgrading staff training and installing Sheraton operating systems-all without a management contract. This gave the Welcome Group a good start.

When India agreed to host the 1982 Asian Games, a boost was given to the country's hotel industry. The government announced a national policy on tourism and outlined the country's tourism development objectives. The government granted licenses for building hotels to the Ta jTaj Palace, Asian Hotels Hyatt Regency, India Tourism Development Corporation - Lodhi Hotel, Samrat Hotel, Kanishka, Le Meridien, and Surya Sofitel, with the stipulation that their new hotels had to be completed in time for the games. India hosted the Commonwealth Games in 2010, at Delhi. It was India's most successful Commonwealth Games to date with Indian athletes winning 38 gold, 27 silver and 36 bronze medals. This also added to growth of hotel industry in India.

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Tourism & Hospitality Industry in India contributed Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEEs) during the month of December 2014 were Rs 12,875 crore (US$ 2.03 billion) as compared to Rs 11,994 crore (US$1.9 billion) in December 2013 and Rs 10,549 crore (US$1.67 billion) in December 2012.The growth rate in FEEs in rupee terms in December 2014 over December 2013 was 7.3 per cent. FEEs from tourism in rupee terms during January-December 2014 were Rs 120,083 (US$ 1,902.53) with a growth of 11.5 per cent over the corresponding period of 2013.

THE STORY OF THE TAJ GROUP OF HOTELSThe Taj group of hotels is one of the largest chains in India with several hotels abroad also. The present hotel, the Taj Mahal hotel, Bombay is rated among the 10 best in the world. The founder of the house of Tatas, Mr. Jamshedji Tata in 1887, formed the Indian hotel company, and built the exquisitely beautiful Taj mahal hotel in Bombay. The door opened in 1903 and has been an important landmark opposite the gateway of India ever since.In 1971, the 220-room Taj mahal hotel in Bombay was converted into a 325 room hotel, and a multi-storey structure was built adjoining the original property.

INDIAN HOTELS CO LTD. (INDHOTEL) - COMPANY HISTORY

Indian Hotels Company Ltd (IHCL) and their subsidiaries are collectively known as Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces and are recognized as one of Asia's largest and finest hotel company. The company together with their subsidiaries and their jointly controlled entities is engaged in the business of hoteliering with the exception of two jointly controlled entities, which are engaged in the business of air catering. The other areas of business include ready to eat/ready to cook foods business. The company's subsidiaries include TIFCO Holdings Ltd, KTC Hotels Ltd, United Hotels Ltd, Roots Corporation Ltd, Taj SATS Air Catering Ltd, Residency Foods & Beverages Ltd, Innovative Foods Ltd, Taj International Hotels (H.K.) Ltd, Chieftain Corporation NV, IHOCO BV, St. James Court Hotels Ltd, Taj International Hotels Ltd, International Hotel Management Services Inc, IHMS (Australia) Pty Ltd and Apex Hotel Management Services (Pte) Ltd. The company's jointly controlled entities include IHMS Hotels (SA) (Proprietary) Ltd, Taj Karnataka Hotels & Resorts Ltd and Taj GVK Hotels & Resorts Ltd. Indian Hotels Company Ltd was incorporated in the year 1902. In the year 1903, the company opened their first hotel, The Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, Mumbai. The company then undertook major expansion of The Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, Mumbai by constructing an adjacent tower block and increasing the number of rooms from 225 to 565 rooms. With the completion of its initial public offering in the early 1970s, the company began a long term programme of geographic expansion and development of new tourist destinations in India which led to their emergence as a leading hotel chain in India. From the 1970s to the present day, the Taj Group has played an important role in launching several of India's key tourist destinations, working in close association with the Indian Government. The company was active in converting former royal palaces in India into world class luxury hotels such as the Taj Lake Palace in Udaipur, the Rambagh Palace in Jaipur and Umaid Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur. In the year 1974, the Taj Group opened India's first international five star deluxe beach resort, the Fort Aguada Beach Resort in Goa. Also, they opened five-star deluxe hotel Taj Coromandel in Chennai. In the year 1977, they acquired an equity interest and operating contract for the Taj President, a business hotel in Mumbai. In the year 1978, they opened the Taj Mahal Hotel in Delhi. In the year 1980, the Taj Group took their first step internationally by opening their first hotel outside India, the Taj Sheba Hotel in Sana'a, Yemen. Also, they acquired interests in the Crown Plaza - James Court, London and 51 Buckingham Gate Luxury Suites and Apartments in London. In the year

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1984, the Taj Group acquired under a license agreement each of The Taj West End, Bangalore, Taj Connemara, Chennai and Savoy Hotel, Ooty. In the year 1989, the company opened the five-star deluxe hotel, Taj Bengal in Kolkata. With this opening, the Taj Group became the only hotel chain with a presence in the five major metropolitan cities of Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkatta, Bangalore and Chennai. In the year 1990, the company set up Taj Kerala Hotels & Resorts Ltd along with the Kerala Tourism Development Corporation. In the year 1998, they opened the Taj Exotica Bentota which strengthened the Taj Group's market position in Sri Lanka. In the year 2000, the company entered into a partnership with the GVK Reddy Group to set up Taj GVK Hotels and Resorts Ltd and thereby obtained a prominent position in the market in the southern business city of Hyderabad, holding three hotels and a major share of the market. In the year 2001, the company took on the management contract of Taj Palace Hotel, Dubai, and established themselves as an up-market hotel in the Middle East region. In September 2002, the company acquired equity interest in the former Regent Hotel in Bandra which gave the Taj Group access to the midtown and North Mumbai market. The hotel has since been renamed as the Taj Lands End, Mumbai. In October 2002, the company obtained licenses to manage and operate two leisure hotels, the Rawal-Kot, Jaisalmer and Usha Kiran Palace, Gwalior. In the year 2003, the company celebrated the centenary of the opening of their Flagship hotel, the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, Mumbai. In the year 2004, they opened Wellington Mews, their first luxury serviced apartment in Mumbai. Also, they launched the first of its 'value-for-money' hotels in Bangalore branded 'Ginger', which has 11 hotels in various locations in India and is owned through their wholly owned subsidiary. In the year 2005, the company acquired on lease The Pierre, a renowned hotel in New York City, to enter the luxury end of the developed hotel markets internationally. The company entered into a management contract for Taj Exotica in Palm Island Jumeirah in Dubai to expand their existing presence in the United Arab Emirates. The company enhanced their position as an operator of converted palaces by entering into a management contract for Umaid Bhawan Palace, Jodhpur in the princely state of Rajasthan in India. In February 2006, the company, through a subsidiary, acquired the erstwhile 'W' hotel in Sydney, Australia and renamed it as 'Blue, Woolloomooloo Bay'. In October 2006, as per the scheme of arrangement, Indian Resorts Hotel Ltd, Gateway Hotels and Getaway Resorts Ltd, Kuteeram Resorts Pvt Ltd, Asia Pacific Hotels Ltd and Taj Lands End Ltd were amalgamated with the company. In the year 2007, the company acquired Ritz Carlton in Boston and Taj Campton Place in San Francisco to expand their presence in the US market. They commenced operation of their second wildlife lodge at Baghvan, Pench. In the year 2008, the company partnered with Saraya Islands to Operate Taj Exotica Hotel in Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates. They joined hands with Tashi Group to create the new benchmark for premium hotels in Bhutan - Taj Tashi Bhutan. The company and ALDAR Hotels and Hospitality entered an exclusive agreement involving a number of hotel projects. The first hotel to be developed by ALDAR Hotels and Hospitality under the agreement is a five-star, 500 room luxury resort hotel which will be in a spectacular waterfront location on ALDAR's mega entertainment destination, YAS Island. During the year, the company launched The Jiva Spa Boat at Taj Lake Palace, Udaipur. The Gateway Hotel Athwa Lines Surat added a new block of rooms to take up their inventory to 208 making it the largest hotel in Gujarat. It also launched three brand new restaurants - 'Flow' the all day

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dining restaurant, 'Spice' an Indian specialty restaurant and 'T3' a Tea lounge and Deli. They unveiled a new world-class premium hotel in Chennai - Taj Mount Road. In December 21, 2008, The Taj Mahal Palace & Tower reopened the rooms in the The Taj Mahal Tower. During the year 2009-10, the company added seven new hotels in the Taj portfolio which included Vivanta by Taj at Panaji, Goa and The Gateway Hotel, Jodhpur apart from the 5 Ginger hotels at Durg, Guwahati, Pune, Jamshedpur and Surat. Vivanta by Taj Coral Reef, Maldives and The Pierre, New York were also reopened during the year after extensive renovations. The inventory of the Taj Group now stands at 103 hotels with 12243 rooms. On the international front, Taj Cape Town, South Africa was soft opened in February, 2010 with an inventory of 166 rooms. The company added another significant hotel to their Luxury portfolio, with the opening of the TAJ Cape Town and Banjar Tola, Kanha. These hotels are owned by the associate companies and are under a management contract with the company. During the year, the company acquired the erstwhile 'Sea Rock' hotel at Bandra Bandstand, Mumbai. The company acquired land on lease from the Government of Andaman & Nicobar Islands to set up the first 5-Star Luxury resort on Havelock Island. Also, the company through one of their associate companies entered into a lease agreement with the Punjab Government for a land parcel in Amritsar to develop a Vivanta by Taj hotel. The company through their subsidiary, invested into developing a 'Vivanta by Taj' resort at Coorg. The company also entered into management contracts for several properties in India which will commence operation over the next few years. New Management contracts have been signed for a Vivanta by Taj resort in Srinagar and for Gateway hotels in Bhandup (Mumbai), Shirdi (Near Nashik) and Ludhiana. During the year 2010-11, the fully restored heritage block of the Taj Mahal Palace, Mumbai reopened its doors to guests on August 15, 2010. The spectacular Falaknuma Palace, another significant addition to the company's Palaces portfolio was opened in November, 2010. Four new Ginger hotels at Manesar, Chennai, East Delhi and Indore commenced operations during the year. The company ventured into new geographies by entering into management contracts in Mexico and British Virgin Islands for development of high end Luxury Resorts with 100 and 206 keys respectively. The company also signed a management contract for establishing a Taj Luxury Hotel in Marrakech, Morocco, which is expected to open by the last quarter of 2011. The company continued their thrust on flagging properties under the 'Gateway' brand in prominent economic, commercial and industrial centres of India by signing management contracts for hotels in Chandigarh, Ludhiana and Kolhapur. The company also signed management contracts in leisure destinations such as Shimla and Rishikesh for a Gateway and Vivanta by Taj resort respectively. Furthermore, the company entered into MOUs for Gateway Hotels in Chiplun, Maharashtra and in Faridabad, NCR. The company invested through one of their subsidiaries in 'Vivanta by Taj' resort at Coorg, which is scheduled to open by end of 2011. The resort shall be operated by the company on a management contract basis. Of the 64 room expansion of Vivanta by Taj Fisherman's Cove hotel in Chennai, 48 rooms are currently operational and work on the balance 16 rooms is in progress. Vivanta by Taj hotels in Coimbatore and Hyderabad being developed by the company's associates are expected to open during the current financial year. In April 2011, the company made a foray into one of India's most beautiful destinations, Jammu & Kashmir by opening an 89 room Vivanta by Taj resort in Srinagar. The Vivanta by Taj projects in Bekal, Gurgaon and The Gateway Hotel in

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Kolkata are expected to open during the current financial year.http://www.business-standard.com/company/indian-hotels-282/information/company-history(Note: delete Morocco Hotel)http://www.tajhotels.com/corporate/resources/pdf/about_us/investor_relations/financial_reports/annual_reports/IHCL-AR-2014-15.pdf#zoom=100

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ktripathi39/sandbox

OBEROI HOTELSRai Bahadur mohan Singh Oberoi, chairman and founder of Oberoi hotel was born in august 1900 in bhaun, a small village in what is now Pakistan.Soon after his marriage in 1922 he arrived penniless in Shimla, and found a job as a front office clerk in the Cecil hotel at a salary of Rs.40 per month. Some years later he moved to Clarks hotel and gained experience in all aspects of the hotel operations. In 1934, he bought Clarks hotel by mortgaging all his assets and selling his wife’s jewellery.In the early 1930s a cholera epidemic struck Calcutta and the grand hotel, the largest in the city was forced to close. In 1938, Mr. Oberoi acquired the grand and converted it into a profitable business venture. The Oberoi grand remains to this day Calcutta’s leading hotel.In 1943, Mr. Oberoi took over the associate of India with eight hotels innorthern India including the Cecil in Simla, maidens and imperial in Delhi, and4 hotels now in Pakistan. The Oberoi chain grew rapidly with hotels inGopalpur, Darjeeling, Chandigarh and Srinagar.The Oberoi international in New Delhi, which opened in 1965, was the firstmodern luxury hotel in the capital. The 35-storey Oberoi towers opened inBombay in 1978, the tallest building in India. Runs theMr. Oberois dedication to the industry is evident from the Oberoi centre oflearning and development based in Delhi.Oberoi is now part of the international chain of hotels which has propertiesnot only in India but also in Australia, Indonesia, Egypt, Sri Lanka, Singapore,Zanzibar and Nepal.Mr.Oberoi was named as ¡¥Man of the world¡¦ for 1983 at the annual conventionof the international hotel association in New York and selected as theoutstanding hotelier of the year by the hotels and restaurants international.

World’s fourth largest rail network, Indian Railways has recorded an increase in revenue earning during 201415 fiscal year at $25.30 billion (Rs 157880.50 crore), as compared to $22.56 billon (Rs 140761.27 crore) during the same period last year, registering an increase of 12.16%. Source: http://www.irailnews.com/blog/2015/04/08/indian-railways-earnings-up-by-12-16-per-cent-during-2014-15/Source: http://rscheemapbiuni.blogspot.in/2013/07/first-semester-food-and-beverage-service.html

Leading Players in Indian In-Flight Catering Services Industry : Ambassador Sky Chef, LSG SkyChefs, Oberoi Flight Services, Sky Gourmet, and TajSATS Air Catering (Partnership with Air India).

In 1964 three corporations were setup by-Government of India, viz.1. India Tourism & Hotel Corporation;2. India Tourism Corporation Ltd., and3. India Tourism & Transport Corporation.On 24th September 1966, the Government of India decided to merge these corporations and issued “India Tourism Corporation Amalgamation Order 1966” and formed a new corporation-India Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC) with an authorized capital of Rs.5 crores.

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Soon ITDC took over tourist “bungalows at:1. Mahabalipuram, Tanjavur, Madurai.and Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu)2. Bijapur and Hassan (Karnataka)3. Khajuraho, Sanchi and Mandhu (Madhya Pradesh)4. Kullu and Manali (Himachal Pradesh)5. Bodhgaya (Bihar)6. Bhubaneshwar (Orissa)7. Rashi Nagar (Uttar Pradesh)8. Ghana (Rajasthan)Many small and big Indian hotel groups are operating in various parts of India. Same of them are given below. Apart from India, some international hotel chains such as Sheratan, Hilton, Ramada, Sofitel, Meridien, Hyatt and Mariott are either operating or planning to operate in India on franchise basis.

Welcome Group: It is the hotel division of I.T.C. Ltd. ITC entered into hotel business in 1975 with the opening of Hotel Chola Madras. The logo represents a traditional Indian welcome in the form of Namaste in an open doorway with the slogan “Nobody gives you India like we do”. The motto of Welcome Group is “We enjoy people” Welcome Group has hotels in various cities in India such as Agra, Delhi, Aurangabad, Jaipur, Goa, Gwalior etc.

Oberoi Hotels: Rai Bahadfur M.S. Oberoi started his hotel career as a clerk in 1922 at Faletti’s Cecil Hotel in Simla. Later Mr. Ernest Clarke sold his share to Mr. M.S. Oberoi, who under the deed of dissolution dated August 14, 1934, became, the sole, absolute, and exclusive owner of Clarke’s Hotel, Simla and Delhi. Mr. Oberoi later took over the Grand Hotel at Calcutta on lease and by the end of World War II; the Grand Hotel became a byword for good service and elegant comfort in hotels. He established Oberoi Hotel Pvt. Ltd. in 1946 and later, a 26th May 1949, established East India Hotel Ltd. (EIHL) at Calcutta. Many hotels were added to EIHL during the period. Later two very important hotels were added -Oberoi Intercontinental in August 1965 in New Delhi and Oberoi Sheraton in 1973 in Bombay. EIHL is now one of the largest and one of the most reputed hotel chains of India with hotels not only in India but also abroad. Oberoi has a hotel training institute at Delhi and future plans of expansion.

U.P. Hotels and Restaurants Ltd: Famous as Clarke’s Group of Hotels, it was established on 13th February, 1961. It started with its flagship hotel Clarke Shiraz Agra. Later hotels–Clarke’s Awadh, Clarke’s Amer, and Clarke’s Varanasi at Lucknow, Jaipur and Varanasi, respectively, were added to this chain.

Spencers: Started hotel business in 1912 in Calcutta, purchased Connemara Hotel in Madras and opened West End in Bangalore, Malabar at Cochin and Trivandrum, Blue Mountains at Kotagiri in 1942 and Savoy in Ooty in 1943 and Vegetarian hotels in Madras (Geetha, Ashoka and Ajanta) and Hotel Arakua in Bangalore.

Sinclairs: A chain of hotel operating in eastern part of the country with hotels at Darjeeling and Takadah.

Hotel Corporation of India (HCI): A corporation set up in 1971. It started with its first hotel at Bombay in 1974. Later hotels in Delhi, Srinagar, Rajgir etc. were added to this group.Leela Group: 1t has hotels at Mumbai and Goa

Asian Hotels: The group has tied up with Hyatt chain and has two hotels in Delhi. It plans to have property in Jaipur and Agra.

Apeejay Surendra Group: (Park Hotel): It started with its first hotel Park Calcutta in 1967. Later a large hotel was added in Delhi, and Resort hotel at Visakhapatnam was added to the group.

J.P. Hotels: The group has hotels in Delhi, Agra and Mussoorie.Palace Hotels 1. Maharaja Hari Singh Palace was the first to be converted into Oberoi Hotel.2. Maharaja of Jaipur converted his palace Ram Bagh to Hotel. 3. Maharaja of Udaipur was third in line (Taj) Lake Palace in Pichola Lake.4. Jodhpur Palace, Jaisalmer Palace and Bikaner Palace were also converted into hotels. 5. Lakshmi Vilas Palace of Jaipur (of Majaraja Bhupal Singh).6. Lalitha Mahal Palace of Mysore and Halcyon castle of Travancore Maharaja.7. Ushakiran Palace of Gwalior.8. Jai Mahal Palace, Jal Mahal and Raj Mahal Palace in Jaipur are also converted into hotels.9. Chamundi Hill Palace has also been converted to a hotel. Bolghathy Palace near Cochin Port (Residence of former British Resident of Southern States) is also being converted into a hotel.

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International Corporate Hotels: These are large chains, which are almost household words in the industry, such as Hilton, Inter-Continental and Hyatt. Some of the groups are a combination of company owned, franchise and management contract operations while others are entirely owned by an individual or a company. Their main features include standardization of service, facilities and price, and many chains endeavour to operate a hotel in most major capitals throughout the world.

National Hotel Companies: Some countries have national hotel companies, which operate hotels at home and abroad, such as, the Indian Hotels Company Ltd (IHCL) Taj Group of Hotels and East India Hotel’s Oberoi hotel groups. These are both Indian companies which are well known outside India.

Small Hotel Groups: Not all groups of hotels are large or widely dispersed. Some companies own a group, which may consist of no more than four to five hotels, and they may be confined to a particular area such as the beach resorts.

Independent Hotels: These are hotels which are privately owned or independent of any company. Many guests enjoy staying at an establishment of this type because of the individuality of the operation.

Hotel Consortium: Independently owned hotels form a liaison which provides them with the advantages of shared advertising costs, bulk purchasing and referral of bookings. The guest has the advantage of knowing each hotel in the consortium will be of similar standard and price. Best Western Hotel is an example of worldwide network of independently owned hotels. Development in the field of transportation, communication and increase in population had effect on the growth, type and location of hotels and supplementary accommodation. Today we find many hotels and catering establishments of varied character, size and nature opera-ting in different cities and tourist centres. The classification of these hotels and supplementary units within the industry is a complicated task. Hotels are of various types depending on number of factors like the nature and facilities offered, size, location etc. Classification in the real sense separates accommodation into different categories or class on the basis of objective criteria, for example, by the” type of accommodation, such as hotels, motels, tourist lodges, holiday camps etc. It seeks to present information about tourist accommodation units in a form, which enable the user to find information he requires. Information thus obtained will help to compare like with like. Classification thus, separates accommodation according to physical features.