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MOBISERV – FP7 248434An Integrated Intelligent Home Environment for the Provision of Health, Nutrition and Mobility Services to the Elderly

Deliverable

D2.3: MOBISERV Initial System Requirements Specification

Date of delivery: May 31, 2010

Contributing Partners: UWE, SMH, ANNADate: 28-May-10 Version: v8.0

D2.3: MOBISERV Initial System Requirements Specification 2/175

Document Control

Title: D2.3: MOBISERV Initial System Requirements Specification

Project: MOBISERV (FP7 248434)

Nature: Report Dissemination Level: Restricted

Authors: UWE, SMH, ANNA

Origin: UWE

Doc ID: document.docx

Amendment HistoryVersion Date Author Description/Comments

v0.1 2010-05-17 PC-S, AF, RF, HH

Draft

V1.1 2010-05-24 PC-S, AF, RF, HH, SD

Draft

V2.1 2010-05-25 PC-S, AF, RF, HH, SD

Draft (incorporating internal reviewer’s preliminary comments)

V3.1 2010-05-26 PC-S, AF, RF, HH, SD

Draft (incorporating further comments from internal reviewer)

V5.1 2010-05-28 PC-S, AF, RF, HH, SD, PJ


V7.1 2010-05-30 PC-S, AF, RF, HH, SD, PJ, SE


V8.0 2010-05=31 PC-S, AF, RF, HH, SD, PJ, SE

Final version

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The information contained in this report is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by any members of the MOBISERV Consortium. The MOBISERV Consortium assumes no responsibility for the use or inability to use any software or algorithms, which might be described in this report. The information is provided without any warranty of any kind and the MOBISERV Consortium expressly disclaims all implied warranties, including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular use.


Table of contentsEXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................................10

GLOSSARY.............................................................................................................................11

1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................12

1.1 INTENDED AUDIENCE.................................................................................................121.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE REQUIREMENTS GATHERING PROCESS.................................121.3 OBJECTIVES OF THIS DOCUMENT.............................................................................131.4 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT....................................................................................13

2 SOURCES OF INFORMATION......................................................................................15

2.1 LOCATIONS IN THE UK.............................................................................................152.1.1 Residential Homes................................................................................................15

Setting A1 (8 participants).........................................................................................................................................15Setting A2 (6 participants).........................................................................................................................................15

2.1.2 Day Care Centre..................................................................................................16Setting B1 (12 participants)........................................................................................................................................16

2.1.3 Participants living Independently........................................................................16Setting C1 – Individuals from a Church group, Chippenham (12 participants)..................................................16Setting C2 – Individuals attending a local Community Group, Bristol (4 Participants).....................................17Setting C3 – Individual from a Parish Group (1 Participant)................................................................................17Setting C4 – Individuals from a Residential Village, Bristol (11 Participants).....................................................17

2.2 LOCATIONS IN THE NETHERLANDS..........................................................................172.2.1 Residential Homes................................................................................................17

Setting A_NL (18 Participants)..................................................................................................................................172.2.2 Day Care Centre..................................................................................................18

Setting B_NL (5 Participants)....................................................................................................................................182.2.3 Participants living Independently........................................................................18

Setting C_NL (17 Participants)..................................................................................................................................18

3 INSIGHTS INTO THE ENVIRONMENT, DAILY ROUTINES AND PARTICIPANT CHARACTERISTICS.............................................................................................................19

3.1 SETTING A1 RESIDENTIAL HOMES IN THE UK.......................................................193.1.1 Living Areas....................................................................................................193.1.2 Nutrition...............................................................................................................213.1.3 Activities...............................................................................................................223.1.4 Medical and Behavioural Characteristics of the residents..................................24

3.2 SETTING A2 RESIDENTIAL HOMES IN THE UK.......................................................253.2.1 Living Areas.........................................................................................................253.2.2 Nutrition...............................................................................................................253.2.3 Activities...............................................................................................................283.2.4 Medical and Behavioural Characteristics of the residents..................................29

3.3 SETTING B1 DAY CARE CENTRE IN THE UK...........................................................303.3.1 Living Areas.........................................................................................................303.3.2 Nutrition...............................................................................................................313.3.3 Activities...............................................................................................................313.3.4 Medical and Behavioural Characteristics of the Older People...........................32

3.4 SETTING C – PARTICIPANTS LIVING INDEPENDENTLY IN THE UK.........................333.4.1 Living Areas.........................................................................................................333.4.2 Nutrition...............................................................................................................363.4.3 Activities...............................................................................................................373.4.4 Medical and Behavioural Characteristics of the Older People...........................39

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3.5 SETTING A_NL RESIDENTIAL HOME IN THE NETHERLANDS.................................403.5.1 Living Areas.........................................................................................................403.5.2 Nutrition...............................................................................................................413.5.3 Activities...............................................................................................................413.5.4 Medical and Behavioural Characteristics of the residents..................................42

3.6 SETTING B_NL DAY CARE CENTRES IN THE NETHERLANDS..................................443.6.1 Living Areas.........................................................................................................443.6.2 Nutrition...............................................................................................................443.6.3 Activities...............................................................................................................443.6.4 Medical and Behavioural Characteristics of the residents..................................44

3.7 SETTING C_NL INDEPENDENT LIVING IN THE NETHERLANDS..............................453.7.1 Living Areas.........................................................................................................453.7.2 Nutrition...............................................................................................................473.7.3 Activities...............................................................................................................483.7.4 Medical and Behavioural Characteristics of the residents..................................48

3.8 SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS FOR THE SPECIFIC QUESTIONS FROM THE TECHNICAL PARTNERS.............................................................................................................................49

3.8.1 Issues for ROBOSOFT.........................................................................................493.8.2 Issues for Smartex and CSEM:............................................................................493.8.3 Issues for AUTH:..................................................................................................503.8.4 Issues for SYSTEMA:...........................................................................................503.8.5 Issues for ANANZ:................................................................................................50

4 PERSONAS.......................................................................................................................52

4.1 INDEPENDENT.............................................................................................................534.1.1 Persona 1 - Aalbert..............................................................................................534.1.2 Persona 2 - Brenda..............................................................................................544.1.3 Persona 3 - Carol.................................................................................................55

4.2 SEMI-INDEPENDENT...................................................................................................564.2.1 Persona 4 - Dafne................................................................................................564.2.2 Persona 5 - John..................................................................................................57

4.3 IN RESIDENTIAL CARE..............................................................................................584.3.1 Persona 6 - Lilian.................................................................................................584.3.2 Persona 7 - Terry.................................................................................................59

4.4 CULTURAL DIFFERENCES..........................................................................................604.4.1 Nutritional guidance............................................................................................60

4.4.1.1 UK...............................................................................................................................................................604.4.1.2 Netherlands................................................................................................................................................60

4.4.2 Nutrition...............................................................................................................604.4.2.1 UK...............................................................................................................................................................604.4.2.2 Netherlands................................................................................................................................................60

4.4.3 Beverages.............................................................................................................604.4.3.1 UK...............................................................................................................................................................604.4.3.2 Netherlands................................................................................................................................................60

4.5 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................61

5 SCENARIOS OF USE......................................................................................................62

5.1 SUMMARY OF SCENARIOS OF USE............................................................................625.2 DETAILS OF THE SCENARIOS AND USE CASES.........................................................64

5.2.1 Being reminded to eat (SC_1)..............................................................................645.2.2 Being reminded to drink (SC_2)..........................................................................645.2.3 Being encouraged to eat (SC_3)..........................................................................64

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5.2.4 Being encouraged to drink...................................................................................655.2.5 Being reminded of what food is in the fridge and pantry (SC_5)........................655.2.6 Panic responder - Being able to call someone in an emergency. (SC_6)............655.2.7 Being reminded to take medication (SC_7).........................................................665.2.8 Being encouraged to do some activity if have been sitting for a long period of time (SC_8)........................................................................................................................675.2.9 Being reminded to wash/personal hygiene (SC_9)..............................................675.2.10 Being able to carry items to another room if there are mobility issues (SC_10)

675.2.11 Communicating/Socializing with friends and relatives (SC_11)......................685.2.12 Social caregiver remotely checks in on the older person (SC_12)...................685.2.13 Being reminded of social engagements and other diary appointments (SC_13)

695.2.14 Finding out about the weather/news (SC_14)..................................................695.2.15 Communicating with someone at the front door (SC_15)...............................705.2.16 Controlling the environment in the house (SC_16)..........................................705.2.17 Guarding against accidents (gas, water, windows, doors) (SC_17)................705.2.18 Finding out if everything is medically okay telemedicine / self-check platform in cases of detection of irregular patterns (SC_18)..........................................................715.2.19 Being cognitively and socially stimulated with computer games (SC_19).......715.2.20 Communicating with health professionals to report problems (SC_20)..........725.2.21 Prescription/Medication Management (SC_21)...............................................72

6 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS..................................................................................73

6.1 SUMMARY OF HIGH LEVEL FUNCTIONS..................................................................736.2 DETAILED FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS................................................................74

6.2.1 Reminder to eat (F_1)..........................................................................................74Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................74

6.2.2 Reminder to drink (F_2).......................................................................................75Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................75

6.2.3 Encouragement to eat (F_3)................................................................................75Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................75

6.2.4 Encouragement to drink (F_4).............................................................................76Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................76

6.2.5 Food inventory (F_5)...........................................................................................76Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................76

6.2.6 Response to call for help from the user (F_6)......................................................77Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................77

6.2.7 Reminder to take medication (F_7)......................................................................77Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................77

6.2.8 Encouragement for exercising (F_8)...................................................................78Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................78

6.2.9 Reminder for personal hygiene (F_9)..................................................................79Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................79

6.2.10 Facility for carrying things from one room to the next (F_10)........................79Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................79

6.2.11 Voice/Video/SMS via robot communication with friends and relatives (F_11)80Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................80

6.2.12 Diary reminder/management (F_12)................................................................80Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................80

6.2.13 Responding to requests for Weather Information/News (F_13).......................81Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................81

6.2.14 A mobile screen connected to the front door (F_14)........................................81Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................81

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6.2.15 A mobile remote for the house (F_15)..............................................................82Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................82

6.2.16 Automated checking of gas, water, windows, doors (F_16).............................82Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................82

6.2.17 A tele-medicine/self-check platform (F_17).....................................................83Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................83

6.2.18 Games for Social and Cognitive Stimulation (F_18)........................................83Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................83

6.2.19 Reporting to health professionals (F_19).........................................................84Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................84

6.2.20 Allow user to check a particular medication (F_20)........................................84Sub-Functions..............................................................................................................................................................84

6.3 LIST OF COMMON SYSTEM FEATURES......................................................................85

7 SUMMARY OF EMERGING ISSUES............................................................................86

7.1 USER ACCEPTANCE....................................................................................................867.2 CONSIDERATIONS IN RELATION TO SPECIFIC MOBISERV SUB-SYSTEMS................877.3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT..........................................................................................887.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONALITY FOR MOBISERV.............887.5 POTENTIAL CONSTRAINTS........................................................................................897.6 FINAL CONCLUSIONS.................................................................................................90

8 APPENDICES...................................................................................................................91

8.1 ANSWERS TO SPECIFIC QUESTIONS FROM TECHNICAL PARTNERS.........................918.1.1 ROBOSOFT..........................................................................................................93

8.1.1.1 Robosoft Conclusions..............................................................................................................................1038.1.2 SMARTEX/CSEM...............................................................................................105

8.1.2.1 Smartex Conclusions...............................................................................................................................1078.1.3 AUTH.................................................................................................................108

8.1.3.1 AUTH Conclusions..................................................................................................................................1138.1.4 SYSTEMA...........................................................................................................114

8.1.4.1 SYSTEMA conclusions...........................................................................................................................1168.1.5 ANANZ...............................................................................................................117

8.1.5.1 Ananz conclusions...................................................................................................................................1198.2 CULTURAL PROBE STUDY.......................................................................................120

8.2.1 Theme 1 - Objects, situations, anything that brings fun, relaxation, joy or enjoyment – Photos from Women....................................................................................1218.2.2 Theme 1 - Objects, situations, anything that brings fun, relaxation, joy or enjoyment – Photos from Men.........................................................................................1228.2.3 Theme 2 - Objects, situations, anything that brings stress, pain, frustration or irritation – Photos from a Woman...................................................................................123

8.3 UK QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONSES...........................................................................1248.3.1 Setting A – Residential.......................................................................................124

8.3.1.1 End-Users.................................................................................................................................................1248.3.1.2 Carers.......................................................................................................................................................1308.3.1.3 Managers..................................................................................................................................................139

8.3.2 Setting B – Day Care Centre..............................................................................1478.3.2.1 End-Users.................................................................................................................................................1478.3.2.2 Carers.......................................................................................................................................................1528.3.2.3 Managers..................................................................................................................................................158

8.3.3 Setting C – Independent.....................................................................................1648.3.3.1 End-Users.................................................................................................................................................165

9 REFERENCES................................................................................................................174

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Table of Figures

Figure 1. Day room viewed from TV room entrance Setting A1............................................19Figure 2 The TV Room and Television Setting A1.................................................................20Figure 3 Right of TV Room, dining room on right, entrance hall ahead Setting A1...............20Figure 4 The dining room, looking towards the TV room Setting A1.....................................21Figure 5 Water Cooler Setting A1...........................................................................................22Figure 6 Basket of balls of varying textures and large balloon Setting A1.............................23Figure 7 Weights in TV room Setting A1................................................................................23Figure 8 Examples of crafts produced by residents in the craft room Setting A1...................24Figure 9 The left side of the lounge, looking from the door Setting A2..................................25Figure 10 Lunch Setting A2.....................................................................................................26Figure 11 Dessert Setting A2...................................................................................................26Figure 12 Dining Room setting A2..........................................................................................27Figure 13 Conservatory Setting A2..........................................................................................27Figure 14 Emergency Call Button in Bedroom Setting A2.....................................................28Figure 15 Schedule of Activities posted on dining room door Setting A2..............................29Figure 16 Zimmer with carrying net Setting A2......................................................................29Figure 17. Salon Setting B1.....................................................................................................30Figure 18 Bath with disabled access. B1.................................................................................31Figure 19 Painted ornaments and ‘play your cards right’ poster. B1.......................................32Figure 20 Living room and armchair with small table and grab stick, C1A............................33Figure 21 Second reception room and photos displayed. C1A................................................34Figure 22. Largest bedroom used by C1A...............................................................................34Figure 23. A selection of remotes are used. C2A....................................................................34Figure 24. New TV in the dining room waiting to be installed in the lounge and Bang and Olufsen stereo equipment in lounge. C2A...............................................................................35Figure 25 Telephone in hallway. They also have a handset upstairs. Main entrance hall is quite cluttered Setting C2A......................................................................................................35Figure 26 Kitchen C1A...........................................................................................................36Figure 27 Main Kitchen area includes dishwasher, washing machine. Setting C2A..............36Figure 28 Mini exercise cycle. C1A........................................................................................37Figure 29 Garden with bench and bird table, Back door with grab rails. C1A........................38Figure 30 Electric Typewriter Setting C2A.............................................................................38Figure 31 Stair Lift. C1A.........................................................................................................39Figure 34. Overview of a typical room, quite small, with a bed in the middle, TV in the upper left corner, a sink on the right, and closets in the upper right corner and at the right of the bed (not on the picture). Setting A_NL..........................................................................................40Figure 35 and 36. Some closets, chair and TV. Setting A_NL................................................41Figure 37 and 38. Laptop next to a bed, and the standard sink of every room. Setting A_NL41Figure 39 and 40. The activity room for gym, music, etc, and the computer and internet corner. Setting A_NL...............................................................................................................42Figure 41 and 42. An electrical wheelchair, and an adjustable “high-low” bed. Setting A_NL..................................................................................................................................................42Figure 43 An entrance hall with mobility scooter. Setting C_NL...........................................45Figure 44 and 45 Some of the living rooms. Setting C_NL.....................................................46Figure 46 and 47 Some of the living rooms. Setting C_NL.....................................................46Figure 48 and 49 Parts of some kitchens. Setting C_NL.........................................................46

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Figure 50 and 51. A bathroom with toilet, shower + chair, and washing machine. Setting C_NL........................................................................................................................................47Figure 52 and 53. Preparation of food, on a adjustable office chair, and with a rollator. Setting C_NL........................................................................................................................................47Figure 54. Warm lunch; potatoes, vegetables and meat, with salt, applesauce, and a dessert of yoghurt. Setting C_NL.............................................................................................................48Figure 55 . Cultural Probe Study, Theme 1 – Happiness, from Women...............................121Figure 56 Cultural Probe Study, Theme 1 – Happiness, from Men.......................................122Figure 57 Cultural Probe Study, Theme 1 – Stress, from a Woman......................................123

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List of Tables

Table 1. Summary of Issues for each Persona.........................................................................52Table 2 Summary of Scenarios of use indicating which persona could experience the situation described by the scenario.........................................................................................................63Table 3 Summary of High Level Functions.............................................................................74Table 4 Sub-Functions for F_1................................................................................................74Table 5 Sub-Functions for F_2................................................................................................75Table 6 Sub-Functions for F_3................................................................................................76Table 7 Sub-Functions for F_4................................................................................................76Table 8 Sub-Functions for F_5................................................................................................77Table 9 Sub-Functions for F_6................................................................................................77Table 10 Sub-Functions for F_7..............................................................................................78Table 11 Sub-Functions for F_8..............................................................................................78Table 12 Sub-Functions for F_9..............................................................................................79Table 13 Sub-Functions for F_10............................................................................................79Table 14 Sub-Functions for F_11............................................................................................80Table 15 Sub-Functions for F_12............................................................................................81Table 16 Sub-Functions for F_13............................................................................................81Table 17 Sub-Functions for F_14............................................................................................82Table 18 Sub-Functions for F_15............................................................................................82Table 19 Sub-Functions for F_16............................................................................................83Table 20 Sub-Functions for F_17............................................................................................83Table 21 Sub-Functions for F_18............................................................................................84Table 22 Sub-Functions for F_19............................................................................................84Table 23 Sub-Functions for F_20............................................................................................85Table 24 Common System Features........................................................................................85Table 25 Potential Constraints.................................................................................................90Table 26 Participant Key for UK.............................................................................................91Table 27 Participant Key for NL..............................................................................................92

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Executive Summary

This document, D2.3: MOBISERV Initial System Requirements Specification, presents an in-depth investigation of stakeholder needs and on the basis of this, identifies recommendations for the MOBISERV technology in the form of a corpus of scenarios and use cases.

This report is based on a comprehensive stakeholder requirements elicitation study carried out as described in the previous deliverable, D2.1. As per the methodology described in D2.1, a series of requirements gathering activities were carried out both in the UK and the Netherlands, in three main settings. These settings were Residential Homes, Day Care Centres and individuals living in their own homes. Stakeholders from this range of settings have helped us to consider the needs of a broad cross-section of the target user groups, encompassing individuals with a range of physical and psychological conditions which are natural consequences of ageing. The findings reported in this document should assist in bringing the lifestyles of the older persons and other stakeholders closer to the engineers. This will help to ensure that the Mobiserv technologies are centred on a solid appreciation of user needs and contexts.

Investigating the people, activities and their contexts has been achieved through a series of interviews, observations, focus groups, questionnaires and cultural probe studies. As part of these requirement gathering activities we also introduced the envisaged Mobiserv technologies to the stakeholders in order to gain their perspectives on these. This information will provide guidance on how the Mobiserv components should be designed to ensure user acceptance, usability and utility.

This report provides a synopsis of the comprehensive study conducted over a three month period.

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Glossary

Term ExplanationMOBISERV An Integrated Intelligent Home Environment for the Provision of Health,

Nutrition and Mobility Services to the ElderlyCON_x Constraints idSC_x Scenario idF_x Functional Requirement idF_x.y Sub-Functional Requirement id

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1 Introduction

This section describes the intended audience, objectives and use of this deliverable.

Specifying requirements for new technologies is part of an iterative process. As part of the conceptual design, the end-users and the context within which the technology will be implemented need to be fully understood, before the details of the technology, and aspects of the functionality can be designed.After an initial understanding of the context of use has been established and the first prototypes are evaluated, there needs to be a re-assessment of the initial requirements specification. Successful user-centred design is based on this iterative and responsive attitude to the development of technology. Any attempts at a technology push, rather than a pull, will result in the end-users and other stakeholders being forced to adopt technology that has not been designed and developed with their needs and expectations in mind, and has a high probability of failure and non-acceptance. This model of progressive design of the Mobiserv technology, responding to feedback by the end-users and related stakeholders is informed by considering different stages of the appropriation of technology, and how it can become closely integrated into a person’s everyday life.As such, this System Requirements Specification will be reviewed and refined throughout the iterative prototyping process.

1.1Intended Audience

This document will serve as a critical information source for the Mobiserv technical partners to define and prioritise the design and development of the Mobiserv components’ functionality by providing them with an in-depth understanding of the end-users and their context. It will also provide them with scenarios of use which will guide validation and evaluation by identifying the non-functional requirements.

The findings in this report will be a rich source of information not only to the project consortium, but also provide valuable insights to the academic and professional community at large, sharing with them unique perspectives and understanding. This will enable the design and development of future assistive technology to be more appropriate in relation to addressing real needs of a diverse range of older people.

1.2Objectives of the Requirements Gathering Process

In implementing the requirements gathering process we have tried to provide a conduit for a dialogue between the world of technology and the world of the older person who is trying to adopt and maintain an active aging process.As well as interviewing and observing, we have also been discussing and demonstrating some of the concepts provided by the technical partners. The findings should provide guidance on how the Mobiserv components should be designed to ensure user acceptance, usability and utility.MOBISERV FP7 248434


1.3 Objectives of this Document

This document has the following objectives:

1. To answer specific questions identified in Deliverable 2.1For the primary stakeholders, the older persons who will be the potential end users of the MOBISERV system, we have elicited the following: Physical, Behavioural and Cognitive Characteristics - Their physical and

psychological abilities and limitations Goals and Desires – what is important in their lives and what they want to achieve on

a day to day as well as long-term basis. Problems and Issues that they face in their everyday activities and lives. Experience of Using Technology Activities and Daily Routines Contexts and Physical Environments that they spend their time in Cultural and Social aspects that have an impact on daily activities Short-term aspects such as the effects of stress or fatigue, illness and accidents on

behaviour and attitudes, as well as those aspects changing over time such as physical attributes due to aging, cognitive abilities affected by dementia, confusion and progressive nature of conditions.

Issues of interest identified by each of the technical partners.

2. To provide a corpus of scenarios to be used to inform the design and evaluation of the Mobiserv technology

3. To identify avenues for future research and development in the area of service robotics, assistive technology and intelligent systems to support independent living.

1.4 Structure of this report

In Section 2 there is a description of the sources of information both in the UK and Netherlands, comprising the settings from which the data was gathered. There are three main settings that were targeted to enable understanding of the stakeholders and their contexts, residential care, semi-independent living (day care centres) and independent living.Section 3 provides insights into the environment, daily routines and participant characteristics in each of the six locations in the UK and Netherlands. A summary of findings in response to each of the technical partners’ specific queries is also presented in this section. In Section 4, for each of these three settings, personas have been compiled. These personas are based on information elicited from 67 older persons in the UK and Netherlands, using a combination of approaches as described in Deliverable 2.1. These personas will help Mobiserv partners consider a more focussed and person-centred approach to the design and development of the technology.The personas are used as the basis for defining a corpus of scenarios of use presented in Section 5, which are realistic user-stories describing context and the use of the Mobiserv systems. Scenarios help to highlight questions related to the environment, the person using the system and corresponding usability issues. Using a scenario-based method for design provides the framework for discussions and analysis of how the technology will be smoothly

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integrated into people’s lives, as well as how, and to what extent it will reshape activities and provision of services.This framework lends itself to the description of the functional requirements of the systems, which are described in relation to the scenarios in Section 6. In Section 7 key themes that have emerged from analysis of the data gathered are presented. This section concludes with identifying the potential constraints that the consortium will need to address in regards to the considering the pragmatics of the implementation.

The Appendices are a collation of key excerpts in relation to the technical partners’ specific questions, outcome of a limited cultural probe study and outcomes of questionnaires.

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2 Sources of Information

The requirements gathering activities included a combination of observations, interviews, focus groups, questionnaires and cultural probe studies. These were conducted as described in deliverable 2.1. Please refer to this document for information regarding methodology and implementation.

2.1Locations in the UK

Requirements gathering activities were conducted in the UK in the following settings:

2.1.1 Residential Homes

Setting A1 (8 participants)

This is a private care home set in a rural location on the outskirts of Bristol. The home is comprised of a large country house which has been adapted and extended to retain its period features whilst giving the ambience of a family home, with extensive landscaped gardens and the modern facilities required to deliver a range of different elder care facilities. There are 37 residents aged from 73 to 104, with the majority aged between 80 and 90 years old. There are 33 female residents and 4 men. They are allowed to bring their own furniture to the home if desired and have telephone and television points in their rooms. None of the residents share a bedroom and all rooms have en suite toilet facilities. The rooms are situated on different levels - some on the ground floor and some on upper levels being accessible by stairs - the staircases are fitted with stair lifts for residents who have limited mobility.

The needs of the residents are continually assessed to include:• diagnosis and access to specialist medical assistance• access to services such as nutrition advice and physiotherapy• provision of support for mental health needs

2 older people (both women, aged 88 and 80), 2 carers and 1 manager (all women) were interviewed. 3 older people (three women aged 85, 85 and 77) and 1 carer also took part in a focus group.

Setting A2 (6 participants)

This is a private care home set in a rural location in South Gloucestershire, near Bristol.The home is purpose built with 16 single rooms and a large communal lounge, diningroom and conservatory. The home has a large garden with a model railway and a riverrunning alongside.There are 16 residents, 15 females and 1 male, with varying levels of disability. Thespecialist care offered by the home covers hearing, speech and visual impairments.Residents are allowed to bring their own furniture into the home and may bring their pets.All residents have television and telephone points in their own bedrooms. All residents

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have a television in their room and some have DVD plays and Freeview (Digital Cable TV) boxes. Only 4 residents have their own fixed landline telephones in their rooms as their family must arrange this and cover the bill.None of the bedrooms are en suite so residents share bathroom facilities. There are 2bedrooms on the ground floor and 14 bedrooms on the first floor, which is reached by alift or stairs.3 older people (two women, aged 83 and 87, and one man, aged 83), 2 carers and 1 manager (all women) were interviewed. The 3 older people took part in a focus group.

2.1.2 Day Care Centre

Setting B1 (12 participants)

The Day Centre is in Gloucester and is run by a Trust. It is open Monday to Friday from 10:00am to 4:45pm, and takes both private and NHS patients. Clients from age 65 and over come from within a five mile radius. The Centre offers day care and social activities, and has the use of a fully equipped hairdressing salon. The day care centre has up to 40 places.Most of the older people come to the day care centre either one or two days a week depending on the level of care and support that they require. During the day, visitors to the centre do craft activities such as painting and rug making and group activities including ‘play your cards right’ and bingo. The visitors are also encouraged to play cards and dominos with each other. The majority of the older people take part in all the activities, some need a little encouragement.Some of the older people who come to the centre suffer from early dementia. Many have limited mobility and some suffer from incontinence. One of the main reasons people come to a place like this is for relief from the social isolation they face living on their own, particularly if they have mobility problems. Lunch and tea is provided. Fully assisted bathing facilities are available subject to assessment.Visitors are picked up in the morning by a minibus with disabled access. They arrive at the centre between 9 and 10 am. They leave the centre between 3 and 4 pm depending on the day and are taken home by minibus.During the summer the day care centre arranges day trips to different locations, such as the seaside.4 older people were interviewed (1 man and 3 women, age ranges 84-93), 3 carers and 1 manager (all women) were also interviewed. These people along with 4 other older people (2 men and 2 women, 80+) participated in a focus group. While there were other older people who were present at the focus group (due to room constraints, they did not make any contributions).

2.1.3 Participants living Independently

Setting C1 – Individuals from a Church group, Chippenham (12 participants)

The Fellowship Group has 16 regular female members who meet every Wednesday evening in the church hall. The members are aged between 60 and 79 and are all from the local area. All are relatively mobile although one uses a stick. One of the members has recently had a stroke and does not attend the group sessions at the moment.

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The group is mainly a social club but is also focused on Christian fellowship; all of the members are good friends. Each week they have a speaker followed by tea and coffee and chatting. The speakers vary each week and are arranged by the members themselves. The group runs for two hours between 8 and 10 pm. 12 women from this group took part in a focus group and 1 of them participated in an interview and allowed photographs of her home to be taken.

Setting C2 – Individuals attending a local Community Group, Bristol (4 Participants)

The group is run by a mixed group of older adults (ages range from 62 to 88) who meet every other Tuesday for a coffee morning in a local Methodist church. The group also participate in a range of activities together including walking and day trips.

Some of the members of the group have been friends for most of their lives and attended youth club together in this area when they were teenagers. One participant aged 81 was interviewed in her own home where she lives independently with her husband. They also allowed photographs to be taken of their home environment. Three further participants took part in a focus group at the church (one man, 69 and two women, 69 and 67).

Setting C3 – Individual from a Parish Group (1 Participant)

This person, female, aged 62, lives independently in rural Somerset and attends a local parish church. She participated in an interview.

Setting C4 – Individuals from a Residential Village, Bristol (11 Participants)

This retirement accommodation is run by a Trust and offers residents their own private living space in a community environment. As part of a village complex, facilities and activities are arranged for occupants on the site such as the hairdressers or the restaurants. There is gated access to the complex. The majority of the accommodation is available for purchase on a long lease, but there is also rented accommodation available. Mainly one and two bedroom apartments/flats are available. Depending on location, outside balconies or patio areas are included within the design and all the apartments/flats are linked to the care and support emergency call system. More regular assistance with housework, laundry and personal care is also available at an additional cost. A mini-bus service is available to take people to amenities such as weekly shopping outside of the complex. Some people have their own cars and some use a mobility scooter. The people range in age from 65 upwards.11 (age range 68-88, 4 males and 7 female) older persons from this group took part in a focus group, and 8 participated in a small cultural probe study.

2.2 Locations in the Netherlands

2.2.1 Residential Homes

Setting A_NL (18 Participants)

A relatively small nursing home, with 30 residents suffering from chronic somatic diseases and 60 from psycho-geriatric problems. Living, care, and welfare are here combined in one. MOBISERV FP7 248434


Intensive care is needed, because the clients cannot live individually or in a care home no more. We only focused on the 30 residents with somatic diseases. The nursing home is a 10-year old building located near the town of Geldrop (population 28,000). All rooms and facilities are on ground level, because most residents use a wheelchair. Most residents have their own room, but some share a room. The rooms are quite small with most of the space being occupied by their bed. Therefore, most residents spend little time in their rooms during the day. Toilets and bathrooms are shared and situated in the hallways. Each section comprising of approximately 10 residents has a shared living area, where they can read, watch TV, and eat three meals a day. None of the residents cook for themselves. Next to these living rooms is a big café / restaurant for all residents of the nursing home, visitors, and staff.

2.2.2 Day Care Centre

Setting B_NL (5 Participants)

A day care centre, focused on psychogeriatric clients (older people with cognitive disorders). During five days a week, there are 18 clients on average, from 10am until 4pm. They are picked up at their homes and brought to the day care centre, and vice versa, by taxis. The cli -ents’ cognitive problems vary from early symptoms (clients visiting the day care centre only once or twice a week) to severe forms of dementia (clients waiting to move to a closed sec-tion in a nursing home). There are three carers present at the facilities. The day care centre has quite a large room, which can be divided in two if necessary. There is also a kitchen, where the staff prepares soup and desserts, and warms up the pre-cooked meals, which are delivered daily. The visit starts with reading out the headlines of the newspaper. Next, there is always a serious activity focusing on “reality orientation”. After lunch, there is a more play-ful, less demanding activity, like gym, arranging flowers, or playing cards.

2.2.3 Participants living Independently

Setting C_NL (17 Participants)

This is a 12 storey building, with 125 apartments for senior citizens, aged 55 and up. There is a nice big central area where people can meet, drink coffee, read newspapers, etc. There is a meal service, where residents can get a hot lunch 5 days a week, served in the central area. There is a hairdresser, a laundry service, extra rooms for visitors that want to stay a couple of nights (family, social carers), a personal alarm system in every apartment, a welfare-check service (somebody visiting every apartment every morning and evening). There are also organised daily activities. Out of the 125 residents, approximately 20 receive care from a care organisation, varying from twice a week to three times a day. The apartments have a small hallway, a large living area with a small open kitchen, a two-person bedroom, a bathroom with a shower, and toilet, as well as a utility room. The apartments are rented, so the housing corporation maintains the kitchen and bathroom. Residents have their own furniture, and most of them have lots of tables, chairs and cabinets. All of them have a TV and fixed telephone line. None use a computer. Most of them have trouble with mobility, and use a walker, rollator, and/or a mobility scooter.

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3 Insights into the environment, daily routines and participant characteristics

This section provides insights into the environment, daily routines and participant characteristics in each of the locations in the UK and Netherlands identified in Section 2. The information presented here was obtained mainly through observations and interviews with carers and older people.

3.1 Setting A1 Residential Homes in the UK

3.1.1 Living Areas

The day room is a large room with lots of natural light coming from large windows looking out onto the garden. Chairs are arranged around the outside of the room.

Figure 1. Day room viewed from TV room entrance Setting A1

The residents sit here or in the communal TV room or in their own rooms where each of them has their own TV set between meal times and when there are no other organised activities. Items in this room include a fish tank, water cooler, a shelf unit containing a stereo with a se-lection of CDs and board games, a basket of various sized balls and a large electronic piano which is under a dust cover. The floor in here is smooth and carpeted and would be easily tra-versable by a robot. There is room to move amongst the furniture and the only rug is very flat to the floor so not likely to cause a hazard.MOBISERV FP7 248434


The TV room retains many of the traditional features of the house with an elegant fireplace and oak beams. Despite two large windows it is darker in here and slightly warmer than the day room. In front of the fireplace is a large widescreen TV a DVD player, VCR, stereo speakers and several remote controls. Only one resident controls the TV. The rest get the carer to do it for them or just sit and watch whatever comes on.

Figure 2 The TV Room and Television Setting A1

There is a shelf unit near the TV containing many videos and DVDs and also another cabinet by the door with lots of games in it including Scrabble, Rummikub, Connect 4, 'Tell Me' Quiz Game and a large Bingo set.

Figure 3 Right of TV Room, dining room on right, entrance hall ahead Setting A1

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The dining room is situated in the centre of the building. It is warm and well lit and has par-quet flooring.

Some of the tables have cloth napkins with different napkin rings, but not all. One table has a tray of assorted condiments. These belong to various residents who like the familiarity of their own things - or their own particular sauces. They always sit in the same places together and the tables remain set during the day.

Figure 4 The dining room, looking towards the TV room Setting A1

There is a white board in here with menus on - they rotate the menu every six weeks. The board also has weather information written on it.

Some of the chairs have firm vinyl covered cushions in order to provide additional support for the person that sits there.

3.1.2 Nutrition

Fluid intake

There is a water cooler in the day room. Residents do use the water cooler but staff also mon-itors what they drink and try to ensure that they get enough fluids.

At night they get a jug of water placed in their room and if they don't drink it then they are encouraged to drink more by staff.The residents seem to respond well to gentle prompting and seem relatively compliant with the staff's wishes.

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Figure 5 Water Cooler Setting A1

3.1.3 Activities

Residents here engage in their own activities in the Day Room such as chatting to each other, knitting, reading newspapers, or napping. There are also other board games, such as 'Othello', Upwords (3d Scrabble) and Dominos, which the residents play with carers or other residents. Carers come in often to check on the residents and chat to them.

The stereo is on all day except at mealtimes and is turned up to quite a loud volume. Every evening they put on specific favourites and some people have a sing along which they find uplifting and really enjoy. The residents never control the stereo, the carers do it for them. The residents have access to the piano which is used regularly by those who can play, while others enjoy singing along.

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Figure 6 Basket of balls of varying textures and large balloon Setting A1

Carers encourage physical activities such as playing catch with a variety of balls and bal-loons. The residents throw the balls to the carers to each other with mostly everyone joining in; even the older people who seemed asleep join in to play. It looks as if they all enjoy the game a lot. The balls include soft rubber 'koosh' balls, small beach balls and a large balloon. The carers move up and down the room getting everyone to participate either throwing the balls to one another or throwing them into the basket from varying distances, depending on their abilities. The residents all appear to be happy and wait eagerly for their turn as the carers move through the room. They enjoy this activity and bend to pick up the ball, however they all re-main seated during the activity. The activity lasts for approximately 20 minutes.

The residents also use these small weights for exercising. Like the ball game the carers initi-ate it and pass the weights around amongst the residents.

Figure 7 Weights in TV room Setting A1

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Once prompted, the residents respond positively to most activities. The carers move around the rooms frequently to talk to the residents and make sure they are OK.

In addition to the three rooms mentioned there is also a crafts room and a sun room which are regularly used for activities.

Figure 8 Examples of crafts produced by residents in the craft room Setting A1

3.1.4 Medical and Behavioural Characteristics of the residents

One of the residents uses a wheelchair and at least 5 of them have walking sticks, one of them has two walking sticks. Some of them struggle to move around and it is apparent that some of them have difficulty hearing from the way that the carers speak to them. Three of the resid-ents are currently in hospital - two have had strokes and one has fallen and has a fractured hip. One or the residents interviewed has had a series, including falling out of bed, which left her in hospital. Several of the residents also have Zimmer frames or wheeled trolleys with their possessions on.

One of the residents interviewed worries that she might develop Alzheimers and recites verses from Tennyson's 'Lady of Shalott' just to make sure that her memory is still working.

The staff measure the blood pressure of residents requiring monitoring if their condition so requires. The residents seem very good at throwing and catching balls in a seated position during a routine physical activity.

Facial expressions

When resting or sitting alone the normal position of the faces of the residents seem quite sol-emn, with the corners of their mouths turned down.

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3.2Setting A2 Residential Homes in the UK

3.2.1 Living Areas

The lounge is where the majority of the residents spend their time chatting or reading news-papers and napping, or staring into space. Residents almost always sit in the same chairs in the lounge. Carers come in and out of the lounge checking on and talking to the residents. In general, the lounge is very quiet with no music playing.Items in the room include a fish tank, a stereo system with a large variety of tapes (these are not easily accessible due to items of furniture in front of them)grand piano, an organ, books, board games, a large flat screen television, and DVDplayer and a video player.

Figure 9 The left side of the lounge, looking from the door Setting A2

Lunch is served at approximately 12:00 when the carers come and call the residents. The carers help some of the residents up from the chairs. Some of the residents get up immedi-ately and walk towards the dining room and others are much slower. Once in the dining room, each of the residents sits in the same seat as usual. A napkin ring is set at each place with the resident’s name on. Some of the residents help each other with their Zimmer frames, particularly the only male residents who helps some of the female residents put theirZimmer frames to one side. Some of the dining room chairs have cushions on them.

3.2.2 Nutrition

There is a white board positioned next to the kitchen with the day’s menu written on it.

Residents on liquid diets are served first. Plates are brought out one by one and given to specific residents dependent on portion size or dietary requirements.Condiments are provided on the table, to which residents help themselves and some help each other. None of the residents need help eating, other than one partially sighted female who asks a carer whether there is food left on her plate.While the residents are eating there is very little talk, other than the carers who talk toMOBISERV FP7 248434


each other and at some points to the residents. Once the majority of residents have finished eating the carers clear the plates and begin to bring out dessert. A small number of residents do not eat dessert. Once finished, the dessert bowls are cleared away and the residents are asked if they would like cups of tea. Some ask for ‘half cups’. Carers give out medication to some of the residents, and administer eye drops to one female after lunch.Once the majority have finished (after approximately one hour in the dining room) the resid-ents begin to leave, mostly going back to the lounge.

Figure 10 Lunch Setting A2

Figure 11 Dessert Setting A2

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Figure 12 Dining Room setting A2

There is a conservatory where the residents can sit and chat.

Figure 13 Conservatory Setting A2

Bedrooms are quite small with furniture close together which may pose problems for a robot. Bedrooms include a washbasin and armchair.

There is a call system in every room. These are not easily accessible from a lying down posi-tion in bed.

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Figure 14 Emergency Call Button in Bedroom Setting A2

There are grab bars in the bathroom.

Fluid intake

Residents are brought cups of tea and coffee once in the morning and once in the afternoon and when requested. Some of the residents are also brought glasses of milk and water. Carers report that it can be very difficult to keep track of residents’ fluid intake, with many of them not drinking enough.

3.2.3 Activities

All the activities planned for the coming weeks are displayed on a door in the diningroom.In addition to the scheduled activities some residents go out for lunch and shopping with rel-atives about once a week.

Some residents like to go walking around the garden and helping with the gardening.

When not involved with activities most residents spend their time sitting in the lounge, usu-ally in the same chair.

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Figure 15 Schedule of Activities posted on dining room door Setting A2


All the residents use Zimmer frames, which they take with them at all times. These arepositioned next to their chairs in the lounge. Many of the Zimmer frames have net bagsattached to them, in which the residents store newspapers etc.

Figure 16 Zimmer with carrying net Setting A2

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Carers hand out residents their medication at set times of the day, morning or after a meal. The majority of the residents these take themselves. One resident also wears a patch which administers medication through her skin. The patch is changed by staff every 72 hours.Medication such as eye drops is administered by carers.

A few of the residents have short term memory loss and find activities such as reading the pa-per and knitting difficult because of this. Memory loss is one of the main reasons for being in the residential home rather than living independently.

One of the residents had suffered from severe depression.

Facial expressions

As noted in the Setting A1, when the residents are sitting in the lounge the majority look quite solemn, with the corners of their mouths turned down, although those who are talking appear cheerful and their faces more animated.

3.3Setting B1 Day Care Centre in the UK

3.3.1 Living Areas

There is one main area at the day care centre which is divided into a lounge area with chairs positioned around the room against the walls and a table with chairs around in the middle. There is a large television and a stereo system. The staff control both of these. The other end of the room has three tables with chairs around. There are kitchen cabinets around the walls and a sink in the corner.

On one side of the room there are large windows and patio doors leading to a large garden. There is also a small ‘salon’ room with hairdressing sinks and chairs where visitors can have their hair done. The room is also used by nurses, doctors and chiropodists when they come to the centre.

Figure 17. Salon Setting B1

There is also a large bathroom with a bath with disabled access.

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Figure 18 Bath with disabled access. B1

All of the rooms are on the ground floor with no steps. There are no mats or rugs.

3.3.2 Nutrition

All of the visitors to the day care centre eat a three course cooked meal at 12.30. For starter the visitors are given soup. There is a two options for the meat choice, either salad or meat with vegetables. For dessert there are three option; a milk based dessert such as yoghurt, a sponge and custard pudding, or jelly and ice cream. The food is prepared by the adjoining residential care home in line with a strict nutritionally balanced diet. The carers suggest that nutrition is an important issue as many of the older people do not eat enough when they are at home, especially those living alone. The staff are able to monitor the visitors while they are at the centre and try to encourage them to eat plenty but say that if is much harder to know whether they are eating enough when they are at home.

Some of the visitors require special diets and some are diabetic. One of the visitors has diffi-culty swallowing so only eats soup and jelly, but the staff are all aware of these issues and monitor them closely.

Fluid IntakeStaff suggest that fluid intake is an important issue as many older people are not drinking enough. While at the day care centre, visitors are offered tea and coffee throughout the day and soft drinks at lunch time. The staff are made aware of visitors who perhaps are not drink-ing enough and try to encourage them to drink throughout the day.

3.3.3 Activities

The staff at the day care centre arrange activities throughout the day. In the morning indi-vidual activities are offered and are mainly craft based. For example, visitors can do rug making or painting. In the afternoon visitors are encouraged to play cards and dominos with each other while sat at the tables. The majority of the visitors take part. Other group activit-ies such as ‘play your cards right’ and bingo are also organised as a full group activity and the staff also often join in. There is a full time activities coordinator at the day care centre.

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Figure 19 Painted ornaments and ‘play your cards right’ poster. B1

The day care centre also arranges day trips for the older people. These are mainly arranged during the summer and include excursions to Weston-Super-Mere for example. The majority of the older people are keen to go on the trips.

3.3.4 Medical and Behavioural Characteristics of the Older People

The majority of the older people coming to the day care centre suffer from mobility issues. Many use a stick or Zimmer frame and a small number use a wheel chair. Incontinence is also a problem with about half of the visitors suffering to some degree. However, the staff are made aware of any issues and have no trouble managing it. Some of the older people have limited eyesight. None of the medical conditions prevent the visitors to the centre from being involved in the activities as the staff provide support and encouragement whenever necessary.

Some of the visitors to the day care centre suffer from early dementia and can become very confused or forgetful.

The atmosphere in the day care centre is very positive. Many of the visitors chat to each other, play games and get involved with activities. The staff chat to all the visitors and keep them alert. After lunch many of the visitors have a short nap but other than that the visitors are kept busy for most of the day.

Facial Expression

Most of the day care centre visitors appear to be happy and enthusiastic. For short times when the day care centre visitors are not involved in activities or chatting, they sit quietly with the corners of their mouths turned down. Some stare into space, although this only hap-pens for short periods of time.

3.4Setting C – Participants living independently in the UK

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The following exemplars for independent living are from C1A An individual from the C1 group, a woman aged 79 living on her ownC2A An individual from the C2 group, a woman aged 81 who lives with her husbandC3A An individual, from the C3 group, a woman aged 62 living on her own

3.4.1 Living Areas

C1A spends most of her time in the living room. She sits in the arm chair which is located directly in front of the modern flat screen television. Next to her armchair, C1A has a small table on which she keeps important documents, her address book, diary and photographs which she like to show visitors (she takes a lot of photos with her non-digital camera).

Figure 20 Living room and armchair with small table and grab stick, C1A

C1A also has a grab stick next to her chair which she uses to pick things up as she finds bending down difficult. There is a traditional wall fixed telephone with a speed dial facility for C1A’s two daughters. C1A speaks to someone on the telephone most days. She has a large number of friends and relatives that she speaks to on the phone.

C1A eats all of her meals in the living room, sitting in her chair using a tray. She has a fold out table in the room which she keeps folded down unless she has visitors when she eats at the table.

C1A only uses the second reception room when she has parties with her family or friends approximately 3 times a year. She has a small television with a DVD player which she moved into the room when she brought the flat screen television in the living room, she no longer uses this television. There is a portable heater which C1A uses in the winter in addition to central heating. To the left of the fireplace there is a small CD player with a radio. C1A only uses this when she has family parties. C1A has a lot of photographs of family which she has on display throughout the house.

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Figure 21 Second reception room and photos displayed. C1A

C1A has three bedrooms; she sleeps in the largest, has the second as a guest room and the other as a small storage room. C1A goes to sleep at around 10pm each night and gets up at 7am.

Figure 22. Largest bedroom used by C1A

C2A lives in a four bedroom house that she owns with her husband. The couple own a lot of consumer technology.

Figure 23. A selection of remotes are used. C2A

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There is a TV in the dining room as well as the lounge with a Video and DVD player.

Figure 24. New TV in the dining room waiting to be installed in the lounge and Bang and Olufsen stereo equipment in lounge. C2A

The lady says " ...we're just going to have a new television after many years, and I know my husband's dreading it because he'll have to get another handset and he'll have to change...have a different perspective on how he's using it - you know?"A high quality system indicates the couple's love of music and a willingness or openness to technology which is also reflected in the interview.

Figure 25 Telephone in hallway. They also have a handset upstairs. Main entrance hall is quite cluttered Setting C2A

3.4.2 Nutrition

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In the kitchen C1A has a washing machine, gas cooker, fridge freezer, kettle and microwave.C1A has a cooked meal everyday, which she cooks in the oven. She often has left-overs that she heats up in the microwave. C1 has a chair in the kitchen in case she feels that she needs to sit down.

Figure 26 Kitchen C1A

C1A sometimes has visitors over and cooks something special. She sometimes has a biscuit or two when she feels peckish. She has plenty of fruit and vegetables. Her niece who visits her most days is always impressed with how much she’s eaten when she takes her peelings down to the compost heap. She says she usually has a very balanced diet, and can monitor it herself.

Figure 27 Main Kitchen area includes dishwasher, washing machine. Setting C2AC2A prepares her own meals for herself and her husband.

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C3A is concerned about the idea of nutritional monitoring and says “Well as long as it didn't try to tell me, 'NO YOU CAN'T HAVE THAT STICKY BUN!' Cos I am diabetic actually and I would hate it if it kept telling me you mustn’t have that...you're not allowed to have that - that would be...an intrusion.”

3.4.3 Activities

C1A watches television for approximately 5 hours a day, in the afternoon and evening. She enjoys watching the television and says that it helps her to pass the time.C1A also enjoys reading short stories and doing knitting. She says she used to knit all the time but now has trouble with arthritis in her hands so doesn’t do as much as she’d like. She does do a bit of visiting, she has friend round the close [on her street] who she goes to see most weeks, and she meets up with [her friend] for lunch when they can arrange it. She always looks forward to her family visiting which they do quite regularly, especially now she has a new great grandson.There is a mini exercise cycle in the living room which C1A uses most days. She started using it after she had a hip replacement to increase her mobility.

Figure 28 Mini exercise cycle. C1A

C1A has a large garden. The top half is lawn and the bottom vegetables. A neighbour looksafter the vegetable garden. C1A sometimes mows the lawn using an electric lawn mower butusually one of her daughters does it. C1A has a patio which can be reached by double patiodoors from the living room. C1A enjoys sitting in the garden and watching the birds on thebird table. There are grab bars either side of the back door, which C1A uses for the steps.

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Figure 29 Garden with bench and bird table, Back door with grab rails. C1A

C2A says that her husband played golf and until recently she went to a keep fit class, but she's just had a replacement knee, she's only had it a few weeks so she thinks keep fit is too risky at the moment but is hoping to go back to it. She found the keep fit very 'useful' which she has been doing ever since she gave up her job. She used to work as a secretary to a cytogenetisist (pathology).

C2A also sings in a choir and takes part in church activities. In spare room there is an electronic typewriter. C2A uses this frequently for church business and also typing out readings etc as she finds it hard to hold a heavy book during a service. She types them out and then reads them from a piece of paper. The process of typing them also helps to make them clear in her mind. She enjoys typing and did this when she worked as a secretary; she wishes she had bought her old machine that she used at work when they sold off some equipment at the hospital. She is open to the idea of getting a computer. Her granddaughter likes to use a traditional typewriter at university because she likes the noise of the keys. C2A also uses a sewing machine in this room.

Figure 30 Electric Typewriter Setting C2A

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C3A (who is just 62) says she does a lot of walking and she is heavily involved in all matters to do with the village. She organises the flowers in church and helps with the services, she goes to the gardening club and also does catering for various events.

3.4.4 Medical and Behavioural Characteristics of the Older People

In terms of mobility aids C1A has a stair lift which she had fitted about 2 years ago when she had a hip replacement. She also has grab bars and a shower fitted in the bathroom at the same time. C1A used to be very active until a few years ago when her hip got really bad. She used to go out a lot on the bus and would walk into town most days. It got to the point that she could hardly walk, which is when she got the stair lift put in. She had a hip replacement last year and is a lot better now but she can’t go far without my stick. She doesn’t catch the bus anymore because she tripped up a few years ago when she was trying to get on and that’s really put her off, so that stops her doing a lot.C1A has a very good memory, she says she can always remember appointments and all her family ring her when they can’t remember someone’s birthday because they know she keeps it all in her head.C1A also has trouble with arthritis in her hands which prevents her from doing activities such as knitting which she enjoyed in the past.

Figure 31 Stair Lift. C1A

C2A likes to play the piano but she had a fall four years ago and landed on her elbow, which smashed and in putting a radial head cause her to lose two of the tendons in her fingers, so she finds it very difficult. She demonstrates that two of her fingers are fine and two don't work so she finds it very difficult to play the piano.

C2A has arthritis, she used to play a lot of sport so thinks that this affected her joints, she also says that she has a family history of arthritis. Her knee problem started six years ago and when it really bad worse she had a knee replacement. She hopes that ultimately she will get the full use of it back.

C3A is diabetic and suffering with problems in her hands and mild memory loss, but says that other than that she feels quite fit.

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3.5 Setting A_NL Residential Home in the Netherlands

Three observations and many interviews took place in a nursing home for people with severe somatic handicaps. This is a summary of our findings.

3.5.1 Living Areas

For every group of 10 residents, there is a shared living room, where they can sit all day, and get their meals. Next to this, there is a big café / restaurant, which is preferred by many people, to drink coffee and sit with visitors. There are no doorsteps, all doors are extra wide, and the floor is very smooth everywhere.

Their own rooms are too small to sit with more than two persons. There are many small closets and artefacts on the walls, but always enough space to navigate with a wheelchair and patient lift. All rooms have a small sink, where people can wash themselves a bit, brush their teeth, etc. The showers and toilets are shared and located on the hallway. Reason for this, is that in this nursing home, all patients need assistance with taking a shower and going to the toilet.

Figure 32. Overview of a typical room, quite small, with a bed in the middle, TV in the upper left corner, a sink on the right, and closets in the upper right corner and at the right of the bed (not on the picture). Setting A_NL

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Figure 33 and 34. Some closets, chair and TV. Setting A_NL

Figure 35 and 36. Laptop next to a bed, and the standard sink of every room. Setting A_NL

3.5.2 Nutrition

None of the residents of the nursing home do their own shopping, or cook for themselves. Every meal (3 a day) is prepared by the staff, and served in the shared living room. Some people receive their breakfast in bed.

For breakfast and lunch, they have a bread meal, which some clients can prepare by themselves. For dinner, they receive a warm meal with three courses. During the day, they can choose from a list of meals. They receive a soup, a main course, and a dessert.

Fluid intake is not monitored explicitly, but the staff pays much attention to it; every resident receives at least 6 drinks a day, if possible multiple glasses. With every meal, they receive water or coffee. And next to this, at least three times a day, they are provided with a glass of fruit juice, including extra vitamins.

3.5.3 Activities

In their own room, most residents have a television. They report however that this TV is almost never used. Of the 30 residents, 2 have a computer. One resident uses this for his financial administration, and serious things. The other uses it to stay in touch with family and friends through email and social networking. Only one client has a fixed telephone, which he MOBISERV FP7 248434


got on request. Several others have mobile phone, for when they go out. Most do not have a telephone at all.

The nursing home has many facilities and organizes activities almost every day. In the shared living room, people can read, listen to the radio, talk and watch TV. Furthermore, there is a gym, internet corner, chapel, quiet room, and terrace. Activities that are organized cover gym, singing, listening to music, painting, arranging flowers, cooking, playing cards, going for a walk, etc. People that are able to go outside on their own, go to the forest, to the city centre, and shopping.

Figure 37 and 38. The activity room for gym, music, etc, and the computer and internet corner. Setting A_NL


All residents are cognitively okay, but need help with going in/out of bed, taking a shower, dressing and changing clothes, and going to the toilet. Around 90% of the residents sit in a wheelchair. Most are manual wheelchairs, but some are motorized. People that have a manual wheelchair can borrow a mobility scooter to go outside.

Figure 39 and 40. An electrical wheelchair, and an adjustable “high-low” bed. Setting A_NL

Every resident has a unique set of problems or handicaps, and so everyone has another set of medications. There are clients who had strokes, heart attacks, broken hips, or suffer from rheumatoid arthritis, or multiple sclerosis, in all possible combinations. Therefore, people are

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paralyzed, have speech and language problems, and most of all have many mobility and motor skills issues.

All clients are very happy with the nursing home they live in. They all mention the many activities that are organized every day, and the friendly staff, and the attention they get. Several people mention that these are most important in their life; a higher quality of life through social contact, nice activities and a nice atmosphere. Others mention that their life is quite boring, but that for them it is very important to keep control over their life.

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3.6Setting B_NL Day care centres in the Netherlands

In this section, several interviews that took place in the day care centre for people with early dementia are presented. (Observations and interviews with family members are planned for the near future.)

The purpose of the day care centre is to offer the clients a sensible and pleasant daytime, and to give them a feeling of being at home. On average there are 18 clients per day, with 3 carers. They keep the residents busy, serve warm lunches, and take care of the medicines.

3.6.1 Living Areas

The day care centre has quite a large room, which can be divided in two if necessary. There is also a kitchen, where food is prepared by the staff. There are a couple of toilets, where the staff can assist clients, if there is a chance of falling.

In the large room, there are two big round tables with chairs seated around them. The chairs are special chairs that cannot fall over.

3.6.2 Nutrition

Warm lunch is served daily that includes three courses. Soup and dessert are prepared by the staff. The main course is delivered daily by an external company. For certain people, the dessert is mixed with extra vitamins.

3.6.3 Activities

Clients come here from 10am till 4pm. They are all transported here by taxis. They all live independently, but need structure and guidance, due to early dementia. The day starts with coffee or tea and reading out the headlines of the newspaper, most of the time leaving out the most negative items. Next, there is always some serious activity focusing on “reality orientation”, because most people are a bit more alert in the morning. After the warm lunch, there is a more playful less and demanding activity, like gym, arranging flowers, or playing cards.


People who start to get forgetful come to the daycentre, but there are quite a few people who have more advanced dementia. With help from social carers and home care, they are still able to live independently, but there have been people here who could not do anything anymore, who could just sit in a wheelchair because of their condition.

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Some clients still live with a spouse, but many do not. The staff sometimes wonders how they manage. They have seen people who cannot remember where their keys are, how they turn off the gas, who even cut through the gas line, people living in between the garbage, mousses, people who can absolutely not take care of themselves anymore, with only spoiled food in the fridge, etc.

Most people have children, but not all of them (are able to) take care of their parents, so not all clients have a social carer. On the other hand, some clients do not want or accept somebody else to take care of them. And in the end, the clients themselves still have to agree to go to a nursing home. It can be very hard, to convince them, and their family that this is the best option. However, if they want to go, there is a waiting list.

3.7 Setting C_NL Independent Living in the Netherlands

Three specific observations and several more interviews that took place in the homes of people living independently are presented in this section, giving an insight into their lives.

3.7.1 Living Areas

The clients all live in a one-level apartment with a living room, an open kitchen, a small bathroom, and a sleeping room. They spend most of their time in the living room and the kitchen. Most of them created free space in the living area for a rollator or walker, by removing some furniture, but still, there are many, many objects like chairs, tables, closets and quite some electricity cables.

Figure 41 An entrance hall with mobility scooter. Setting C_NL

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Figure 42 and 43 Some of the living rooms. Setting C_NL

Figure 44 and 45 Some of the living rooms. Setting C_NL

All clients own a TV, which is used quite a lot. They also all have a fixed phone, no mobile, and they all wear a personal alarm button. None have or use computers.

Figure 46 and 47 Parts of some kitchens. Setting C_NL

Some of the clients have adjustments such as handles in the bathroom and toilet to make it easier for them to stand up or to sit down. One client uses some kind of turntable on a chair to sit down at the table properly. Another uses some kind of an office chair, which is electrically adjustable in height, to move around in the kitchen.

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Figure 48 and 49. A bathroom with toilet, shower + chair, and washing machine. Setting C_NL

3.7.2 Nutrition

Only a few clients do their own shopping, and if they do, someone joins them, or even picks them up and brings them home; one client goes out every Saturday to do his shopping with his son. Most people have someone that does their shopping for them.

Most clients have regular eating habits, and fixed moments during the day when they prepare or eat their food. Most clients eat three times a day, some twice. Most clients go to the common restaurant in their building to have a warm meal for lunch. There, they have a starter, main course, and dessert. These clients usually have breakfast and dinner with bread, that they prepare by themselves.

Two clients prepare a warm meal for themselves. One really cooks by herself. The other only warms up pre-cooked meals or leftovers from her family. They do not need any help to assist them during preparation of the meal.

Fluid intakeThis was not specifically mentioned in the interviews and observations. Only one client mentioned that his doctor told him to drink much more. He was trying to think about this.

Figure 50 and 51. Preparation of food, on a adjustable office chair, and with a rollator. Setting C_NL

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Figure 52. Warm lunch; potatoes, vegetables and meat, with salt, applesauce, and a dessert of yoghurt. Setting C_NL

3.7.3 Activities

Most clients spend much time in their apartment and barely go out. They go outside only if accompanied with a healthy adult, because of their immobility, their fatigue, and their impaired vision.

All clients like to do things at regular times, e.g. reading and drinking coffee in the morning, lunch at 12:00, sleeping from 14:00-15:00, watching TV in the afternoon and evening, diner at 18:00, playing cards at 20:00, and so on. Other activities are talking to friends in the common café, talking to family on the phone, watching videotapes and going to the gym. None of the clients have a computer.


All clients take medicines a few times a day. Due to heart attacks, a stroke, or just their advanced age, they all have problems with their mobility. Walking is getting harder and harder, indoors and certainly outdoors.

Due to their age, for most clients everything is getting more difficult; dressing and undressing is sometimes okay, sometimes not. Some need help for this dressing and undressing, some for taking a shower.

Furthermore, one client is nearly blind, another is almost deaf, others have a weak heart and lungs, and are very short of breath. Several clients need to rest every 15 minutes.

Several clients do not have clear goals or desires in their life anymore. They care about their family, especially grandchildren, but on a day-to-day basis, they do not have specific wishes. Most are happy that they are still alive, but on the other hand some are very lonely. Several people mention that the TV is very important for them.

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3.8Significant findings for the specific questions from the technical partners

In D2.1, each of the technical partners had specified a list of questions that they were interested in exploring. These questions were discussed as part of the interviews and focus group. Excerpts of participants’ responses can be found in Appendix 8. The significant findings are summarised below.

3.8.1 Issues for ROBOSOFT

Most of the participants had limited experience of technology. In the UK people were generally not against the idea a robot. The younger participants (~65-70) seemed more accepting but the majority agreed that technology can be beneficial if it is kept simple. In NL most people did not see the benefits of a robot.

All of the participants agreed that voice recognition was the best way to communicate with the Robot but some suggested that a graphical interface would be useful for people who had had a stroke and were unable to speak.

The majority of participants thought that it would be important to personalize the Robot by selecting gender and accent. In the UK most of the participants did not like the American accent and would prefer an English one. The issue of voice recognition of multiple users was also raised. The style of the interaction on the demonstration video was found “cold” and lacking emotion.

Some of the participants thought that a humanoid Robot might be best and would like it to have some kind of facial expression to make it seem more human. While some thought that it looked cute, others found thought it looked very scary. A few thought that it didn’t need to have a form at all and just needed the base. Some were open to the idea of it being a pet but that fur might not be practical.

Many of the participants suggested that it would be very useful if the Robot had an arm or grabber so it would be able to pick things up for the user.

A number of participants pointed out the importance of being able to turn the Robot off and to put it away, for example in a cupboard.

The participants agreed that wheels are the best way for the Robot to move around and would be better than legs for example.

The participants were positive about the camera on the Robot if it is used for video conferencing only but reiterated the importance of being able to switch it off.

3.8.2 Issues for Smartex and CSEM:

The majority of the users were very positive about smart clothing. Some wonder who will be monitoring the signal.

Carers suggested it would be particularly useful if it could detect when a user had fallen over.

Several carers do not see the benefit for their clients, but think such smart clothes would be more beneficial in a hospital.

Some participants suggested it would be better as a separate item so they would know they were wearing it and it wouldn't need to be washed as frequently as underwear.

The number of participants and carers suggested that it might be necessary to have a front fastening on the vest as many older people struggle to get into tighter clothing.

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The majority of the participants wear vests in the winter and fewer wear them in the summer also.

3.8.3 Issues for AUTH:

The majority of the carers that were questioned agreed that nutrition monitoring is very important as many older people do not eat or drink enough. This is especially the case for people living (semi-) independently.

Monitoring the amount that older people drink was suggested as more important that eating as many older people are dehydrated and do not understand the importance of drinking enough.

Carers suggested that nutrition monitoring may be of use to users suffering from dementia as some have no understanding of what food is what and often need to be told what to eat.

Most end users sit in the same place to eat all their meals, either at the table or sat in a comfy chair.

The majority of the end users were very negative towards nutrition monitoring. The majority of end users were against having cameras in their home and felt that it

would invade their privacy. Very few of the end users had been given nutritional advice by a doctor or carer.

3.8.4 Issues for SYSTEMA:

All the participants agreed that voice recognition was the best way to communicate with the robot.

Few of the participants understand the use or importance of the Robot being able to produce reports.

The end users were generally negative about being monitored and information being passed onto their doctor or carer.

Most of the end users felt that in an emergency a carer or doctor should be contacted straight away. A number suggested that the Robot should ask the user first and if there was no response should then contact someone. An 'override' function was suggested for certain situations - programmed to suit the needs of the individual.

3.8.5 Issues for ANANZ:

Social isolation was identified as a very important issue. Video communication can be very helpful.

Some staff have experience with a video communication system and think it could be much improved and then be very helpful.

Several clients and social carers mention that they would be very happy with a video communication system.

Falls and strokes were seen as important issues by carers and end users. Some of the carers could see the benefit of facial recognition but felt that end users

may feel that it was an invasion of their privacy. Incontinence occurs very much; in nursing homes almost all clients suffer from it.

Where users might not think they are ill enough to 'trouble' the doctor, the system can help them identify their illness and choose to contact the doctor if it detects something serious.

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4 Personas

Personas were first introduced by Alan Cooperi as a practical interaction design tool.

Personas have been found to help the design team to better consider the perspectives of people who will be using a system and more realistically hypothesise answers to questions relating to what they might do in a particular scenario. A persona helps to give the invisible, nondescript "user" a personality.

By designing for the persona, the needs of the broader group that the persona is an archetype for, can be better satisfied.

The personas defined here are based on the field work done to collate data and information regarding the characteristics of older people that helps to typify particular groups of people, and the personas compiled here are representative of the range of issues that were found.

As part of the user-centred design process it is recommended that the consortium team adopt these personas and consider the design, development and use of the Mobiserv technology through the eyes of the personas.

Persona Number

Name Cognitive Physiological Psychological Setting

1 Aalbert None Mobility, Weak heart and lungs

Loneliness Independent

2 Brenda Forgetfulness Diabetes, weak eyesight, Mobility, shortness of breath from exertion

None Independent

3 Carol None, mild forgetfulness

Limited mobility in hand, knee replacement

None Independent

4 Dafne None Impaired mobility None Semi-independent

5 John Dementia Mild mobility impairment

None Semi-independent

6 Lilian None Severely impaired mobility, hearing loss

Mild depression

Residential

7 Terry None Limited mobility, incontinence

Loneliness Residential

Table 1. Summary of Issues for each Persona

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4.1Independent

4.1.1 Persona 1 - Aalbert

Male, 75, living alone, independently, some age-related physical problems, 3 children living far away (two sons, one daughter).

What he enjoys doing –

Albert enjoys playing cards with visitors when they come, chatting and watching television.

What he misses that would like to do again –

He misses being able to do the things he used to as everything has got harder due to limited mobility such as going on holiday.He misses his wife and has become quite lonely as he is not able to get out much. He does not like to answer the telephone unless he knows who it is.He misses having his family around as they all live quite a distance away. He speaks to them regularly and they try to help him when possible.

What are his worries –

One of his main concerns in terms of health is having a stroke. He worries that he won’t be able to call for help and will be left for a long time as he does not often have visitors.

Nature of his age-related physical problems –

Aalbert suffers from mobility issues and has had two falls. He has a weak heart and lungs, therefore he gets tired very quickly.

Views of his relatives –

They would like him to develop some communication with his grandchildren.

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4.1.2 Persona 2 - Brenda

Female, 85, living alone, independently, some age-related physical problems, diabetes, starts to forget things, 1 daughter living nearby.

What she enjoys doing –

Listening to music.

What she misses that would like to do again –

Brenda misses knitting and reading a lot. She used to enjoy knitting and reading but her eyesight has deteriorated over recent years making reading almost impossible. She sometimes uses talking books but finds them difficult to use.

What are her worries –

That she cannot stay independent, and needs help when she wants to go out. That her eye-sight is getting worse.

Nature of her age-related physical problems –

Brenda has limited mobility and uses a Zimmer frame, and has a mobility scooter. She finds walking difficult and cannot walk very far, getting short of breath. She relies on public transport and taxis to travel longer distances.

Nature of her medical needs –

She takes many medicines for her diabetes and related problems, such as high blood pressure. Exertion causes her breathlessness. Brenda's doctor advised her to purchase equipment for taking her own blood pressure and she monitors herself at home.

Nature of her cognitive problems -

Brenda has started to forget things, such as what time it is and some meals. She also often forgets whether she has taken her medication, which has caused health problems which have caused her to be admitted to hospital on a number of occasions

Views of her relatives –

Brenda relies on her daughter a lot. She visits every day and often does jobs around the house. She worries about her mother forgetting to take her medication.

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4.1.3 Persona 3 - Carol

Female, 82, lives independently in her own home with her husband. They live in a large house in a rural area. She has some age-related physical problems. The couple have two children, one lives nearby and one is abroad Carol also has a good relationship with her grandchildren who visit frequently.


Carol loves to play the piano and to the radio. She reads a newspaper every day. She helps with local church activities and uses a computer to perform administrative tasks for the church.

What she misses that she would like to do again –

Carol has limited function in one hand so she can't play the piano as well as she used to and now only plays for herself at home, whereas she used to play in church. She also finds it more difficult to type and click the mouse because of her hand, but she manages.Carol has recently had her knee replaced and is convalescing. She usually attends a gentle keep fit class but is finding it difficult to walk or stand for long periods of time at present.


At the moment Carol's husband helps her with the things that she can't do for herself because of her physical problems - for example kneeling down to set the video recorder and likewise she helps him with the things that he can't do, like reminding him to take his medicine. They make a good team. She is worried about what might happen if one of them fell ill or she had another fall. Carol does all the cooking in the house and worries that her diabetic husband would not be able to cook nutritional meals for himself if something happened to her.

Nature of her age-related physical problems –

Carol has a damaged hand caused by a bad fall. Three of her fingers don't work but she is quite determined to do things for herself rather than ask for help. Carol has just had her knee replaced and thinks the other knee might need to be replaced soon.Carol can occasionally be forgetful or get her words muddled up but thinks this is normal for her age and makes notes in her diary or writes things on the calendar to remind her.

Views of her relatives –

They think the couple cope very well, but are concerned that if they deteriorate they might find it hard to cope with managing the house because it is very large. They also worry about how Carol's husband would cope if something happened to Carol.

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4.2Semi-independent

4.2.1 Persona 4 - Dafne

Female, 78, living alone, independently, problems with mobility, visiting a day care centre 3 days a week, no children.


While she is used to living on her own, Dafne really looks forward to the days when she goes to the day care centre where she has a lot of friends. She enjoys listening to music from her younger days. She gets involved in all the activities at the day care centre and especially enjoys crafts.


Dafne used to love going shopping.


That she might have a fall when she is on her own and might not be able to use the personal alarm which she wears around her neck.


Dafne finds dressing and washing difficult due to mobility problems and has carers come to her home daily to help her with this and with light housework. She is helped with bathing at the day care centre. They leave her a jug of water and meals are brought in by a special private service for the days she is at home. She reheats these in the microwave.

Nature of her cognitive problems –

None

Views of the day care staff –

That something will go wrong when she is home alone; that she will fall. She doesn’t like drinking too much water as then she will have to go to the toilet too often, as a result she often gets dehydrated which makes her weak.

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4.2.2 Persona 5 - John

Male, 80, living with his son, has memory problems, visiting a day care centre 5 days a week


John enjoys relaxing, reading and watching television. While at the day care centre he enjoys playing cards, particularly Cribbage.


John misses gardening. He used to be in the garden whenever he could but his limited mobility prevents him from doing gardening.


That he will have to move to a residential home.

Nature of his cognitive problems –

John has problems with his short term memory and has difficulties remembering what he has done or been told recently. He has become very forgetful and often forgets where he is and what he is doing.

Nature of his age related problems -

John has memory problems and mild mobility impairment due to arthritis.

Views of his relatives –

John’s son is worried about leaving him alone as he becomes very confused.

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4.3 In Residential Care

4.3.1 Persona 6 - Lilian

Female, 70, living in a residential home, many physical problems due to several strokes and fractured hips, goes back home with her husband on Saturdays and Sundays during the day, 2 children living far away.


Lilian enjoys reading magazines and watching television. She also enjoys the craft activities that the home arranges. She looks forward to going home to her husband at the weekends, as well as going for a walk outside.


Lilian misses her friends.


Lilian worries about having another stroke which would make her condition worse and she worries about she will never leave this nursing home again.


Many medicines, over 20 a day. Lilian lost movement in her left side after having her last stroke. She needs help when getting up, getting dressed, eating, bathing, going to the toilet, going to bed.

Nature of her physical problems -

Due to semi-paralysis on her left side she has difficulty walking and uses a stick, and quite often a wheelchair. She is hard of hearing and wears a hearing aid. Lilian cannot use her wheelchair with one hand, so she needs to be pushed. Sometimes she tries to pull or push herself with one foot. She also has some difficulties talking but is still able to communicate.

Views of the residential staff –

That her husband is finding it difficult to cope during the weekend.

Views of her husband –

All he wants is being together with his wife, every morning, afternoon and evening, he visits her in the care home, except for two afternoons, when he plays sports. During his visits, he does physical exercises with her, and practices speech and language therapy with her. All this is quite hard, because there is not much progress anymore. Because of the amount of time he spends with her, he misses other social activities, and is losing contacts.

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4.3.2 Persona 7 - Terry

Male, 86, living in a nursing home, many physical problems and related medical issues -heart condition, no spouse but two children living nearby visiting him every day.


Terry enjoys reading the newspaper and watching the television. He gets involved with the activities arranged by the home, such as singing, making music and painting. Terry enjoys seeing his children and has a good relationship with them.


Terry misses gardening. Terry misses his wife who passed away a few years ago. He also misses his male friends as all the other residents in the home are female. Terry's son persuaded him to move into this residential home to be near his family, but most of his friends are 250 miles away in his home town.


Terry is now settled in the home and worried about change. He can't imagine living anywhere else.

Nature of his age related physical problems –

Terry has limited mobility and uses a Zimmer frame. His muscles and joints are often stiff, problems with his hands, problems with reaching for high and low things. He also has incontinence issues and has a catheter.

Nature of his medical problems –

Terry has to take many tablets to control his medical conditions. His medication is administered by the care home staff.

Concerns of the nursing home staff –

Risk of infections

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4.4 Cultural differences

Significant cultural differences will be considered as part of the Mobiserv project. In this report we present some initial issues related to cultural differences that will have an impact on the nature of advice and functionality of the Mobiserv system. There is more work to be done in exploring these further.

4.4.1 Nutritional guidance

4.4.1.1 UK

The government promotes the 5-a-day guide to healthy nutrition which is eating 5 portions of fruit or vegetables a day (www.nhs.uk/livewell/5aday/pages/5adayhome.aspx ).

4.4.1.2 Netherlands

The government promotes the nutritional guidance of “two pieces of fruit and 200 grams of vegetables” (www.voedingscentrum.nl ).

4.4.2 Nutrition

4.4.2.1 UK

In the UK lunch varies but often is something cooked or sandwiches.

4.4.2.2 Netherlands

Almost all people eat sandwiches twice a day; at least for breakfast, and also for lunch if they have a warm dinner, or for dinner when they have a warm lunch. When eating sandwiches, often they drink milk. There is no warm food involved; they only use food from the fridge to put on the sandwiches, such as butter, cheese, ham, jam, chocolate sprinkles, peanut butter, and etc.

4.4.3 Beverages

4.4.3.1 UK

A large number of older adults were found to drink more tea (with milk) than water

4.4.3.2 Netherlands

Older adults seemed to drink mostly juices and coffee, but also water.

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http://www.voedingscentrum.nl/

http://www.nhs.uk/livewell/5aday/pages/5adayhome.aspx


4.5Conclusions

Given the scope of the initial Mobiserv bid, it can be concluded that Persona 1 (Aalbert) and 2 (Brenda) belong to the main target group for Mobiserv. Persona 4 (Dafne) does too, not in the day care centre, but when she is not there, when she is home alone.

Persona 6 (Lilian) could benefit from a Mobiserv system when she is at home during the weekends, not in the nursing home. Persona 3, Carol could manage without the Mobiserv technology at the moment, but she would find many of the functions useful. Carol and her husband are dependent on each other for help and if something happens to either of them then they would require additional help to stay in their home. It may be beneficial to integrate Mobiserv at this early stage in order to encourage familiarity and therefore improve acceptance when the technology does become essential.

Mobiserv technology, on one side is to enable independent living at home, but on the other side, can have the potential for supporting and improving the lives of older people in residential homes as well.

For the cases of John and Terry, Mobiserv could help ease the burden put on specialist staff and thus allow them to concentrate on other important matters in the care system that cannot be done by the Mobiserv system.

Even if personas 5 (John) and 7 (Terry) were not in the target group for a Mobiserv system, the open interfaces and modular architecture being designed for Mobiserv will help to ensure flexibility of the Mobiserve system to function in a range of locations.

Several of the personas could benefit from the Mobiserv system as a social companion, including 1 (Aalbert) and 7 (Terry).

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5 Scenarios of Use

A scenario is a short story about a specific persona with a specific goal. Scenarios comprise the people, tasks, and contexts that help define what might be expected from an application in a given situation.

The following descriptions of scenarios are based on the personas described in the previous section to help identify what needs exist for a person with a particular set of issues (denoted by a ‘x’ in the table 2) and suggestions as to how the Mobiserv subsystems could address those issues in the form of a descriptive use case. It is assumed that the use-cases will be refined and/or re-defined as part of the technical definitions within each of the individual sub-system workpackages.

In addition, the decision of which scenarios will developed within the Mobiserv project, will be decided by the consortium. The decision will take into consideration all technical and resource constraints, as well as effectiveness and exploitation potential with a view to maximizing benefits to the target user groups’ needs addressed by the scenario.

5.1Summary of Scenarios of Use

SC_x Scenario_id

Scenario with Mobiserv Objectives defined in DoW

Personas1 2 3 4 5 6 7

SC_1. Being reminded to eat OS1, OT4, OT6

x x

SC_2. Being reminded to drink OS1, OT4, OT6

x x

SC_3. Being encouraged to eat OS1, OT4, OT6

x x x x

SC_4. Being encouraged to drink OS1, OT4, OT6

x x x x

SC_5. Being reminded of what food is in the fridge and pantry

OS1, OT4, OT6

x x x

SC_6. Being able to call someone in an emergency. A panic responder (yelling, falling)

OS3, OT3, OT6

x x x x x x x

SC_7. Being reminded to take medication

OS1, OT6 x x

SC_8. Being encouraged to do some activity if have been sitting for a long period of time

OS1, OT3 x x x x x

SC_9. Being reminded to wash/personal hygiene

OS1 x

SC_10. Being able to carry items to another room if there are mobility issues

OS1 x x x x x x x

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SC_x Scenario_id

Scenario with Mobiserv Objectives defined in DoW

PersonasSC_11. Communicating/Socializing

with friends and relativesOS2 x x x x x

SC_12. Social caregiver remotely checks in on the older person

OS2 x x

SC_13. Being reminded of social engagements and other diary appointments

OS2 x x x

SC_14. Finding out about the weather/news

OS2 x x x x x x

SC_15. Communicating with someone at the front door from another room

OS1 x x x x

SC_16. Controlling the environment in the house (lights, heating, curtains, locks)

OS1 x x x x x x

SC_17. Guarding against accidents (gas, water, windows, doors)

OS1 x x x x x

SC_18. Finding out if everything is medically okay telemedicine / self-check platform in cases of detection of irregular patterns (sleep, heart-rate, breathing, temperature, activity level)

OS1, OT2 x x x x x

SC_19. Being cognitively and socially stimulated with computer games

OS1 x x x x x x

SC_20. Communicating with health professionals to report problems

OS3, OT3 x x x x x

SC_21. Prescription/Medication Management

OS1, OT1 x x x x

Table 2 Summary of Scenarios of use indicating which persona could experience the situation described by the scenario.

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5.2Details of the Scenarios and Use Cases

5.2.1 Being reminded to eat (SC_1)

Brenda used to be a good cook in her younger days and enjoyed cooking for her family and friends. As Brenda has diabetes, her doctor has advised her to eat regularly. She is also prescribed some medication for her diabetes which needs to be taken after meals, so it is important that she eats on time.Brenda has started to forget some things and her forgetfulness could be related to this.

Sometimes Brenda goes out for a meal with her family.

Use-Case with Mobiserv: Brenda’s daughter has setup meal times periods using the Mobiserv touchscreen interface. The monitoring system fixed on Brenda's dinner table has not observed any eating activity for several hours around that time-period. The internal system clock knows it is lunchtime and asks Brenda if she has eaten and if she replies that she hasn’t, it gently suggests that she should have something to eat. On the occasions when Brenda is out the system has identified that she is not in so the reminder is not issued. The Mobiserv system confirms whether she has eaten when she returns by politely inquiring.

5.2.2 Being reminded to drink (SC_2)

Brenda often forgets to drink enough during the day. Her daughter has considered putting an alarm next to the jug of water she leaves for her to trigger every 2 hours and remind her to drink.

Use-Case with Mobiserv: Brenda’s assistive robot will remind her to drink in combination with the other reminders or moments where she is eating or taking her medicines. Only when more than 3 hours pass by, without any drinking events, the robot will suggest to have a cup of tea, coffee or water.

John, who will also find having this reminder useful, might potentially have problems with interpreting and recognising the reminder because of his memory problems.

5.2.3 Being encouraged to eat (SC_3)

Aalbert lives on his own and often feels depressed and lonely. He has never been very good at cooking and consumes very little nutritious food, mainly relying on packaged food. Often he doesn’t eat at all.

Use-Case with Mobiserv: The monitoring system fixed on Aalbert's dinner table has not observed any eating activity all day. The system recommends to Aalbert that he eats something. It suggests meal options

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based on the monitored contents of his refrigerator or items that it has recorded as being Aalbert's favourite nutritional snack. It also lets him know of the benefits of eating regular healthy meals and suggests that doing so will make him feel better. The systems has a set of ways of proposing nutrition and does not repeat the same information every day.

5.2.4 Being encouraged to drink

Dafne’s carers leave her a jug of water for to drink when they visit in the morning. Dafne is reluctant to drink too much as it would mean having to go to the toilet often, which is cumbersome for her due to her mobility problems. At the day care centre, the staff manage to convince her to drink more through gentle encouragement.

Use-Case with Mobiserv: When Dafne is at home, her assistant robot takes care of these gentle encouragements, by proposing many varying fluids, on varying times of the day. Think about water, milk, coffee, tea, orange juice, wine, etc. The system learns what Dafne likes and what not, and adjusts the schedule to this, but every now and then, it will still propose new or other drinks.

For Albert, there will be no variation. For Brenda, if the information is presented on the screen, then her weak eye sight has to be taken into consideration. For John there might be potential problems with being able to interpret, recognise and respond to the encouragement because of his dementia.

5.2.5 Being reminded of what food is in the fridge and pantry (SC_5)

Brenda’s daughter has noticed that when she checks in her mother’s fridge, there are some items of food that have not been eaten. Sometimes the food is past its sell-by date and Brenda does not realise. Sometimes Brenda buys too much food as she is used to cooking for a large family. Brenda’s daughter has been thinking of leaving a list on the fridge of things that her mother has in the fridge to help her plan her meals.

Use-Case with Mobiserv: The system monitors the items that are placed in Brenda's fridge. Where possible a bar code scanner scans the items for information and the date they were entered into the fridge is noted by the system which helps to calculate their freshness. Certain activity (walking into the kitchen, approximate mealtime) triggers the robot to ask Brenda if she is about to prepare a meal. If she answers yes it then advises her on what is in her fridge that need to be eaten, what may need to be thrown away, it may also offer recipe advice. Used in conjunction with a voice activated shopping list, the system enables Brenda to manage her food better by cutting down on waste, saving money and eating things which are fresher and more nutritious.

5.2.6 Panic responder - Being able to call someone in an emergency. (SC_6)

John enjoys being at the day care center, and likes the carers and nurses very much. He sometimes forgets where he is and what time it is, and starts to panic. At the day care centre,

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they know how to help him relax. Sometimes, this also happens at his home, or even in the middle of the night. Once, he ran out of his bedroom, shouting for the nurse.

Use-Case with Mobiserv: John’s Mobiserv system is able to detect loud voices, such as shouting or screaming. The system will setup an audio and video connection with the care call center, and the robot will locate and go to the person in panic. The caretaker in the call center can immediately talk to John, to help him relax, and set him at rest. John has memory problems, so the response will have to be appropriate for this.

Panic could also be detected or corroborated by monitoring sensors in smart clothing if they are being worn by the person.

For Aalbert, Brenda, Carol, Dafne, Lilian and Terry, the system will have the ability to trigger a call to the care call centre in response to a fall or a voice call for “help” from the person, informing the centre of the nature of the alarm, resulting in appropriate action. Brenda has poor eyesight and a pre-existing medical condition which should be known by the system and also communicated. Lilian’s loss of hearing means that she might need alternative modes for the response such as visual or tactile (e.g. vibrating bracelet).

5.2.7 Being reminded to take medication (SC_7)

Brenda gets confused about her medication. Sometimes she forgets to take it and sometimes she can't remember if she has taken it or not. She takes several different sets of medication for her diabetes and related issues. Some of the tablets must be eaten with meals and some before or after food. Her daughter bought her a pill box with an alarm on it and different compartments to put the pills in for morning and afternoon and the different days of the week she used it for a little while but it did not really suit her medication regime and once she also got confused about what day it was and took some of the tablets twice.

Use-Case with Mobiserv: When prescribing the medication, Brenda's doctor sends a message to the system to let it know when the medicine should be taken - how many times a day and whether it is to be taken before or after food. The medicine packet has a barcode on it which also has this information on it so Brenda can scan the medicine to find out the information and to check that it has been entered on the system. When Brenda's medicine is due, the robot alerts her. The medicine is generally kept with the robot, in a pocket or compartment. She can scan it to make sure it is the correct packet, then she takes the correct amount and gives a command to confirm that she has taken the medicine. The robot will continue to gently remind her until she has scanned the packet and confirmed that the medicine has been taken. Alternatively the robot could weigh the pill bottle or packet to assess whether a pill was taken or not.

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5.2.8 Being encouraged to do some activity if have been sitting for a long period of time (SC_8)

Aalbert, like many older people, suffers from very stiff muscles, especially in his hands, arms and legs. He does not engage in much physical activity during the day, so therefore the doctor told him to do some exercises, preferably every day. Aalbert knows the benefits, but still does not really like to do these exercises, and tends to skip them most of time.

Use-Case with Mobiserv: The Mobiserv system functions as a persuasive agent in this case. It not only detects when Aalbert is sitting still for long, but also tries to find a pattern in Aalbert’s daily activities, to find out the best or most preferred opportunity to propose and do some exercises. The system knows many exercises to offer diversity, and will ask for feedback after each exercise. This way it learns what Aalbert likes, and how many time he wants to spend per session. Aalbert is encouraged by feedback from the system, showing his progress and describing the benefits of regular gentle exercises, such as promoting a good night's sleep.

For people with mobility problems, such as Brenda, Dafne, John and Lilian, the activities will have to be specifically designed by a medical practitioner and their data will need to be closely monitored for safety.

5.2.9 Being reminded to wash/personal hygiene (SC_9)

John has short term memory problems and often can't remember what he has just done. He can sometimes become confused. His son reminds him to clean his teeth every day and prompts him to wash his face and take a bath when needed. Sometimes John goes to the bathroom to clean his teeth and can't remember why he is there.

Use-Case with Mobiserv: The system will gently prompt John to clean his teeth every morning and night - it asks him if he has done it and if he says yes it will not ask him again. If he can't remember if he has cleaned his teeth he can ask the system and it will let him know if he has. For bathing and washing John or his son can choose certain times or days when he should wash or bathe and the system will gently prompt him to do so on these days.

5.2.10 Being able to carry items to another room if there are mobility issues (SC_10)

The weather is nice today, and Terry would like to go sit outside, and read for a while. He is using a light Zimmer frame which has no basket. Somehow he has to take his glasses, the newspaper, a book, and something to drink with him. He has to call a nurse for this but would prefer if he could do this himself without bothering anyone.

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Use-Case with Mobiserv: Terry calls the Mobiserv robot, and places all the items in a special carrying basket/compartment located on the robot. Then Terry tells the robot to follow him.

The design or clear instructions should ensure that people don’t put items with liquids which could spill or provide a special holder for drinks. The instructions should be clear for someone with dementia might be difficult to interpret.

5.2.11 Communicating/Socializing with friends and relatives (SC_11)

Terry really misses his friends. He moved to the residential home from his hometown 250 miles away to be nearer to his children. All of the other residents and most of the carers in the home are female and he misses male company. He used to write to his best friend Dave every few weeks but he finds it more difficult to write now as the joints in his hands are stiff and his letters have become shorter and less frequent. Terry has a large family and his two children live nearby and come to visit him frequently. His mobility issues prevent him from leaving the home very often to visit his family and he misses things like the grandchildren's birthday parties as he is too frail to attend. His children take lots of photos of their activities and bring them to show to Terry when they come to visit, so that he still feels involved in their lives.

Use-Case with Mobiserv: The Mobiserv screen enables Terry to use video calling or hand free telephone calling (voice only) to his friends and family. Video calling helps Terry to feel like his distant friends are in the room with him. It also enables him to remotely attend birthday parties or family events with two way interaction. Terry's family can also use the system to upload photos or videos of their activities to share with Terry at any time. Terry is able to select whether or not he wants the audio visual calling or voice only calling options with a one step interaction, and it is clear to Terry when the camera is on and what the other person is able to see.

5.2.12 Social caregiver remotely checks in on the older person (SC_12)

Because Aalbert’s sons and daughter live quite far away, they cannot come by every day or every week. Still, they do want to know about how their father is doing, and sometimes worry about his health and his loneliness.

Use-Case with Mobiserv: With the Mobiserv system, they found a solution for this. Every morning, one of the children checks in on their father through the robot’s audio and video connection. This can be done from a computer, laptop or smart phone. They can see their father, find out how he is doing, and have a chat. Because of the mobile robot, this can be done in any room and in any location in their father’s apartment. Aalbert has the option of setting a do not disturb option if he does not wish to be contacted at any time, or turn the camera off and use voice only.

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5.2.13 Being reminded of social engagements and other diary appointments (SC_13)

a) Dafne visits a day care centre three times a week and has meals delivered to her home by a private delivery service for the days when she is not at the day care centre. Sometimes Dafne isn't sure if it is her day for attending the day care centre or receiving meals at home so she tends to write it in her diary. A couple of times Dafne misplaced her diary and had to ring her friend to find out if it was the right day to attend day care. Another time she didn't check her diary before she went out and the day care centre was closed when she got there and she missed her meal delivery. Now she always double checks that she has the right day before she leaves the house.

b) Brenda has regular check-ups with her GP for her blood pressure and diabetes problems, she is slightly forgetful and her daughter always rings her to remind her if she has a doctor's appointment.

c) Carol has her milk delivered on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, quite often she goes out early to visit friends or attend church meetings and forgets to bring the milk in before she leaves. If the weather is sunny the milk will turn sour on the doorstep and when she gets home she is unable to use it.

Use-Case with Mobiserv:

Dafne and Carol tell the robot which days of the week to expect certain things such as milk or meal deliveries or that they are going to the day care centre. The system reminds them every day of any activities planned for that day and what time they are occurring. It also reminds them again half an hour before an activity is due to start or when asked specific questions such as 'what am I doing today?' or 'when is my next milk delivery?'It is also possible to input specific events such as a birthday or appointment. Brenda's doctor informs the system of her appointments so they are automatically added to her schedule.

5.2.14 Finding out about the weather/news (SC_14)

Brenda just woke up and had breakfast. She would like to go to the local cafe for a cup of coffee. She can get there using her mobility scooter but won’t go if it going to rain later. Therefore, she would like to know what the weather is going to be like. Brenda usually asks her daughter to find out, but her daughter is away on business. She would look it up on the TV but has misplaced the remote control.

Use-Case with Mobiserv: The Mobiserv robot offers a solution to this. Brenda can simply ask it by voice for the weather, and it will read out the latest weather forecast for today. If she wants to, she can also browse through the details on the robot’s touch screen, which are displayed very nicely, with simple symbols and big fonts. By touching a certain symbol, text, or graph, the robot reads out the meaning and values.

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5.2.15 Communicating with someone at the front door (SC_15)

Aalbert is at home, in his apartment on the 7th floor. He sits in his favorite chair, and is watching television. The doorbell rings. There is a visitor outside, in front of the main entrance of the building. Due to his impaired mobility, he misses quite a few visitors; they leave before he reached the intercom in his hallway. Aalbert is also sometimes nervous about answering the door if he is not expecting anyone, he doesn't like to answer the telephone unless he knows who is calling and he feels the same about unexpected visitors to his home.

Use-Case with Mobiserv: With his new robot after the doorbell rings, the robot comes up to his chair, and shows a live video of his visitor. Aalbert can easily let him in if he chooses to, or start an audio connection first.

5.2.16 Controlling the environment in the house (SC_16)

It’s Sunday, and Lilian is at home with her husband. Her husband just left for a quick walk with their dog. Lilian is in a wheelchair, and their house is well adjusted to this. Everything is on one floor and through their robot, she can control the most important things in their house.

Use-Case with Mobiserv: Outside, it is getting darker, so Lilian calls the robot; using her voice, she closes the curtains, and through the touch screen, she turns on some lights and adjusts the heating.

5.2.17 Guarding against accidents (gas, water, windows, doors) (SC_17)

a) Brenda's eyesight is deteriorating and she can't always see that she has turned the knobs of her gas hob all the way down once she has finished cooking. Her sense of smell is also quite poor compared to what it once was. Once her daughter came to visit and could smell gas where Brenda had not turned the stove off properly and the flame had gone out. Brenda's daughter is concerned about her mother's safety, especially as she sometimes has difficulty breathing. She visits her mother every day to check that she is OK but spends a lot of time worrying about her when she is not there.

b) Carol can't always remember if she has locked the front door and sometimes her husband leaves the windows open in the bathroom, yet insists that he has closed it. She has to check for herself and often gets out of bed at night to walk around the house and ensure that all of the doors and windows in the house are secure.

Use-Case with Mobiserv: The system can detect abnormal activity in the bathroom and kitchen such as a tap or the hob being left on and alert Brenda or her carer to take action to remedy the situation.The robot can lock the doors and windows automatically from a centralised control system. Carol can ask it if the doors and windows are locked or unlocked and ask it to lock or unlock them if necessary. The status can also be clearly shown on the screen. The system can also detect abnormal activity like a door or window being left open at night time and check with Carol whether it is supposed to be like this.

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5.2.18 Finding out if everything is medically okay telemedicine / self-check platform in cases of detection of irregular patterns (SC_18)

a) Brenda has mobility issues and has been prescribed with an exercise regime to improve her walking, balance and general fitness. She also has a heart problem so her breathing and heart rate has to be monitored at the same time. She goes to her doctor for regular checkups.


Mobiserv system monitors all of the vital functions using Smart garments and activity sensors when Brenda puts on the garment before an exercise session. Mobiserv smart garment can follow her activities and are issue alarms to her to slow down or stop if her breathing and pulse functions become irregular. All the reading for her exercise session are recorded and emailed to her doctor at the end of the week.

b) Aalbert doesn’t eat much and is prone to hypothermia due to low body weight, particularly at night in the winter.


Aalbert puts on the Mobiserv smart garment night wear (or has Smart Sheets on his bed) which monitor his body temperature while he sleeps. If his temperature falls below a certain threshold, the system takes remedial action – such as issuing an alarm or controlling the heating.

5.2.19 Being cognitively and socially stimulated with computer games (SC_19)

a) Although John has dementia, he really enjoys playing Scrabble with his son. Sometimes he needs a little bit of guidance but for the most part he plays very well and enjoys the challenge of the game. His son usually works during the day and John goes to the day care centre to play Scrabble with the carers and other service users. He also enjoys playing cards at the day centre and wishes that he was able to play more games like this when he is at home.

b) Lilian likes to play board games with her husband when she can, particularly Othello. No one at the care home knows how to play Othello and Lilian has to wait until the weekend to play her favourite game.

Use-Case with Mobiserv: The Mobiserv system will have inbuilt gaming functionality to stimulate users and also promote acceptance of the system. Users will be able to play against the machine and also against friends who have the same system or via a special website. John can play Scrabble and cards with his friends at the day centre from his own home, or play against the machine. Lilian can also play Othello with her husband when she is in the home or play against the machine.

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5.2.20 Communicating with health professionals to report problems (SC_20)

Dafne has some physical problems, related to her age. Every now and then, she feels pain somewhere, or she does not feel as well as usual. She always wonders whether this is all related to her age, or that there is something more. She does not want to go to the doctor every time as it is quite cumbersome to get to the clinic.

Use-Case with Mobiserv:The Mobiserv system offers a solution for this. She can ask for a very quick but effective tele-consultation. This means that through an audio and video link, she can hear and see the doctor, and the doctor can hear and see her. She has to make an initial request to see the doctor via the system and then when there is a free slot the doctor calls her. The doctor has some standard questions, and Dafne can ask about her specific complaints. If needed, this tele-consultation can be followed up by a real consultation.

5.2.21Prescription/Medication Management (SC_21)

a) Carol is on more medication than usual at the moment because she has just had her knee replaced. She is also struggling to get about as easily as she normally does. She needs a repeat prescription of anti-inflammatory tablets for her knee in addition to her usual medication and hates relying on other people to collect it for her. She values her independence and would like to be able to organise it herself.

b) Brenda has to go and get a repeat prescription of her diabetes medicine every few weeks. She tries to remember to collect it when she is in town but often forgets to pick it up. On one occasion Brenda ran out of medicine and had to send her daughter out on an emergency errand to collect some.

Use-Case with Mobiserv: The system interacts with the doctor or hospital system to ensure that prescriptions are managed effectively and repeat prescriptions are ordered in a timely fashion. The system also offers a communication channel with the doctor or nurse so if Carol or Brenda have a query about their medication or prescription they can ask the robot (using voice recognition) and it can then e-mail the query and recount any response.

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6 Functional Requirements

For the scenarios defined in section 5, we have attempted to propose a set of high-level func-tions for the Mobiserv system to address these. For each of the proposed functions, we have gone on to suggest a set of sub-functions highlighting issues from our findings. These are mainly to serve as a starting point for the consortium to integrate with their existing plans and prioritise the design of the Mobiserv components which will be refined and developed within the individual technical work packages. Further work will involve each work package leader defining and getting additional feedback on the nature and content of the interaction with the user, for each of the sub-functions in liaison with UWE, SMH and ANNA working with the stakeholders.

6.1 Summary of High Level Functions

F_ID Proposed Functionality Related to Scenario Id

Issue being addressed

F_1. Reminder to eat SC_1 ForgetfulnessF_2. Reminder to drink SC_2 ForgetfulnessF_3. Encouragement to eat SC_3 Reluctance from psy-

chological and physical issues

F_4. Encouragement to drink SC_4 Reluctance from psy-chological and physical issues

F_5. Food inventory SC_5 ForgetfulnessF_6. Response to call for help from

the userSC_6 Safety

F_7. Reminder to take medication SC_7 Health, ForgetfulnessF_8. Encouragement for exercising SC_8 Health, Reluctance from

psychological and phys-ical issues

F_9. Reminder for personal hygiene SC_9 ForgetfulnessF_10. Facility for carrying things

from one room to the nextSC_10 Lack of, or poor mobil-

ityF_11. Voice/Video/SMS via Robot

communication with friends and relatives

SC_11, SC_12

Social

F_12. Diary reminder/management SC_13 SocialF_13. Responding to requests for

Weather Information/NewsSC_14 Social, Cognitive

F_14. A mobile screen connected to the front door

SC_15 Lack of, or poor mobil-itySecurity

F_15. A mobile remote for the house (lights, heating, curtains, locks)

SC_16 Security

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F_ID Proposed Functionality Related to Scenario Id

Issue being addressed

F_16. Automated checking of gas , water, windows, doors

SC_17 Security

F_17. A tele-medicine/self-check platform

SC_18 Health

F_18. Games for Social and Cognit-ive Stimulation

SC_19 Social and CognitivePromote acceptability

F_19. Reporting to health profession-als

SC_20 Health

F_20. Allow user to check a particu-lar medication

SC_21 Health management, Safety

Table 3 Summary of High Level Functions

6.2Detailed Functional Requirements

6.2.1Reminder to eat (F_1)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes

F_1.1 Ability to turn function ON or OFF It should be clear to the user and oth-ers whether this function is in the ON or OFF mode

F_1.2 Setup meal timeslots and periods of eat-ing for each meal

Touch screen interface for carer or user

F_1.3 Detect a missed mealF_1.4 Locate the personF_1.5 Issue a missed meal reminder to the per-

son Voice or melody or screen (Allow for selection by user or carer)

F_1.6 Detect an acknowledgement of meal re-minder by the user

If the reminder has not been acknow-ledged within 10 minutes (for ex-ample), reissue x number of times, after which take a pre-determined course of action

F_1.7 Detect the action by the user in response to the reminder

F_1.8 Log a missed meal

Table 4 Sub-Functions for F_1

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6.2.2 Reminder to drink (F_2)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes

F_2.1 Ability to turn function ON or OFF It should be clear to the user and others whether this function is in the ON or OFF mode

F_2.2 Detect drinking activityF_2.3 Issue a reminder to drink, together with a eat-

ing or medicine reminderF_2.4 Detect drinking activityF_2.5 Detect medicine intakeF_2.6 Issue a reminder to drink, when detecting an

eating or medicine intake activityF_2.7 Detect and log the user’s response to the re-

minderF_2.8 Keep a list of drinks, and preferences of the

userTable 5 Sub-Functions for F_2

6.2.3 Encouragement to eat (F_3)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes

F_3.1 Ability to turn function ON or OFF It should be clear to the user and oth-ers whether this function is in the ON or OFF mode

F_3.2 Monitor contents of user's fridge and suggest meals based on ingredients

Monitoring equipment in fridge, bar code scanning

F_3.3 Detect “no eating” activityF_3.4 Locate the personF_3.5 Issue a meal information or suggestions

to the user Voice or screen (Allow for selection by user or carer)Could be linked into existing govern-ment advise, such as the NHS 5-a-day resources

F_3.6 Detect an acknowledgement of meal sug-gestion by the user

If the message has not been acknow-ledged within 10 minutes, reissue x number of times, after which take “Non_response” action

F_3.7 Detect and log the user's response to the reminder

F_3.8 Keep a list of recipes and meal sugges-tions and log users favourites and suc-

Could enable user to enter their own

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cessful suggestions.


6.2.4 Encouragement to drink (F_4)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes


F_4.2 Detect drinking activityF_4.3 Issue a reminder to drink, together with a eat-

ing or medicine reminderF_4.4 Detect eating activityF_4.5 Detect medicine intakeF_4.6 Issue a reminder to drink, when detecting an


minderF_4.8 Keep a list of drinks, and preferences of the

userTable 7 Sub-Functions for F_4

6.2.5 Food inventory (F_5)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes


F_5.2 Detect what is placed in the fridge This can be done using a visual recognition system or barcode scanning. Or Enable user to specify what is put in the fridge using speech recognition

F_5.3 Keep an inventory of what is placed in the fridge

Mechanism required to note use/consumption of item. Could also be a interactive voice re-sponse system.

F_5.4 Make inventory available to user on request Either through visual display or

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audio description, requested through touch screen on speech recognition

F_5.5 Offer recipe advice based on contents of in-ventory

F_5.6 Detect activity in kitchen and prompt interac-tion with user

User must be able to turn this function off if necessary or alter the frequency of interaction to suit their preference.

F_5.7 Detect and log the user’s response to the prompting activities and suggestions

F_5.8 Prompt user to engage with voice activated shopping list in conjunction with fridge con-tents inventory


6.2.6 Response to call for help from the user (F_6)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes

F_6.1 Detect loud noises, yells, screams, etc. This should be tested and valid-ated, for every room in the house

F_6.2 Detect fallsF_6.3 Locate the user, and go thereF_6.4 Call and connect with a remote call centre Audio and/or videoF_6.5 Focus the camera on the user


6.2.7 Reminder to take medication (F_7)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes


F_7.2 Receive medicine information from doctor/hospital system

F_7.3 Ability to scan bar codes to retrieve medicine information

F_7.4 Detect medicine intake and user command to

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confirm medicine has been takenF_7.5 Prompt user to take medicine at appropriate

timesIf the message has not been ac-knowledged within 10 minutes (for example), reissue x number of times, after which take “No_response” action

F_7.6 Detect medicine intakeF_7.7 Issue a reminder to drink, when detecting an


minderTo ensure that activities are be-ing carried out and user is not becoming agitated by the fre-quency or nature of the prompts.

F_7.9 Provide information to user or carer whether medicine has been taken


6.2.8 Encouragement for exercising (F_8)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes


F_8.2 Detect and rate physical activityF_8.3 Enable a carer or doctor to insert new exer-

cises.F_8.4 Issue persuading messages to do an exercise. Ensure persuasiveness and

credibilityF_8.5 Detect patterns in the user’s response to the

persuading messagesF_8.6 Adjust the schedule of messages to the user’s

pattern and his other activitiesF_8.7 Keep a basic log of the exercises done.


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6.2.9Reminder for personal hygiene (F_9)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes


F_9.2 Ask user if they have cleaned their teeth / washed / taken a bath

F_9.3 Receive acknowledgement from the user con-firming whether they have performed these actions

F_9.4 Keep a log of activities and inform the user or other parties on request if these actions have been performed

To help them if they can't re-member what they have or haven't done

F_9.5 Detect patterns in the user’s response to the persuading messages

To ensure that the messages are effective and the user is not ir-ritated by the nature or fre-quency of the messages.

F_9.6 Adjust the schedule of messages to the user’s pattern of activities

F_9.7 Be programmable by user or family/carer to define days on which bathing or other routines should be performed.


6.2.10 Facility for carrying things from one room to the next (F_10)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes


F_10.2 Detect voice commands from the user (calling the robot, asking to follow, asking to go away)

F_10.3 Locate and move to the userF_10.4 Detect and follow the user It will be important to check if

items have been placed securely in the carrier, or if a drink placed inappropriately, before the robot moves.

Table 13 Sub-Functions for F_10MOBISERV FP7 248434


6.2.11 Voice/Video/SMS via robot communication with friends and relatives (F_11)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes


F_11.2 Ability to select the mode of the communica-tion (including synchronous and asynchron-ous)

It should be clear to the user which mode of communication is currently selected and what is its status - receiving/transmit-ted/both

F_11.3 Configuration of contacts - Ability to easily add / remove contacts

Usability of the contacts config-uration should be straightfor-ward to use.Open Source software available for friends and family members to install locally.

F_11.4 Check current availability/status of contacts If the friend or relative is cur-rently unavailable it should be possible to contact them to re-quest communication in immin-ent future via an alternative means.

F_11.5 Ability to setup a connection to a remote party

Voice or touch screen com-mand.

F_11.6 Ability to mute the audio and/or video Voice or touch screen commandTable 14 Sub-Functions for F_11

6.2.12 Diary reminder/management (F_12)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes


F_12.2 Diary configuration facility Should be easy to use – voice command or touch screen inter-face.Select by days or types of activ-ities.Select by types of activities.

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F_12.3 Reminder configuration facility Set up different types of re-minders depending on type of activities. Possible link to F_7

F_12.4 Locate and move to the user to issue reminderF_12.5 Delete of change existing appointmentsF_12.6 Reading out detailed info on request Would be good if the system

was able to respond to voice commands which include key words that are the names of the activities, occasions or people – “e.g. When am I meeting Fran?”


6.2.13 Responding to requests for Weather Information/News (F_13)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes


F_13.2 Detect the user’s voice (asking for weather info)

F_13.3 Offering a voice menu, to choose today, to-morrow, or another day

F_13.4 Finding and reading out a day’s forecastF_13.5 Displaying more detailed information on the

touch screenF_13.6 Reading out detailed info on request


6.2.14 A mobile screen connected to the front door (F_14)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes


F_14.2 Recognise the door-bell Either by direct integration with the door-bell system or sound recognition.

F_14.3 Locate and move to the userF_14.4 Enable the user to select mode of communica-

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tion, voice or videoF_14.5 Start link F_14.6 Ability for the user to initiate desired action,

open an electronic lock, call for helpTable 17 Sub-Functions for F_14

6.2.15 A mobile remote for the house (F_15)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes


F_15.2 Detect voice commandsF_15.3 Display and detect touch screen optionsF_15.4 Connecting to, and communicating with a

automated home environmentF_15.5 Offering touch and voice options for the most

common tasks within a automated home en-vironment

Doors, windows, locks, lights, curtains, heating, air-condition-ing, TV, music, etc.


6.2.16 Automated checking of gas, water, windows, doors (F_16)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes

F_16.1 Ability to turn function ON or OFF It should be clear to the user and others whether this func-tion is in the ON or OFF mode

F_16.2 Ability to configure level and nature of monitoring and notifications

Ensure usability of the inter-face

F_16.3 Detect gas levels in the house areas sup-plied with gas. The camera on the monitor could also be used.

Chemical sensors installed in the areas around hobs and boilers if they exist in the house

F_16.4 Smart meters for water and gas consump-tion

Measurements could be con-nected to the main systems and raise alarms when exceed prescribed values

F_16.5 Touch sensors for doors and windows Similar to alert in carsF_16.6 I Initiate checking autonomously or on

command by userConfiguration will enable se-lection of checking protocol and initiation mechanisms

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F_16.7 Issue notification of any abnormal event The nature of notification will depend on the context and configuration


6.2.17 A tele-medicine/self-check platform (F_17)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes


F_17.2 Display the steps of how to put on the smart garments

F_17.3 Detect certain exercises User can indicate to the system if they are about to embark on an exercise routine or some par-ticular activity which they want monitored.

F_17.4 Give feedback based on the analysis of the exercises

Video or sensor data can be used if available

F_17.5 Detect vital functions through the smart gar-ment or smart bed sheets

F_17.6 Give feedback based on the analysis of the data from the vital functions

F_17.7 Issue an alarm based on the analysis of the data from the vital functions

F_17.8 Log all the data recordedF_17.9 Mail a summary of the data to a carer / doctor Ensure the summary is format-

ted and structured to enable readability


6.2.18 Games for Social and Cognitive Stimulation (F_18)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes


F_18.2 The system offers games for different cognit-ive levels

Card games, or word games which are commonly played by participants currently could be

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used. While the efficacy of “Brain Training” games has not been conclusively established, games remain an important mechanism to keep people engaged and alert.

F_18.3 The robot offers social engagement during periods of physical inactivity or on request by the user.

A future enhancement could in-volve enabling the robot to function as a social companion in playing games with the user using affective computing.


6.2.19 Reporting to health professionals (F_19)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes


F_19.2 Ability to easily add / remove contacts like family, carers and doctors

F_19.3 Ability to setup a audio and/or video connec-tion to a remote party

The user should be asked for audio, or audio and video

F_19.4 Ability to follow the user with the webcam For small movementsF_19.5 Ability to follow the user with the robot For big movementsF_19.6 Ability for the user to focus on a body part

which is not the faceShould be intuitive and simple, maybe using the touch screen

F_19.7 Ability to mute the audio and/or videoTable 22 Sub-Functions for F_19

6.2.20 Allow user to check a particular medication (F_20)

Sub-Functions

Sub-Function ID

Sub-Functions Notes

F_20.1 Ability to turn function ON or OFF It should be clear to the user and others whether this func-tion is in the ON or OFF mode

F_20.2 Communication link with doctor surgery Optional mode for just link-ing to get information about their current medication re-gime.

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F_20.3 The doctor/nurse/relative creates alarms for prescriptions renewal

Interface that is easy to use.

F_20.4 B Barcode scanning ability using the camera to query the system about a particular medication

Similar to the “Red Laser” app available on the iPhone would be useful. It would be important to provide the user with the description and/or image of the medication to confirm or prevent errors.


6.3List of common system features

Common SF ID

System Feature Notes/Recommendations

CSF_1. Clear identification of status of system func-tionality – whether it is currently switched ON or OFF

There is a need to define cus-tomised protocols to manage and alert functions being switched ON and OFF on an in-dividual basis.

CSF_2. Adapt the volume of system messages tak-ing into consideration background noise level

The system should to able to detect the background noise level so as to ensure clarity and detection of reminder.

CSF_3. Locate the person within line of sight The robot should try and reach to a position where the user can view the screen before starting any interaction

CSF_4. Ensure accessibility of all information for the user such as reminders, news, weather etc.

Multimodal (more than one modality for accessing the in-formation), Size of fonts, Ad-justable contrast, colour

CSF_5. Ensure privacy of the recorded data Secured storage and transmis-sion. Data encryption and pass-words need to be set-up.

CSF_6. Ensure voice commands are easy to remem-ber

Enable user configuration of these

CSF_7. Ensure usability of the system configuration functions to allow ease of use by “non-ex-perts”

Clear graphical user interfaces that are easy to use.

CSF_8. Take appropriate action when there is no re-sponse from the user to reminders, messages and other system initiatives.

The user might be incapacitated, in the bathroom or be asleep. Depending on the context, the system has to initiate a number of checks and take an appropriate set of pre-determined actions.

Table 24 Common System Features

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7 Summary of Emerging Issues

Analysis of the data gathered from across the different locations described in this report has helped to identify the following issues which will be vital to consider in the context of the Mobiserv system.

7.1User Acceptance

1. Technology acceptance will be a key issue to address. Older residents in the care home setting found it hard to relate to the technology and most had not used a computer or mobile phone and were confused by things like the digital television switchover (in the UK). Use of metaphor to make the system familiar in some way might improve acceptance by end users. Many of our older participants admit themselves that they are not particularly receptive to change so any chance to build some familiarity into the product would help.Acceptance was also found to be linked to concerns regarding potential invasion of privacy. Age related differences, as well as cultural differences (if any), regarding attitudes to privacy need to be further investigated. One of the conclusions of Singleton et al’s reviewii on public and professional attitudes to privacy in healthcare is that assessment of public attitudes is dependent on how the topic is framed, so consideration will have to be given to how the Mobiserv systems are presented to the stakeholders and the potential impact that the mode of introduction will have on acceptance.

2. Age related differences in relation to the use of technology need to be considered. There are significant differences in the attitude towards technology between several age groups from 62 to 95, but there are no clearly identifiable borders. Younger participants (62 - 69) were generally more accepting of the proposed technology. Some already use computers in their daily lives and were more accepting of the idea of using the system. The group of people that are used to technology is growing, and the resistance towards the use of technology in care is decreasing. At this moment, there is the curious situation of some 70-year olds, who do have the skills to use technology, but do not feel the need to use it, and the 80-year olds, who need the technology, but lack the skills. In 10 to 15 years from now, this situation will completely change. However, the limitations in mobility, eyesight, hearing and sometimes memory, which are a result of the natural aging process, will always need to be considered in regards to the usability and accessibility of the technology.

3. Individual routine and familiarity will be important to maintain. Older people tend to like to sit in the same place to watch TV, or to eat dinner. They like routine and familiarity in their everyday lives. So as part of the effort in designing and developing the technology, the work on user acceptance will also need to research into methods for introducing the Mobiserv technology so it is not seen as an intrusion on existing patterns of behaviour, and does not force people to modify their routines and habits in unfamiliar ways.

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4. Ability to enable user-control over the functionality will be important. It will be important to allow users to switch off specific functions if they so desire. This is essential both from an ethical perspective, as well as in response to the concerns expressed by some of the older persons regarding some of the proposed features of the Mobiserv systems which could be viewed as an invasion of privacy in particular contexts. Empowering users to have control over the functionality will be a vital part of gaining their trust.

7.2Considerations in relation to specific Mobiserv sub-systems

1. Robot embodiment remains an important area to research - some of the participants, particularly those who are over 80, find the appearance of Kompai unsettling and intimidating. They describe the robot in the video using words such as “peculiar”, “primitive”, “cold” and looking like a Dalek (Science Fiction Character) and a Sergeant Major. Some participants on the other hand find it “cute”, “doll-like”.We will be exploring different types of robot appearance and considering what users would feel most comfortable with as part of T2.6, drawing on existing research in the area. There is also scope to consider possibilities for customisation.Some of the participants seem to perceive the Kompai robot as male, even though it has a female voice and is a carer (traditionally all the carers at the home are female). This may be because of its appearance or the traditionally masculine perception of the subject domain. The potential impact of this aspect of anthropomorphism related to gender on acceptance which has been found will also be explored further.

2. Sensors need to be in a garment that will be always worn, with similar consistency of fabric - there is considerable enthusiasm for the idea of the potential of this technology but comfort and convenience seem to be key issues. Some older people found the larger sample fabric to be too thick, and care staff suggested that the sensors will only be useful if they are in a type of garment that the person already wears. For night time use, many of the residents do not wear underwear to bed only nightgowns or pyjamas. Some older people and care staff worry about who would be monitoring the signals, and who would be responsible for responding correctly to these signals. Several participants suggested that they might prefer it if it was in a separate garment, such as a wrist band or similar device.

3. Nutrition and hydration support remain important to explore as functions of the Mobiserv system - our work suggests that there is considerable resistance to the idea of monitoring nutrition and to the use of cameras. A less invasive method of monitoring whether a meal has been missed would also be more acceptable from an ethical perspective. Interviews with staff suggest that monitoring fluid intake and hydration may be a more fruitful area of exploration.

4. Facial Expression recognition is an extremely sensitive and contentious issue, both from an ethical and a validity perspective. Ethically, monitoring of facial expressions has strong implications from a dignity in care perspective, amongst others. In terms of validity of this approach, our observations suggest that participants may look sad when they are happy and vice versa. One carer described how a woman with Parkinson’s disease cried with laughter and it was hard to tell if she was happy or sad, so this may present problems for the facial recognition technology. It was

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suggested that sometimes a person's posture or colour (e.g. if they are pale) give a good indication of their wellbeing.

7.3 Physical environment

1. Pragmatic aspects related to the configuration of space in non-purpose built older people's homes need to be considered - it is very important to take into account the physical aspects of the environment in which a robot might operate. A number of residential care homes, particularly in the UK, which were originally period residential properties, presenting a range of challenges including small rooms and lots of clutter, so it might be more realistic to focus on less intensive purpose built care settings. These might include retirement villages and ‘extra care’ housing. For people living independently in their own home, this clutter is even worse; there are more closets, tables, chairs, carpets, rugs and doorsteps.

2. Lighting conditions in the rooms may vary – Some of the living areas, such as conservatories are very bright during the day, in comparison with internal rooms which can be poorly lit, particularly on cloudy days if the lights are not switched on.

3. Internal doors may be closed in the house – People often like to keep internal doors shut, particularly in the winter to prevent heat loss. This can pose a problem to ensuring that the robot has free access to all areas of the house.

4. Private houses and some residential homes can be two storeys high – In these situations, older people with mobility problems quite often have stair lifts installed and the bedrooms and bathroom are upstairs with the living rooms and kitchen downstairs.

7.4 Recommendations for additional functionality for Mobiserv

1. Monitoring how much sleep older adults get or prompting activities to make sure they get the right balance of exercise and rest, therefore promoting a good night's sleep would be beneficial. Some people also have problems with their internal clock' and wake up in the middle of the night thinking it is morning - prompting activities could help with this and it may also be useful if the robot was able to tell them the time when they woke up.

2. Use of encouraging prompts to promote activity will be a useful feature. Residents in care homes are often not pro-active in their choice of activities but respond well to prompting from staff - if asked to do something they will most likely do it and enjoy it - like playing a game or doing a craft activity, but they don't actively seek out activities to participate in.

3. Other system functions that would be highly valued include:i. Fall prevention/detection

ii. Medication management iii. Playing games. This will improve likelihood of acceptability and also be

mentally stimulating. MOBISERV FP7 248434


iv. Music selection and personalisationv. Managing shopping – the creation of shopping lists could be combined with

online shopping software to order groceries online form the list and have them delivered, using voice commands.

vi. Managing prescriptionsvii. Providing local and personalised information (weather, news (many are

interested in current affairs) and personal appointments).viii. Social activities management, planning and reminders of events etc.

ix. Communicating with friends and family - if the system mediated this and it was easy to do, this would also help increase acceptability.

7.5Potential Constraints

From the research that was conducted into user needs and their contexts, a number of poten-tial constraints have been identified. These are listed in the table below.

As part of task 2.5, Prototype and System Usability Evaluation, it is envisaged that these is-sues will be investigated in detail, in terms of their real impact on the usability of the system as well as identifying methods to address them.

Constraint No.

Issues to consider Potential Impact

CON_1. Doors closed in the house Robot not being able to move freely through the house

CON_2. Living areas are crowded with furniture, tables, chairs, closets, etc.

Robot not being able to move freely, or ap-proach the user

CON_3. Rugs, carpets, doorsteps. Robot getting stuck

CON_4. Changing light conditions in a room

Poor clarity of the screen. Picture quality of the camera.

CON_5. Background noise from mu-sic, etc.

Voice enabled interaction with the robot will be problematic

CON_6. Other visitors – different voices and people

Error in voice recognition

CON_7. Multiple levels within the apartment or home

Robot not being able to use the stairs

CON_8. Access to charging point blocked

System does able to recharge

CON_9. Maintenance and updating of systems

Prescriptions, medication, or custom settings not updated or properly restored after upgrade

CON_10. Users’ memory loss prob-lems

Not remembering specific interactions with the robot and hence not being able to access the functionality via voice when it is required

CON_11. User not present in the house

Scheduled communications will not be possible

CON_12. Changes to the voice due to Error in voice recognition

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Constraint No.

Issues to consider Potential Impact

sore throat or not wearing false teeth

CON_13. Very low voice of the user Robot not hearing the user, or errors in voice re-cognition

CON_14. Limited hand-eye coordina-tion

Interaction with the touch screen will be diffi-cult

CON_15. Poor eyesight Interaction with the touch screen will be diffi-cultPotential for accidents due to collision if the ro-bot moved into the user’s path if they were both moving towards one another.

CON_16. Tremor Interaction with the touch screen will be diffi-cult

CON_17. Impaired hearing The user may not be able to hear the system properly to use speech interaction or they may not be able to talk clearly for the system to un-derstand.

CON_18. Hostile environment: hu-midity and high temperature in bathroom or kitchen

Possible impact on the sensitivity of the sensors and electronic components.

CON_19. Users might be unrealistic in their expectations of what the Robot could understand or do.

The expectations of the users, particularly in re-lation to the voice recognition system would need to be managed. The users would need training in knowing what commands/phrases the robot could “understand” and what it couldn’t

Table 25 Potential Constraints

7.6Final Conclusions

As stated earlier, gathering requirements is an iterative activity that we will be continuing, particularly in relation to tasks 2.2, 2.5 and 2.6 and will continue to generate results as the concepts and technology begin to evolve and take shape. As we conduct evaluation studies and field trials, more specific requirements will start to emerge and be refined as end users and stakeholders gain a clearer understanding and experience of the scope of the technology and the consortium sees how the technology needs to be further adapted to suit needs.

Designing technology that will pervade peoples’ everyday private lives involves building an intimate understanding of problems faced, attitudes and emotional perspectives. To gain this level of understanding involves establishing a trusting relationship with the older participants which needs to be given time to develop and grow. It has taken time to establish contacts and gain the confidence of the people we have talked to and observed, to be as open and generous about letting us explore personal aspects as they have been. We will continue to develop these relationships as the project continues. What we are giving back to the participants is the confidence that their contributions are going to support us in developing technologies that will respect them and their needs as individuals. This report helps us to establish a firm step in that direction.

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8 Appendices

8.1 Answers to specific questions from technical partnersThis information has been obtained through interviews and focus groups.

A1 – Residential Care HomeA1J - Female, resident, 85 years old A1K - Female, non-resident, attends for day care 85 years oldA1L - Female, resident, 77 years oldA1Care Assistant 1A1Care Assistant 2A1ManagerA1Focus Group (3 females, 85, 85, 87)A2 – Residential Care HomeA2 Care Assistant 1: FemaleA2 Care Assistant 2: FemaleA2 Manager: FemaleA2X: female resident, 83A2Y: female resident, 87A2Z: male resident, 83B1 – Day Care CentreB1Manager: femaleB1HStaff: femaleB1NStaff: femaleB1LStaff: femaleB1A: female, 87B1D: female, 88B1E: Male, 84B1H: female, 93B1 Focus Group 12 participants (3 males, 5 females, 3 carers and 1 manager)C1: Living IndependentlyC1A: female, 79C1 Focus Group: 12 females, 60-79C2: Living IndependentlyC2A Female 81C2B Male 69C2C Female 69C2D Female 67C2 Focus Group: 1 couple (Male 69, Female 69), Female, 67C3: Living IndependentlyC3A: Female 62C4: Living Independently C4: Living Independently C4 Focus Group: 7 Females and 4 Males 68-91 Table 26 Participant Key for UK

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A_NL – Residential Care HomeAA: female, 59AD: female, 71AE: male, 76AF: female, 80AG: male, 77AH: male, 79AP: femaleAJ Family: female, 79AK Family: male, 70AQ Staff: femaleAR Staff: femaleAS Staff: femaleAL Staff: female, psychologists, 30AM Staff: female, dietician, 44AN Staff: female, occupational therapist, 30AO Staff: female, speech and language therapist, 50AB Manager: female, 51AC Manager: female, 46B_NL – Day Care CentreBD: femaleBE Family: femaleBB Staff: female, 51BC Staff: female, 48BA Manager: male, 48C_NL – Living IndependentlyCA: female, 83CB: female, 93CD: female, 88CE: male, 82CO, CP, CQ, CR: 4 females, 75-90CS Family: femaleCC Staff: female, 57CG Staff: female, 25CM Staff: female, 49CF Manager: female, 46CH Manager: female, 44CJ External: male, governmentCK External: male, assurance company, 26CN External: female, assurance company, 27Table 27 Participant Key for NL

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8.1.1 ROBOSOFT

AgeClients A1: 37 residents aged from 73 – 104 A_NL: 30 residents, aged 59 – 85 B1: visitors aged 65+ C1 – 60 -79 C2 - 62 – 88 C3 - 62 C4: 65+ C_NL: 80 – 95

Gender Clients A1: 33 women and 4 men – approximate ratio – 1:9 A_NL: 26 woman, 4 men – approximate ratio 1:7 A2: 15 women and 1 men – ratio – 1:15

Type and level of handicapClients A1: Many of the residents have mild dementia - dementia is a symptom (such as pain) of varying

degenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s. All are in the home because they need care and are suffering from at least one condition associated with old age, many walk with sticks, or walking aids.

B1: Some of the older people who come to the centre suffer from early dementia. Many have limited mobility and some suffer from incontinence. One of the main reasons people come to a place like this day care centre is for relief from the social isolation they face living on their own, particularly if they have mobility problems.

A_NL: All have severe somatic handicaps, that is physical, not mental. Many are half paralyzed due to strokes or heart attacks. Almost all are in a wheelchair.

B_NL: All have some form of (early) dementia. C_NL: Some have a early form of memory loss. Most have mobility problems, but all can

walk around in their house. To go outside, they need aids such as walkers, rollators, wheelchairs or mobility scooters.

Conditions requiring monitoring or care: (dehydration, diabetes / lack of appetite / forgetting to eat, high blood pressure, weight loss / weight gain, loneliness, poor eyesight, deafness, depression, falling, poor mobility, broken bones, Parkinson’s disease, choking, incontinence, memory loss, inner body clock out of sync)Staff B1Staff: “They are lonely and they can’t do what they want to do…Especially with a lot of

people who have lost their partners”. Many of the older people visiting the day care centre have been sent there by social services because of social isolation.

AB Manager: “We often hear that loneliness is a problem, but I have the feeling that in our care home it is not such a problem, because many people have family living very close by. I think in large cities, this is more of a problem.”

AC Manager on nutrition: “We do very much to monitor this, and control this, through extra vitamins, special food, etc. I sometimes ask myself whether we do too much. Losing weight is quite natural for older people, and stopping to eat is the oldest way of dying.”

AC Manger on falling: “It is very hard to prevent. One lady falls at least three times a week.

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She wears protection on her hips. She always forgets to take her rollator and falls while walking.”

AJ Family: “Some extra control; she tends to go to the toilet on her own, which is very dangerous. But I understand that all the carers are quite busy and cannot pay attention all the time. Furthermore, she needs some personal attention and a friendly environment. But these are things you cannot solve by technology.”

AL Staff: “Incontinence is big problem. How can we reduce or prevent this. We say we want to prevent it as much as possible, but I noticed that we often just provide the incontinence material ‘as a precaution’ although they say this client is not incontinent yet. That does not sound like prevention to me. I wonder if there are technological solutions here. I do not know how we can detect a full bladder, or see that someone has to go to the toilet, without using scary technology.”

AL Staff on nutrition: “Indeed some people do not want to eat at all, others eat too much. I think this is not so much an issue in a care home, but more with people living independently. Here you could maybe monitor the fridge, see what happens, try to dose it better. Furthermore, malnutrition is sometimes an issue, both in care homes as at home. Quite some people end up in the hospital because of malnutrition. How can we make these people understand they have to eat, and will this help. I think it also has to do with social isolation; it is no fun to eat alone . Maybe we can monitor people’s intake somehow. Drinking to little in hot seasons is another problem. In hot summers, people die because of this.”

AL Staff: “Another potential field is exhaustion. Some people keep on walking around until they are totally exhausted. Maybe you can monitor someone’s heart rate and respiration, and prevent this person from going too far.”

AL Staff: “Falling is definitely an issue. Technically, I think it would be very interesting to see when most falls occur. Is this when getting up, when getting into bed, during the day, during the night, etc.”

AL Staff: “Restlessness would be interesting, what is causing it, what is influencing it, how can you predict it. This is something which is very hard to be observed by carers. Another thing is pain; especially people suffering dementia seem to be unable to express pain. And emotions could be interesting; again with people suffering dementia it is very hard to see what they feel in certain situations.”

AM Staff: “We need to encourage clients to drink enough. Especially older people need much water, because they lose a lot due to their thin skin. Therefore, every client is offered at least six drinks per day. Some people think about it by themselves, but most clients need to be reminded to drink enough. For the people outside these nursing homes, we tell them to drink enough, but there is no check here. Maybe in these situations, some kind of reminder could help.”

BB Staff says that at the day care centre, everything is monitored very well. There is no need for extra observations or aids. This however is a big contrast to the situation of their clients’ homes. When the people are at home, there is no control at all. There, technology could be very useful.

CF Staff: “Falling; is a big problem. Every time, the question is why someone felt. This is always hard to find out afterwards. Early dementia; I think there are certainly things to detect in this area. Every person is unique, but we do not always see. People are often generalized by putting them in a group, and therefore we might miss certain signals. Maybe technology could help here.”

Clients B1: “I lost my wife seven years ago and I thought my world had come to an end. I wouldn’t go

outside the door, I wouldn’t answer the phone. This went on for about three years, then my daughter said ‘you can’t keep staying in’. So she got in touch with the social people [social services] and they put me onto [the day care centre manager]”

B1: is registered partially sighted: “I would love to read, but I can’t see to read…if I had good eyesight I could do a lot more”

B1H had her leg amputated 6 months ago and moved in with her son due to poor mobility. She finds her situations very frustrating and would much prefer to live independently. She is very

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positive about the robot and any technology that would allow her to live independently. The majority of residents at A2 suffer from conditions listed above, although the residents that

took part in the research (A2X, A2Y and A2Z) were mainly in the residential home for social contact which was identified as a very important issue.

The majority of the older people attending the day care centre (B1) have mobility problems and approximately half suffer from incontinence. A small number have early dementia.

CA: “Yes, we should not have loose rugs, but it still happens a lot. And I should have an alarm with a system in every single room.” Referring to the current alarm that has only one unit, in the living room.

Live alone or notClients A1 and A2: They live in care home, all in single rooms. A_NL: They live in a nursing home, with a total of 100 clients, mostly in single rooms. B1A: Lives independently (never married) and visits the day care centre once a week. She used

to have carers come to her home twice a day to help her dress and do house work. The carers no longer come after she had her situation reassessed by social services.

B1D: Lives with her son and daughter-in-law, she moved in with her son after having her leg amputated, she would prefer to be living independently. She visits the day care centre twice a week.

B1E: Lived with his daughter for 16 years, she is single. He visits the day care centre twice a week.

B1H: Lives on her own and visits the day care centre twice a week. B_NL: Live independently, mostly alone, some with a spouse. C1A: Lives on her own C2A Lives with her husband. C2B is married to C2C C3A Lives on her own C_NL: All live independently and alone, but in an apartment building with a common room /

café / restaurant downstairs, where they can have their warm lunch, and can play cards or have a chat in the evenings.

Graduated or not? Level? Clients A1 – None of the subjects we spoke to at the home mentioned this. All were female and

traditionally because of their age group had been housewives rather than academic or career driven.

A2: The education level of the residents was not discussed; however some of the female participants that took part in the research (A2X, A2X and C1A) were housewives. The one male resident (A2Z) who took part left school at 16 and was an apprentice engineer. He was very proud of his former profession and had worked his way up.

For A_NL, B_NL, and C_NL, this is basically the same; all females have been housewives, or some worked in a shop. Only one man got a bachelor degree, and was quite proud of this.

C2 females had worked as secretaries and had qualifications for this. C3 Did not mention qualifications C4 Two of the men had worked as engineers, the others did not mention qualifications.

Used to use technology?Staff B1MStaff: “Well I’ve been going round with the [consent] forms to sign this morning and

they’re all ‘oooo that’s interesting’, I think they would be very interested, what they make of it is another story.”

AL Staff: “I wonder how usable current computers are for older people. They are quite complex nowadays. Could this be simplified? The same counts for mobile phones of course.

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How can we make older people understand this technology? How can we make sure they can read the screen, read the text on the keyboard, etc?”

Clients A2 Focus Group: The participants talked about their experiences of technology and were

generally fairly positive. A2Z talked about using a computer at work before retiring. He commented that if the robot was as easy to use as the computer he would be “happy to give it a go”. A2X and A2Y discussed using microwaves when they lived in their own homes. A2X spoke about her initial doubt about their usefulness and explained how she went to three demonstrations before buying one. All participants agreed that technology could be useful as long as it was kept simple.

C2A Had several televisions in the home, a quality stereo system, several DVD players and a modern landline phone. Upstairs she had an electronic typewriter and sewing machine.

C2 Focus group - all used computers and were open minded about technology. C3 Could use technology such as programming boilers and using Sky television

equipment although she felt this was sometimes tricky and the Sky were conning her in some way.

A_NL: All have a TV but rarely use it. Some have a mobile phone. 2 out of 100 have a computer, to do some administration, and stay in touch with family and friends by email and social networks.

C_NL: All have a TV and use it every day. All have a fixed phone. All wear a personal alarm button, to start an audio link in emergencies. None have a computer.

A mobile phone?Clients A1: No mobiles but all have landlines in their rooms on separate incoming numbers. One

resident used to have a mobile phone before moving into the home but only used it once or twice when travelling.

A2: None of the residents have mobile phones in the home, although one former resident did have one. 4 of the residents have landline telephones in their bedrooms and all have access to the main phone in the home which is located in the entrance hall. The issue of having phones in resident’s rooms was discussed with the care home manager who commented that the resident’s family is responsible for paying for the telephone bill and for arranging for a telephone to be installed. Some families choose for the resident not to have a telephone in order to prevent late night phone calls etc. A2Y remarked that she would very much like a telephone in her room and was unaware that it was possible to have one.

B1D: owns a mobile phone but does not like using it - “I have a couple of numbers fitted into it and I can just press and get them, but I hardly ever use it.”

C2A household had a mobile phone C2 Focus group some used mobile phones C3 did not mention mobile phone

A computer?Clients A1: None of the residents have used a computer A2: None of the residents have a computer. However two former residents asked the care home

manager to send and receive emails on their behalf. B1: One of the day care centre participants uses a computer at the centre to play games such as

solitaire and very much enjoys it. All of the other day care centre participants have not used a computer.

B1F: “I think technology is a good thing but I wouldn’t want to bother with it now.” C1 Focus Group: About half of the participants in the focus group had used a computer and the

internet. One of the participants had used Skype. The majority were positive towards using

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technology. C2A Would consider getting a computer in the future, was a qualified typist and used her

electronic typewriter a lot. C2 Focus group all said that they used computers. Some of the members of the group

attend a weekly 'Silver Surfers' session at UWE where older people receive one-to-one help with computers.

C3 Used a computer, initially as a 'glorified typewriter' but also for administrating church matters and sending e-mails. Did not particularly enjoy computing and did not use it for playing games although she has a 74 year old friend that does.

A_NL: 2 out of 100 clients use a computer. C_NL: none of the independently living clients has a computer.

Internet?Clients A1: The residents have no access to the internet A2: The residents have no access to the internet. None of the residents have shown an interest in

using the internet. B1: None of the participants are the day care centre have used the internet B1E: “No I’ve never had any interest, my daughter has a laptop and everything, but it doesn’t

bother me.” C1 Focus Group: About half of the participants had used the internet. C2 some participants used the internet C3 used the internet but was not particularly keen on computing

What do you think about an assisting robot?Clients CA: “No, no. It makes me feel like I do not have any self respect. It monitors everything, what

you eat, drink. No, I would not want it.” CD: “I would not know why or what for. I am too old for this.”

How do you consider the robot’s expression? Clients A1 Focus Group: A1J: “It's very peculiar to me....I don't like it anyway...the whole thing”.

A1Carer talks to K: “She wants a nice face and a nice body - perfect six pack...”A1K: “And nice hair...”A1K: “If it looked a bit more real then like with a face on it...”A1L: "Bit more human"A1K: "...bit more human looking instead of so...you know, it's like you watch things on..."A1Carer: "I am a Dalek!"A1K: "Yes...I think that would go a long way to make it more acceptable to us..."

A2 Focus Group:A2X: “Looked like a doll”A2Y: “quite strange”Both A2X and A2Z reiterated their dislike of the robot’s ‘doll like’ appearance, in particular its lack of a mouth and facial expressions.

C1 FocusGroup: “It’s scary”“It would be nice if it had a mouth with a smile or something…a bit more human.”C1A: “He’s got a nice little face”C2 Focus Group"oh she's cute isn't she?" - both females in this group perceive the robot as female. They like the shape and think 'she' looks like a Russian doll.

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C2B: "It looks like one of those...Pokemon type things....doll type things, doesn't it?"

C4 FocusGroup:“it is very cold, isn’t it?”“me, I would hate to be shut in a flat with that”

Do you feel comfortable speaking with a robot?Staff A1Carers think they would accept the robot if it gave them someone to talk to. A1Y thinks her

husband (deceased) would have loved an assistive robot like the ones we are proposing - and that she would have gone along with it and perhaps make a friend of it.

Clients A1 Focus Group:

A1L: "Yes”A1J: "I can quite understand the young people liking it and probably doing very well with it...yes I think they would..."A1K, A1L: "Yes"

A2 focus group: All participants were impressed by the voice recognition function and agreed that it was the best way to communicate with the robot.

B1A thinks that it would be easiest to speak to the robot but says “ I’m not sure if I actually like the idea”.

B1D: “I think voice command would be the best thing, because if you’ve got a screen you’ve got to get to the screen to do it, whereas you can just speak.”

B1Focus Group: One of the participants (female) commented that she did not like the American accent and would prefer an English accent, most of the participants and staff agreed. Some of the participants suggested that the robot should be customized in terms of accent and gender to fit the user in order to make it feel more personal.

C1 Focus Group: There was general agreement that the Robot should not have an American accent but the user should be able to choose what accent they would like the Robot to have. “On my Wii Fit I can choose if I want a male instructor or a female instructor. It would be quite nice to be able to switch and have what you want. If you felt like you needed to hear a man’s voice” The participants agreed that voice recognition was the best way to communicate with the robot but one participant suggested: “but you could do with having a secondary way of controlling it in case someone had had a stroke and couldn’t speak.”“When you tell it to do something is it simple commands because a lot of elderly people go into a lot of detail or a storey, they’d want to talk to it rather than just tell it to do things.”The participants also brought up the issue of the Robot being able to recognize and understand more than one voice. For example if a couple was using it or a carer or relative wanted to ask the Robot to do something.C2A: "No I wouldn't like it because it sounds so daleky...you know, it's like....it's like the phone when you pick it up and you've got some voice that is not a voice....and you think, well let me speak to somebody - I want to speak to somebody, not just a message, that infuriates us we talk about that up at the coffee morning and everybody that's the biggest irritation...so I don't think voices would be..."C2 Focus Group think speech is the best method of interaction although they are 'not keen' on the American acccent. C2B (male) would like it to speak like television character K-9 (A male robot dog in the UK television series, Doctor Who) and address him as 'master' They think having 'someone to talk to' would be very beneficial to many older adult's lives.

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C3A "Yes...I suppose voice activated is the easiest because it could ask you and then you could say 'Oh go away don't be silly..."

Would you prefer a graphical interface?Staff A1Care assistant 1: "They don't tend to like things like that, [operating the stereo] like pressing

buttons and putting their TV on in their room, they don't tend to like it, they get confused." Clients A1Y does not like using the cash point, says she would rather stuff money under her mattress

and has no interest in computers. A1 Focus Group consensus: would prefer robot, not used to graphical interfaces. A2Z thinks that a touch screen would be the best way to communicate with the robot. He also

thinks speech is a good idea but says that a touch screen would be best. All other participants thought that verbal communication would be best.

C2A: "I think you'd have to see visually that whatever you've asked them to do they are going to do. So either it's a touch button or, you know, I think you'd have to have something like that...not switches....just a finger touch or something like that"

C2 Focus Group think a touch screen could also be useful C2C "Yes because some people will lose their speech with strokes and things like that, aren't

they? So there will probably be a need for some other forms of communication. Like Stephen Hawking, I mean he's got his wheelchair with all his bits and pieces, I don't mean a synthetic voicebox, but a touch screen where people can put their messages in or whatever..."

C3A "Oh no, no talk to it...always...because with a screen you've got to press the right buttons and then you get fat finger and press the wrong thing and it starts buzzing off doing something else that...(imaginary conversation with robot:) No, no! I didn’t say that - maybe it's what I said but it isn’t what I meant....! That's the trouble with giving instructions...!”

Do you think that reminders would be of interest for you?Staff A1Manager and carers think this would be useful for taking medication or prompting activities.

Also some residents get disoriented and wake up in the middle of the night thinking it is time for breakfast so a date/time reminder in this instance would be useful.

Clients A1 Focus Group: Yes C1 Focus Group: the participants thought that the time and date reminder would be useful.

“And could it keep a diary for you so you’d know what you were supposed to do on that day?”“And could you have it reminding you of what you need to take your medication?”“You wouldn’t want it beeping at you all the time like a sat nav would you”“But you could always have the option to turn it off.”B1A: “At the moment I can more or less remember them because it is usually put on the calendar”B1D: “That would be a very good idea…I don’t always remember what I’ve been told yesterday, I have to ask again”C1A: “I have a very good memory, I always remember appointments and my family rings me when they can’t remember someone’s birthday because they know I keep it all in my head.”C2 Focus Group Would find it very useful:C2B "We don't do anything without the diary. C2C "I can't function without my diary"

What functionality would you expect to be available from a voice interface?Clients

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The majority of participants were positive about the music and reading function, particularly in C1 focus group where a number of participants use audio books and suggested that this function in a Robot would be very useful. The participants in C1 focus group also discussed the music function and suggested that it could work like an ipod and the user could programme in whichever songs they wanted. Others suggested that it would be better if it could play the radio “I’d prefer it if it could play radio 4 so it should have a radio in rather than music.”

C2A was quite negative about how advanced the functionality would be: AF: How about if it sounded like...it did flow, it didn't speak like a robot and it spoke really well...? "Well I suppose it is hard to imagine and I don't know if they [the robot] could do that...

C3A "....the thing is everybody is so very different it would have to be personally programmed to your needs...and not somebody else's and not somebody else's view of what you needed"

C2A and C2 focus group thought that a medicine reminder would be excellent.

How do you find the robot’s movement (forceful, rough, smooth, gentle)?Clients A1L: “Yes!” (likes it) A1J: “It seems very odd to me”. A2 Focus group: The participants agreed that the robot moves in a nice gentle way and thought

that the use of wheels was positive. C1 Focus Group: The participants thought that the wheels were the best way for the Robot to

move around. They agreed that a robot with legs would be “too human.”“Can it go upstairs, a lot of people put a stair lift in so it would have to be able to go upstairs?”“Could it operate a lift?”

C2 Focus group were concerned about it getting up and down stairs and traversing through clutter.

C2B and C2C have a step down into their conservatory and think that the home would need to be adapted to suit the robot's needs, like the home of someone in a wheelchair - they think they would need a large ramp if the robot wanted to go into their conservatory. They think the ideal setting for the robot will be in a bungalow. They are also think that doors will have to be left open in order for the robot to move from room to room and are not sure if some people would want this.

Is it positive or negative that the robot follows you?Staff A1 Carers say that the older people don’t like being followed around by carers in the home and

don’t think they would like to be followed by a robot. They think if it did follow them then it would be more acceptable if it interacted with them (talked) whilst doing so.

A1Manager: "Some of them might like to be followed by the robot but some won't." B1LStaff: “Looking at this…it’s like a mate. So I think they could get to talk to it and it could be

company.”Clients A1 has a split reaction: A1J doesn’t like it – A1 K doesn’t mind. A2Focus group: A1X asked whether the robot would be able to be stored away, for example in a

cupboard so it could be “hidden” when visitors come, to make sure the robot was not replacing friends or relatives.

C1 Focus Group: “Where do you put it when it’s not in use, does it go in the corner, in a cupboard?”“It might be good to be able to put it away when the grandchildren come.”“It you were with it 24/7 it would be a bit in your face and you’d feel as if your privacy was being invaded and you’d want to put it away I think and shut it in the cupboard.”

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A2 and B1 Focus groups: Many of the participants commented on the importance of being able to ask the robot to go away in order to make sure that the end user felt in control.

B1D: “When you’re living in somebody else’s house [her son] you can’t very well ask them [to have a robot]…because it’s not fair to them…When living in someone else’s house you can’t dictate what’s in their house…If I was living on my own I don’t think I would have any objection…because I suppose if I didn’t like it I could always ask it to be taken away.”

Is it positive or negative that the robot is able to find you in your home?Clients A1 Focus Group:

A1L: "Yes" (positive)Facilitator talks about how it might recognise abnormal activity such as a fallA1Carer: "That's a very good idea"A1K: "I think for a lot of people that would be very useful"

A2 Focus group: All the participants agreed that it was very important that the robot only followed you when asked to do so. Z thought that it was also important that the robot could be told to leave you alone and would go to a separate room when asked, X and Y agreed.

B1 Focus Group: The participants agreed that it would be important that the robot could find you in your home in case of an emergency, for example if you had fallen over.

C1 Focus Group: “It would have to move otherwise you’d always have to stay with it.”

Do you accept that the robot is equipped with camera?Clients A1: All are not too keen on the idea of the robot being equipped with a camera although it might

be acceptable for certain applications such as video conferencing or to detect problems. A2: The participants were happy for the robot to be fitted with a camera for certain functions, for

example video conferences but felt that it would be important that the camera could be turned off and only used when the user wanted it.

C1 Focus Group: the participants liked the idea of video conferencing but agreed that it would be important that the user could turn the camera off. “It would be good for the doctor to see you.”

C2 Focus group like that you could tell it to go away without risk of offending it C2A is not happy with the idea of being monitored: "No I wouldn't I would think it's a bit like the

government telling us what we have to do and I wouldn't like that" C2 Focus Group are more accepting: C2B "It's not big brother watching you...or the government

sort of spying on what you're doing, it's a...it's within your own home and I mean it wouldn't...unless the screen was on all the time it wouldn't 'see' what you were doing - you wouldn't be filmed going to the toilet or whatever would you? - you see, so I mean in that sense it would be fine."

C3 is not bothered: "I mean we're so surrounded by surveillance cameras that we don't even realise that they're there and as long as you're not doing anything that you shouldn’t be doing then it doesn't matter, does it?"

Would you prefer a non-mobile robot?Clients A1 Focus Group: some say yes, some no.

A1J: "Why can't it stay in the same place?"facilitator explains that it might need to follow them around to help themA1K: " I suppose it's got to move around to do the things you ask it to do....I suppose you could tell it to sit down"A1L: "Yes"A1J: "I think if you use that thing then I don't think it needs to move around" [laughs]

B1 Focus Group: One of the participants (male) felt that a non-mobile robot would be more appropriate for his situation as he felt that he did not need a lot of assistance other than health

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monitoring. The other participants felt that a mobile robot would be better. C1 Focus Group: “How portable is it, would you be able to take it away with you?” C2 Focus Group think it will need to be mobile: “It's got to be compact and it's got to have

wheels or whatever hasn't it so it can move..."

Would you prefer a humanoid robot?Staff B1LStaff: “You’ve made it look a bit human…I think they could use it for company as well. They

would probably even give it a name.”Clients A1 Focus Group: Yes. A2 Focus Group: The focus group agreed that it would be better if the robot looked more human. C2 Focus Group: C2B: "if you're not trying to make it look too much like a person....then that

style [Kompai] is fine....I mean you cannot have...a sort of...a robotic human-type body person can you? I suppose that when you look at various other industries they seem to have robotic dolls and things that sort of create a better image, shall we say..."

C2D "That might be too creepy...." C2B decides he would like it to be like the television character K-9 (a male robot dog) we

discuss whether an embodiment would have fur (K-9 does not) - C2B's personal preference is no, but he knows that some people do benefit from stroking pets - although it might also be more difficult to clean. This also prompts a discussion about the size of the robot as K-9 is quite small compared to kompaii:

C2C: “the screen could be on his [K-9's] side, couldn't it - it wouldn't need much adaption really.”

"C2B "Yes and that might be simpler to make...wouldn't it? From the point of view of mass production or whatever..."

C2C "Yeah she was rather big, wasn't she?" C2D "Yeah, in some ways if you want to interact with something it needs to be on eye level -

especially if you're disabled and you're sat down you need something...." C3A: "In a funny sort of way I think I'd prefer a robot to look like a robot not like a person

because it would look like a very strange person...you see these Japanese ones where they're walking around like this [gestures] I think I'd rather have something running around on wheels."

Would you prefer a robot acting as a person or as an automated device?Staff A1Carer: "You'd prefer it to be more human, A1K? you said?" B1HStaff suggested that if the robot looked human the user would perhaps feel like it was their

friend and use it for company.Clients A1K: "I would yes - it looks weird doesn't it" A1J: "More like a computer? I don't even understand a computer...[laughs] what's the worth of

worrying about it now?" A2 Focus Group: A2X suggested that the robot should be made as human as possible so that the

user would feel as if they had a friend rather than a robot, which would be less invasive. A2Y and A2Z agreed.

B1 Focus Group: One participant (male) said that he would prefer the robot to look more like a computer and not to be mobile. Another participant (female) said that she thought that the robot shown in the video was about right in terms of a combination of human and robot features.

C1 Focus Group: “It would be nice if it had a smile or something…a bit more human”“It you have to live with it you could give it a name.”

C2 Focus Group view the robot as a social actor, as 'she', 'someone to talk to.' C3A: "I don't know. Is the answer. - It depends on whether it had any sense of character or not -

which it probably would have by the time I'd finished programming it....but the computer to me is

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merely a useful tool - some people live by it and I can't understand that at all." C4 felt that a companionship is very important to someone living on their own. C4F: “there should be (warmth in the conversation- referring to a previous statement by another

participant), probably too much to expect, but that would be something that would be very lacking if you were dependent on a creature of that sort (referring to Kompai who is perceived as very cold and non-interactive by this group.”

What do you want from a robot at home?Staff A1Manager thinks they might like to play games with it: “mental stimulation - to be

prompted to participate in activities. For partially sighted people it could read to them. Could help them to get dressed if they get muddled by providing a sequence for dressing - can it make beds or do laundry? Supporting routines - if it reminds them to take their medication then ideally it should be minimal amounts and in a easy format. Making sure they have their walking frame, ensuring there is no clutter around.”

Clients A1 Focus Group: To do washing, ironing and mow the lawn, company, hazard perception, health

monitoring, date and time, general assistance. B1 Focus Group: One participant (female) commented that she would like a robot with arms so it

could pick things up for her as that is something she struggles with a lot. C1 Focus Group: Many of the participants commented that they would like the robot to pick

things up and to be able to clear up spills, etc.A number of the participants send emails and suggested that it would be useful if the Robot could do it for you if you were no longer able to type etc.“Cook, clean, dust”“If you’re making a Robot wouldn’t it be better to go a bit further and make one that could vacuum round…otherwise its limited isn’t it.”

C2A: Medication reminder, housework help. C2 Focus Group: Diary, news, weather, medication reminder, someone to talk to, shopping

list/online shopping, to-do lists, carrying items, TV remotes etc, Smart home functionality - lock doors etc. Communication tool.

C3A Something to open jars (she has arthritic hands). Help with housework, reminder that milk is being delivered.

C4: Picking things up.

8.1.1.1 Robosoft Conclusions

Most of the participants had limited experience of technology. In the UK people were generally not against the idea a robot. The younger participants (~65-70) seemed more accepting but the majority agreed that technology can be beneficial if it is kept simple. In NL most people did not see the benefits of a robot.

All of the participants agreed that voice recognition was the best way to communicate with the Robot but some suggested that a graphical interface would be useful for people who had had a stroke and were unable to speak.

The majority of participants thought that it would be important to personalize the Robot by selecting gender and accent. Most of the participants did not like

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the American accent and would prefer an English one. The issue of voice recognition of multiple users was also raised. The style of the interaction on the demonstration video was found “cold” and lacking emotion.

Some of the participants thought that a humanoid Robot might be best and would like it to have some kind of facial expression to make it seem more human. While some thought that it looked cute, others found thought it looked very scary. A few thought that it didn’t need to have a form at all and just needed the base. Some were open to the idea of it being a pet but that fur might not be practical.

Many of the participants suggested that it would be very useful if the Robot had an arm or grabber so it would be able to pick things up for the user.

A number of participants pointed out the importance of being able to turn the Robot off and to put it away, for example in a cupboard.

The participants agreed that wheels are the best way for the Robot to move around and would be better than legs for example.

The participants were positive about the camera on the Robot if it is used for video conferencing only but reiterated the importance of being able to switch it off.

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8.1.2 SMARTEX/CSEM

How accepting women would be to something similar to the male vest instead of their usual undergarment? – Photo artefact to be shown. The vest maybe made of light wool, what materials would be preferred?Staff B1LStaff: “That’s a very good idea. If they’re putting it on with their clothes, and a carer comes

in and puts it on them, they probably wouldn’t even know it was on and they’d be quite happy with that…I think a lot of them wear vests…If it’s a vest and they already wear it then they would automatically put it on”

B1MStaff: “Most wear vests, a lot of the ladies wear slips and things but I think most people would be happy to wear a vest, it’s what they’re used to and what they like…I think if they’ve got it on and it’s as comfortable as any other clothing then it’s not going to be an issue…Some people wear vests at night under their night clothes.”

A1Care Assistant 1 points at pictures of what they will be happy to wear. "A lot of them don't like tight at all". Some of them have to wear support stockings which are tight, but they don't like it. But they put up with it as it's for their own benefit. Most them wear vests and an underskirt, they like long vests, some tuck them into their pants, some leave them untucked, some don't wear a bra. They all wear different bras, all different makes, none of them wear the same. They prefer long vests, not short. Many wear disposable pull up pants, some wear tights. Men wear pants and vests, not t-shirts on long johns although some of them have in the past. They prefer to wear loose clothes so might not want to wear tight fabric to monitor themselves. They sleep in pyjamas or nighties and wouldn't want to wear something tight in bed. Some of them wear pull ups to bed, but if they don't wear pull ups to bed then they don't usually wear pants, none of them.

A1Care Assistant 2: Men wear vests - not sure if they would be keen to wear anything tight. Women wear vests and petticoats.

B1Manager: “Most of the individuals coming to the day centre wear vests, including women. Some individuals would struggle to get into tighter fitting clothing due to mobility issues and would perhaps only be able to wear something with a zip up front or Velcro that could be put on easily. Very often older people find it difficult just to get into ordinary coats. Clothing can be difficult depending on the individual. Any sort of smart clothing would have to be made with the individual in mind, like wheelchairs where different sizes are available to fit different individuals.”

CC Staff: “I wonder what the added value of this is. Our people do not need this, I think. Only every now and then their heart rate is measured over 24 hours. I wonder if doctors will trust such clothes. An under garment would be fine. It should not be too visible, and it should not have parts they can touch it all the time.”

Clients B1D: “quite honestly I think that’s a very good idea.” When asked what sort of undergarment the

smart clothing should be made into, D says that she does not wear a bra so would prefer a vest as she wears a vest already most of the year, depending on the weather. She also wears a vest at night so would be happy to wear the smart clothing instead.

A1 Focus Group: Yes, cotton preferred.A1J: "I wouldn't mind wearing one of those...."A1J: "Would you go to bed in that?"Ask if they'd be prepared to wear it to bed... carer asks if it could be transferred into a nightie or pyjamas because none of them sleep with their underwear on. A lot would rather wear nighties or pyjamas than a vest. Materials - would prefer cotton, not to keen on woollen vest. If it was comfortable they would wear it all the time.A1K would wear it all the time.A1J: "If you wore it underneath everything? so that nobody could see it...well I wouldn't mind

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wearing it all the time"But all agree they would prefer it if it was just a nightie or pyjamas for night time if possible.

A1 interviews: A1Y would not like to wear tight clothes for sensing technology. Would like a loose vest, a wristband or a fleece.

C2B "[how about a] separate thing? Then you'd know you'd out it on...if it was a separate thing you'd know to put it on..."

C2C "...woven in there... C2B "...but if it was in your underwear you'd have to have several then wouldn't you? Unless you

kept [your underwear on...laughs] C2C "A wristband would be OK wouldn't it?" C3A: "Well the only thing you could guarantee I would be wearing is my underpants and my bra

because...and...you change those every other day or every day and you're talking a lot of expense if all your pieces of clothing have to be...and you might change your clothes during the day so I would have thought the only thing you can guarantee is actually the bra err..cos underpants you change every day anyway and bra you might change every other day...and it's got to be washable...I can't see that working...cos you wouldn't wear the same jumper all the time...or the same t-shirt, or the same set of t-shirts...so it's only the underwear...”

AD interview: “That would be interesting indeed, in a shirt or bra.” Especially with her heart issues, monitoring her heartbeat and blood pressure could be helpful.

AE interview: “Could be interesting, but you have to wear it all the time. And what happens when something is wrong. Someone has to monitor it all the time, so we still need a nurse…”

Ensuring that what can be provided is comfortable, whether it would be acceptable to wear for the whole day, a few hours, or just for a short time?Staff B1MStaff: “I think if they’ve got it on and it’s as comfortable as any other clothing then it

wouldn’t be an issue.”Clients A1 Focus Group: All the time if it was comfortable (see above) C1 Focus Group: “It would be reassuring for other members of your family.”

“If you were elderly then I think you would [be happy to wear it], but if you were a younger person and it interfered with your fashion sense you wouldn’t want it would you. Because there you are in your strappy top and it wouldn’t look quite right would it?”“You might need more openings in a vest, because if you’re older and you’ve got a bad shoulder or anything you wouldn’t get it over your head.”“At night time, if something happened it would be scary”“Perhaps the bra thing wouldn’t be too bad.” C2A: "... if it was built into your bra or something, if it was comfortable...as long as it was comfortable, yes I think people would wear it if there was a need...if...you couldn't give it to everybody I don't think...they would have to see that it was beneficial to them."C3A is not sure about being monitored in this way: "I think that's getting to micro-managing...that...I'm a great believer in allowing people to go their own way...and one may be fit and well...but one may not want to be kept alive beyond what was pleasurable, if you see what I mean? And the trouble is I could see that a...that sort of thing would start intruding and the thing is, I think it's more important to be active and out and about and if I fall over and die, hard luck..I suppose if it could tell that my blood sugar levels were getting far too high, I could respond to it....but as long as it wasn't intrusive...just an information thing, like that...yes I suppose...one could do...”C4 were very positive about a smart garment monitoring system.

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8.1.2.1 Smartex Conclusions

The majority of the users were very positive about smart clothing. Some wonder who will be monitoring the signal.

Carers suggested it would be particularly useful if it could detect when a user had fallen over.

Several carers do not see the benefit for their clients, but think such smart clothes would be more beneficial in a hospital.

Some participants suggested it would be better as a separate item so they would know they were wearing it and it wouldn't need to be washed as frequently as underwear.

The number of participants and carers suggested that it might be necessary to have a front fastening on the vest as many older people struggle to get into tighter clothing.

The majority of the participants wear vests in the winter and fewer wear them in the summer also.

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8.1.3 AUTH

Are you interested to have a nutrition support system that informs you about your nutrition habits and helps you to control your diet?Clients A1Y does not like the idea of this; she likes a little brandy in the evening and would not like to

be ‘told off’ for drinking. A1: Some may be willing. B1D: “it would probably be a good thing” A2 Focus: The participants agreed that they are able to manage their own diets using their

common sense. A2Y spoke about the doctor telling her to drink Guinness due to iron deficiency. She said that this was easy to remember, but agreed that if the doctor’s advice was more complicated a nutrition support system would have been useful.

C1 Focus Group: The participants were quite negative about nutrition monitoring. “I wouldn’t like it saying ‘put the chocolate away’!”

C2A: "Well I don't think they worry about what you eat - nobody in the doctor's surgery ever asks you...never...I don't think I've ever been asked you know, do I have five a day - you know fruit or vegetables, I don't think anybody...I've never seen a nutritionist...."

AF: What if the system suggested meals or gave recipes would that be a good idea C2A: "Well I think recipes, I don't think recipes make any difference...when you get to a

certain...or age...we've got all the recipes you’ll ever need...and you've got your favourites..." She thinks some people cook too much food for themselves if they are used to cooking for a family.

C2D "But you see, even then, with a robot, if you're reminded you need a drink and you don't want a drink then you won't drink - you know, so for me that's the only negative side of it, but I think it's an absolutely brilliant idea, don't you?"

C3A: “Well as long as it didn't try to tell me, 'NO YOU CAN'T HAVE THAT STICKY BUN!' Cos I am diabetic actually and I would hate it if it kept telling me you mustn’t have that...you're not allowed to have that - that would be...an intrusion.”

A_NL: none of the clients have a special diet, except for one who suffers from diabetes, but in this nursing home, all the food is prepared by the staff. There is no need for a monitoring system.

C_NL: none of the clients have a diet.

Are you willing to have cameras in your house for this purpose?Staff A1 Care staff think they would not be particularly accepting of this technology. B1LStaff: “I don’t think they’d take much notice of it. You’d probably get a few that might not

like it but the majority wouldn’t mind.” B1Manager: “Not sure how people would feel about cameras. There may be problems when

carers etc come into the home as they may feel that they are being watched. It would be more acceptable to have a camera positioned only above the table for example so that it could see the food but nothing else.”

AM Staff: “I do not think this is ethically right. I do not think people would accept this. Apart from this, malnutrition is not only about intake, it is also about your needs. Somebody suffering from Parkinson has a much higher need than somebody that sits in a wheelchair for instance. For the first person, 20 sandwiches will not be enough, while for the latter, you need to take care of the quality of the little amount of food he or she should eat. So you would need to measure activity this as well.”

CC Staff: “I do not know if this is allowed by law. It could be useful, but it depends on what we can do, and are allowed to do with it. The actual problem is the reason why they do not eat. We and the dietician can tell them a hundred times they have to eat, but they still don’t. If people

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really do not want to, we cannot help it. Sometimes, they just do not want to live anymore, or they are ill, or they forgot to eat. These are the 3 big reasons.”

Clients A1X and A1Y are not keen on this idea. A1X is more willing to accept technology if it is for her

own good. B1A: “No I don’t think so; I would feel like I was being watched…It wouldn’t appeal to me

unless it really had to be done.” B1D: “I don’t know really, I can’t see anything wrong with it , but I don’t know if I would want it

all the time…because I live with my son I don’t think it would be fair to have their lives involved”

A2 Focus Group: All participants reacted negatively towards having cameras in their house and could not see why it would be necessary.

A2Z: “I don’t think I should like it myself.” A2: All the participants reacted negatively towards having cameras in the house and could not

see why it would be necessary. C1 Focus Group: All participants were very negative about having cameras in their homes.

“It’s an invasion of privacy.”“If you want to kill yourself eating the wrong things, that’s up to you.”“It would be OK if someone had said yes they want it.”C2A is negaitve about being monitoredC2 Focus Group and C3A are positive about being monitored, depending on how it was done.

CD: “No, because it will give me a weird feeling. A feeling of inferiority, because it will look like my carers or doctors do not trust me anymore.”

In which places in your house you are willing to have cameras? Above the table? In front of the table? In front of the sofa? In the corners of your living room?Clients Some of the participants suggested that a camera located above the table may be acceptable as it

would only be able to see the food and nothing else.

Where do you usually eat? Clients A1 participants eat three meals a day in the dining room; some also take breakfast on a tray in

their room. Residents always sit in the same place with the same friends All residents at A2 eat three meals a day in the dining room. They all sit in the same place. B1/C1: The majority of the participants sit in the same place to eat each day, either at a dining

table or in a chair with a tray. B1D eats half her meals with her family in the dining room and half in her bedroom at a small fold-out table. When visiting the day care centre, all the older people have a cooked meal during the day and sit in the same places.

C3A: "in my own home I tended to sit and eat, nearly all the time, in the same place..." A_NL: In a common living room, where all meals are served by the staff. B_NL: Warm lunch in the day care centre in a common room. C_NL: In their own apartments, always at the same table. Some have warm lunch in a

common restaurant in their apartment building.

How many times a day you sit in the table to eat?Clients A1: 2-3 times a day. A2: 3 times a day. Most of the other individuals questioned sit in a chair to eat. A few sit up to a table but the

majority eat in the same place eat time. A_NL: 3 times a day.MOBISERV FP7 248434


C_NL: Almost all 3 times a day, some only 2 times.

How many times a day you do not eat at the table?Clients A1: They are offered tea and biscuits between meals. Some have their breakfasts on a tray in

their bedrooms. During the observation session one person was eating a banana and they all drink tea or squash in their places. The residents that we spoke to said they tend not to snack but that they can ask for food whenever they want.

A2: Residents eat biscuits with cups of tea in the afternoon while they are in the lounge. The manager of A2 commented that some residents eat in their rooms at night which causes problems in they are diabetic or have to follow a diet. Residents eat their evening meal in the lounge on a Sunday, they have sandwiches and cakes.

C_NL: some eat some fruits in between meals.

Do you eat every time in the same position at the table?Clients A1: yes they seem to like this routine, sometimes some of them go out for lunch. In the summer

they have barbecues outside. A2: All residents sit in the same place at the tables in the dining room of the care home. They

each have a napkin ring with their names on to mark their place. B1/C1: the majority of the participants sit in the same place each day to eat their meals. C1: Some eat in front of the television A_NL: yes. B_NL: In the day care centre, yes. C_NL: yes.

Do you eat precooked meals? Clients A1: Food is prepared by the home although A1Y speaks of a diabetic resident who has fish and

chips and chocolates brought in by his daughter in addition to his meals. A2: Food is prepared by the care home staff for the residents. There is no choice in meal option

apart from for residents following a special diet. B1D and B1E both live with family and have their meal prepared for them. They are both

partially sighted and they would have great difficulty cooking for themselves. B1E says that he also has difficulty making cups of tea and now uses a device which beeps when he has poured in enough water to prevent spillages.

B1/C1: All other participants prepared their own meals. The majority have simple meals such as soup. Some cook large amounts so that they can make a meal last for a few days.

A_NL: yes, served by the staff. C_NL: Some cook for themselves, others warm up leftovers, or precooked meals.

Do you alone prepare your meals? Clients A1: No they are prepared by the home although residents do take part in baking as an activity,

rather than meal preparation. A2: All meals are prepared by care home staff B1/C1: Participants that live on their own prepare their meals alone. Those that live with family

have their meals prepared by their families. C_NL: yes.

Are you using many plates (one for the meal, one for the salad, etc) when you eat or just one?

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Clients A1: Many plates A2: Residents usually only use one plate unless they have bread with their meal which is served

on a separate plate. C3A: "Um...I've no idea...it depends what you're eating...sometimes I use the same mug that I've

had my tea in to have my coffee in cos that saves on the washing up...no I'm not obsessive"

Do you have difficulties following the nutrition schedule the doctors proposed? Staff A1 Staff seem to think diabetics are sticking to their diet OK. A1Manager talks of how her mother with dementia would not eat unless with company -

sometimes they forget to eat or drink, fluid intake is monitored. Clients A1Y thinks one diabetic is not. A1Y says she has put on weight since she has been in the home as the food is very good. A2/B1: None of the participants at the day care centre or the residential home had ever been put

on a diet by their doctor other than A2Y who was told to drink Guinness each day due to iron deficiency. She had no trouble remembering to do this.

A_NL: None have a diet. C_NL: None have a diet.

To the secondary stakeholders: (carers, relatives, etc.)

Which of the following are more important:

Monitoring what the end-user eats?Staff A2Manager and B1Manager suggest that fluid intake is a bigger issue than food intake as older

people avoid drinking due to incontinence or not wanting to go to the toilet due to mobility problems.

B1NStaff: “Some have special diets, and a lot of them don’t eat enough, you’ve got to encourage them to eat. They’ve lost their appetite, and I think sometimes they don’t bother much if they’re on their own…a lot of them are not drinking enough and that can lead to all sorts of illnesses. People aren’t aware of how much they should be drinking”

B1LStaff: “Yes because they could be eating too much of the wrong thing.” B1MStaff: “If people have dementia issues they need support and help to make sure they have

the right diet. But some obviously are good at monitoring, they know what they can have…It’s difficult because at the end of the day it’s their choice and they’re within their rights. But perhaps a little bit of added support or encouragement to do it the right way.”

B1Manager: “For some individuals monitoring what they eat would be very useful, especially those who are confused or suffering from dementia. For example, some individuals have no understanding of what food is what, so it would be useful if the system would be able to warn someone if they were eating the wrong thing. It would also be useful for people with diabetes or those following specific diets or those who are partially sighted or blind.”

A1: Important

Measuring the quantity of food that is consumed in every meal?Staff Many of the staff members questioned agreed that this would be useful as they think that many

older people do not eat enough. B1Manager: “Many of the older people are eating too little, many have very small appetites, so

that would be important to monitor.”

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Counting the times the end-user eats / drinks water per day?Staff B1Manager: “The older people are drinking plenty while they are at the day care centre but

many of them aren’t drinking enough at home and many are dehydrated. Especially people living on their own often don’t bother to make a drink just for themselves. Older people are less aware of the importance of drinking plenty.”

A2 and B1: All staff thought that monitoring the amount that older people drink is very important as many of them are not drinking enough which can lead to further health problems.

A1: very important

Recognizing facial expressions of the older person? Staff A1: Facial expressions can be hard to recognise - staff mention one woman with Parkinson’s

who cries with happiness and it is hard to tell if she is happy or sad. B1MStaff: “I think it’s amazing and I think we [the staff] learn a lot from people from their

facial expressions. You can’t tell how people are feeling but you can get an inclination if they’re in pain or whatever.”

B1Manager: “Something that could recognise facial expressions would be helpful, for example if an individual has been unhappy for long periods of time. It could perhaps also identify if someone has had a stroke.”

AC Staff: “Could be interesting. Because we work with many clients, we can always miss some signals, for instance when someone is a bit down.”

Monitoring if the end-user violates the nutrition schedule?Staff A1: Staff think there is not too much of a problem with this and that most diabetics in the home

are very aware of their own condition and ask about the content of the food and whether it is suitable before consuming it.

B1: Many of the staff thought that this may invade the privacy of older people. B1MStaff: “It’s difficult because at the end of the day it’s their choice and they’re within their

rights.” B1Manager: “It is difficult to know whether a nutritional monitoring system should alert a

doctor if an individual is not sticking to their diet, it could be seen as a violation of their confidentiality.”

Monitoring how active the older person is? Staff A1Manager thinks this is very important as getting the right balance of exercise and rest will

help them to sleep better at night. B1LStaff: “I don’t know because a lot of them don’t do a lot anyway…It would be good for

them, but would they take any notice, or would it just get on their nerves? They might start arguing with it.”

B1MStaff: “Yes most people would be accepting if they thought it was for their benefit.” B1Manager: “It is difficult to know how useful that would be as many of the older people have

limited mobility and would therefore find it very difficult to be more active. Many of them don’t have the motivation to be active, so something that could motivate them to move around would be very useful…Motivation is definitely an issue in terms of activeness.”

CC Staff: “Absolutely, if we know how active they are, we maybe know better how and for how long we can keep them active. That is what we always try; to keep them as active as long as possible. So this is very interesting.”

To the tertiary stakeholders:

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Are you willing to install cameras in the dining room of your clients for automatic nutrition support?Staff A1: Not mentioned but not really needed in this setting as staff do this sort of thing by their own

observation. A2: Not mentioned directly but the majority of the staff said that they would be happy for

cameras to be used in the care home.

Are you willing to use specific types of meals for automatic nutrition support? That is for example to use different plates for different food categories. Staff A1: Not relevant in this context

8.1.3.1 AUTH Conclusions

The majority of the carers that were questioned agreed that nutrition monitoring is very important as many older people do not eat or drink enough. This is especially the case for people living (semi-) independently.

Monitoring the amount that older people drink was suggested as more important that eating as many older people are dehydrated and do not understand the importance of drinking enough.

Carers suggested that nutrition monitoring may be of use to users suffering from dementia as some have no understanding of what food is what and often need to be told what to eat.

Most end users sit in the same place to eat all their meals, either at the table or sat in a comfy chair.

The majority of the end users were very negative towards nutrition monitoring.

The majority of end users were against having cameras in their home and felt that it would invade their privacy.

Very few of the end users had been given nutritional advice by a doctor or carer.

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8.1.4 SYSTEMA

Which is/are the older person's preferred mode(s) of interaction with the system/robot? For providing input:Clients Speech Gestures Touch Screen

For retrieving output:Clients Speech Touch Screen

Do they want the system/robot to be capable of reminding them for their every day social / health-related / nutrition-related activities? Staff A1Manager suggests prompting to do activities so that they get the right balance of expending

energy which they recover from - some wake in the middle of the night and think it is time to get up so time and date etc would be useful.

A1Care Assistant 2: Weather Clients A1: Yes, date and time, medication time, appointments. A2 Focus Group: The participants agreed that this function would be useful and could be used

instead of a paper diary. C2A: Medication reminder C2 Focus Group: Diary, news, weather, medication reminder, prompt to eat or drink. They all

agree that they would not be bothered by or resentful of being prompted by the robot to do things like remember to take their medicine or have a drink although C2B points out that you can tell someone to do something, but whether they will actually do it or not is a different matter.

C3A Reminder that milk is being delivered. CD: “No, because it will give me a weird feeling. A feeling of inferiority, because it will look like

my carers or doctors do not trust me anymore.”

Do older persons want to retrieve history data concerning their health-status or nutrition habits?Staff A1Manager: “They probably wouldn't be that bothered about receiving data about their health

unless they have a huge interest in their own health. Some people would want to know, some would think 'oh that's something to do with the doctor.”

Clients A1 Focus Group: Yes. A1X says she wouldn't specifically be interested to see reports on her activities, "what you think

is best for me". A_NL: No, not really. C_NL: No.

Is there any other kind of (history) data they want to retrieve?Staff A1: No B1NStaff: “Hygiene, because a lot of them forget to have a wash. Most of them stay in bed in the MOBISERV FP7 248434


day and don’t get dressed.” B1Manager suggests that it would be very useful if there was some sort of technology that could

be used to prevent people with dementia going where they shouldn’t, for example if they were to try to leave the day care centre.

AL: “Restlessness would be interesting, what is causing it, what is influencing it, how can you predict it. This is something which is very hard to be observed by carers. Another thing is pain; especially people suffering dementia seem to be unable to express pain. And emotions could be interesting, again with people suffering dementia it is very hard to see what they feel in certain situations.”

AN Staff: “Not really. We do work with little diaries in which clients keep track of everything they do for a couple of days, and this works fine”

Do older persons prefer to receive reports on the above? If yes, do they prefer to request these reports from the robot or they want the robot to produce these reports periodically in a predefined time?

In the later case, when these reports should be produced? Should this be specified by the older person?

What kind of information should be provided to secondary and tertiary stakeholders concerning an older person's status (medical history and recent changes in his/her condition)?Staff B1Staff: “It may go against their privacy but it would be for their health.”

Should older persons give consent for the robot to contact their carers?Clients A1 Focus Group: Happy for this to be done automatically. A1K: "Yes, the robot should do it" A1J: "As long as they don't make a mistake" A2Z: “I think they should do it [contact a carer] straight away.” B1A: “The robot should contact someone straight away.” B1A comments that many of the older

people she knows have lifelines but forget to wear them or are too far away (for example if they are in the garden) so a robot would be useful in those sorts of situations.

B1D: “I don’t think you need permission if you’ve fallen over, you might not be able to answer them as you might have knocked yourself out.”

B1E commented that it would be useful for a robot to contact someone straight away in an emergency and it “could be useful in that sort of situation.”

C1 Focus Group: The participants agreed that the Robot should ask the user first and if there was no response it should contact a carer or doctor. “As long as it doesn’t go wrong so that you ‘cry wolf’”“It might have to ask you if you were alright because you might have just stumbled and be perfectly OK.”“Then if it didn’t get a response then to do it [contact a carer].”“Does it breach their human rights?”“The only time it would do that was if someone forced you to have one. But if its Your choice to have one then I can’t see any problem.”C3A: it would need to be yours (consent) - can you see what I mean with that one? When people get elderly and infirmed and perhaps a little dodgy in the old memory...families can think they know what they're...what's best for you...and in some cases that's true...you do need them but in some cases families can become very bossy and try and tell you what's best for you whether you like it or not....for their own interests rather than yours...."

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How often and when should such reports/information concerning an older person's status be produced/communicated to secondary and tertiary stakeholders?

Which are the preferred means and/or channels for communicating information in emergency situations? Who will have access to this information?

In emergency situations, who will be contacted? What will be the call / contact prioritization process?Clients A1 Focus Group: These two not discussed as a bit hard for this particular group to comprehend

the technology. They have no concerns over privacy of data transmission because of the type of data. A1J: "Well, no not about things like that - some things I would but not about those, no"A1L: "No don't think so"

At interview A1Y mentions separately that she is concerned about having her personal medical records stored on a computer.

8.1.4.1 SYSTEMA conclusions

All the participants agreed that voice recognition was the best way to communicate with the robot.

Few of the participants understand the use or importance of the Robot being able to produce reports.

The end users were generally negative about being monitored and information being passed onto their doctor or carer.

Most of the end users felt that in an emergency a carer or doctor should be contacted straight away. A number suggested that the Robot should ask the user first and if there was no response should then contact someone. An 'override' function was suggested for certain situations - programmed to suit the needs of the individual.

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8.1.5 ANANZ

Ananz are interested in finding out about additional functionality that might benefit the older persons and other stakeholder. As such they would like to investigate the incidence of and support for the following issues.

Heart failureStaff A1: Weight and blood pressure measured monthly and monitored and regulated further if

problems are found. A2: Weight and blood pressure measured monthly. If any residents have heart problems they are

monitored by medical professionals whenever necessary.Clients A1Y is having problems with blood pressure and is being monitored regularly. Two other

residents are currently hospitalised after having a stroke. C2A and C2B have blood pressure monitors at home that they bought on the advice of

their doctor. C2A uses hers with her husband. C2B: "I bought a machine so that I can do it at home, but do I do it? - No!"

FallingStaff A1: Falling is a problem for many in the home. People fall in different ways, but if they do fall

there then the manager says, at least they won't be on the ground for long as there are so many staff there to support them. In a home setting the manager says some people do not use their existing technology such as personal alarms and may lie undetected for long periods of time if they do fall. A1X came to the home after a series of falls, including a fall out of bed. She always falls backwards, flat onto her back. One of the other residents is also in hospital because they have fallen and broken their hip. One of the worst things about falling is not being found. A1X told me how she banged her head and bled so much they had to change the carpet. She is embarrassed about falling and does not like to ask for help.

A2: Many of the residents are susceptible to falls. All the staff are made aware of any residents who have fallen in the past and which way they are likely to fall (i.e. backwards or forwards) in order to make sure falls are avoided as far as possible. Falls are far more difficult to monitor during the night as staff do not check on the residents during the night, so if they fall they are not found until the following morning when staff come to their room at 7am.

B1LStaff: “Would it be able to monitor if they had fallen over? Because if they fall over, some are left. If someone comes in in the day and someone comes at night and they’ve fallen over in between then they could be left down there a long time”

B1: All staff at the day care centre are informed if any of the older people are susceptible to falls and it is included in their care plan. No one has fallen while at the centre.

A_NL: Quite a problem, but hard to prevent, and even harder to tell what are the reasons for a fall.

B_NL: Not a problem in the day care centre. C_NL: Not a big problem, but it does happen. The personal alarm button that people wear

can be optimized a lot.Clients C2 Focus Group discuss a recently deceased friend they feel that his needs were not addressed

properly and a system like Mobiserv might have prolonged his life: C2B "I mean he fell over, several times in...he had a bungalow and it was all well you know, mod

cons and everything, but he lived on his own and we kept in touch all the time, but if he fell over, you know...we wouldn't know that and you know, if people found him on the floor...you know and he told us the saga of getting up from the floor, when he did fall...I mean the things he had to do

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in order to get himself over to a chair...in order to...sort of...he had bad legs, you see, bad legs, as well as being elderly...."

C2C "Painful too...wasn't it...he was...they were painful..." C2B "Yes, so that...would be very difficult, so something like that in his case would have been a

lifesaver, shall we say."

IncontinenceStaff A1: Not discussed in depth although the staff mention that some of the residents wear special

underwear at night to help cope with incontinence. A2: A number of the residents have problems with incontinence but the staff have no problems

with managing it. Some are fitted with a catheter. B1: About half of the older people who come to the day care centre suffer from incontinence but

the staff say that they have no trouble managing it. A_NL: Almost all clients have problems with incontinence. C_NL: Not discussed.

Loneliness or social isolation, possibly solved by telecommunicationStaff A1: Staff chat to the residents when they can but one carer says the evenings can be lonely for

some when they are busy putting people to bed and some of the residents have no one to chat to. Some of the residents do not get on with each other. A1X had to relocate from the North of England (approx. 200 miles) to come to the home and really misses her friends. A1Y corresponds with at least ten friends and enjoys the process of writing letters and receiving post, but can't see the relevance of using mobile technology, social networking or e-mail in her situation. Both A1X and A1Y speak quite poignantly about the loss of their husbands. In the day room and TV room many people sit spaced apart and do not communicate with each other, some people withdraw to their rooms.

A2: For a number of residents the main reason for coming to the home was to prevent social isolation. For example when A2Z lost his wife he refused to leave the house or answer the telephone for six months and suffered a lot from depression. Although he says that he would prefer to be living independently, he is no longer lonely and enjoys talking to the other residents and staff. Most of the residents at the home spend most of their time in the lounge with other residents. Some of the residents have friends in the home but others remain fairly isolated mainly due to dementia and related difficulties with communication. However, the staff do try to encourage all residents to get involved in activities. There is system at the home whereby staff spend half an hour with individual residents on a one-to-one basis about once a week when they either chat to the resident or play cards etc.

B1: Many of the older people visiting the day care centre do so due to social isolated and loneliness. Many of them do not go out or see people in the days that they do not come to the centre. The atmosphere in the day care centre is very positive with lots of chatting. Visitors are encouraged to play cards or dominoes together or do other group activities – generally all of the visitors get involved.

Clients C2 Focus Group discuss a friend, 'X' who lives alone: C2D - "She's always saying to me that 'I haven't spoken to anybody for so many days' or

whatever..." C2C "And she's also said with not going out, she says 'when I do see someone I have no

conversation'..." C2D "Because she hasn't got anything to tell them cos she's not been out and done anything" C2 Focus group think the video calling function is very good.

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Emotion recognition or face detection, possibly predicting early dementia, or to adjust the emotional behaviour of the robotStaff A1: The facial expressions of the residents in the day room were very sober – the natural position

of the face was with down turned corners of the mouth. Most sat still unless prompted to participate in an activity, which they were then happy to do and they then smiled a great deal. Perhaps it would be better if the robot prompted them and asked how they felt or measured their facial expression in recognition to a prompt rather than trying to work out what they are doing at rest - for example if someone is deep in thought or even napping they might appear to frown but once asked to do something (like play dominoes or catch the ball) they gave a broad smile, indicating they are OK - perhaps if they do not smile in response to a prompt then you would know that something was wrong. From talking to A1X and A1Y it seems that they don't always like to ask for things, but respond better to prompts asking them what they need, how they are feeling, etc.

A1Manager discusses facial expression and how some residents look sad when they are not - which is possibly a sign of dementia - also posture and colour – for example if someone is hunched over, or has a pale complexion, this is a good indication of their wellbeing, to someone who knows them. These are subtle indicators more obvious to the human eye.

Predicting values if vital functions, detecting nervousnessStaff B1NStaff: “They do get nervous and anxious about different things. I try to encourage them;

some need quite a lot of encouragement.”Clients C2 Focus Group: C2D "...cos a lot of elderly people they don't want to trouble their

doctors....that is mostly what they say - 'I don't want to trouble the doctor'...isn't it?" C2C "Yeah"

C2D "...and if the robot can sense that something is wrong with that thing there (refers to Smartex sample) it can ask these questions and then I suppose you would have to have the person's permission initially before this all started that they could link with the doctor..."

8.1.5.1 Ananz conclusions

Social isolation was identified as a very important issue. Video communication can be very helpful.

Some staff have experience with a video communication system and think it could be much improved and then be very helpful.

Several clients and social carers mention that they would be very happy with a video communication system.

Falls and strokes were seen as important issues by carers and end users. Some of the carers could see the benefit of facial recognition but felt that end

users may feel that it was an invasion of their privacy. Incontinence occurs very much; in nursing homes almost all clients suffer

from it. Where users might not think they are ill enough to 'trouble' the doctor, the

system can help them identify their illness and choose to contact the doctor if it detects something serious.

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8.2Cultural Probe Study

Cultural probes provide a way of gathering information about people, their context, and their activitiesiii. Unlike direct observation, the technique allows users to self-report. Cultural probing is a design-led approach to understanding users, which stresses empathy and engagement. Probes are collections of evocative tasks meant to elicit inspirational responses from people. It does not render comprehensive information about them, but instead offers fragmentary clues about their lives and thoughts. The approach can be valuable in inspiring design ideas for technologies that should enrich people’s lives in new and pleasurable ways. For this study a standard Kodak disposable camera was given to participants of the focus group at Setting C4, people living independently in a residential village in Bristol. They were given a choice of a two themes:1. Objects, situations, anything that brings fun, relaxation, joy or enjoyment 2. Objects, situations, anything that brings stress, pain, frustration or irritation

A or was drawn in permanent marker on the camera. The participants were given 4 days in which to take the photographs. This study will shortly be followed up by one to one interviews.

5 women and 3 men took part in the study.

Only 1 woman chose the second theme.

Collages of the photos are presented in the following sections.

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8.2.1 Theme 1 - Objects, situations, anything that brings fun, relaxation, joy or enjoyment – Photos from Women

Figure 53 . Cultural Probe Study, Theme 1 – Happiness, from Women

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8.2.2 Theme 1 - Objects, situations, anything that brings fun, relaxation, joy or enjoyment – Photos from Men

Figure 54 Cultural Probe Study, Theme 1 – Happiness, from Men

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8.2.3 Theme 2 - Objects, situations, anything that brings stress, pain, frustration or irritation – Photos from a Woman

Figure 55 Cultural Probe Study, Theme 1 – Stress, from a Woman

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Gates to the Residential Village


8.3UK Questionnaire Responses

8.3.1 Setting A – Residential

8.3.1.1 End-Users

1. Age

Text Response

8387838880

2. Gender

# Answer Response %

1 Male 1 20%

2 Female 4 80%

Total 5 100%

3. How many years have you lived in residential care?

# Answer Average Value Standard Deviation

1 Years 2.30 1.92

Total 2.30 1.92

4. How do you feel about the level of care that you receive in your residential care home?

# Answer Response %

1 I feel very well supported 5 100%2 I feel supported 0 0%3 Neither good nor bad 0 0%4 I would like more support 0 0%5 I would like much more support 0 0%

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Total 5 100%

5. How do you feel about the care home itself - is it a nice place to live?

# Answer Response %

1 Excellent place to live 5 100%2 Good place to live 0 0%3 neither good nor bad 0 0%4 Bad place to live 0 0%5 Very bad place to live 0 0%

Total 5 100%

6. How often do you talk to the following people?

# Question every day

more than once a week

once a week seldom never Responses

1 Care home manager 2 1 1 1 0 52 Care staff 5 0 0 0 0 53 Doctor or nurse 0 0 0 4 1 54 social worker 0 0 0 1 4 55 Other residents 5 0 0 0 0 5

6 Friends from outside the home 0 2 1 1 1 5

7 family 0 2 3 0 0 5

7. How often do you speak on the telephone with the following people

# Question every day more than once a week once a week seldom never Responses

1 Medical Staff 0 0 0 1 4 52 Friends 1 1 0 1 2 53 Family 0 1 1 3 0 5

8. Which of the following activities do you take part in and how often?

# Question several every more than Once a seldom never Responses

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times a day day once a

week Week

1 Talking to other residents 3 2 0 0 0 0 5

2 Talking to staff 4 1 0 0 0 0 53 Taking medication 4 0 0 0 0 1 5

4 Craft/hobby activities 0 0 1 2 2 0 5

5 Watching TV 2 3 0 0 0 0 56 Walking 1 2 1 1 0 0 57 Taking a nap 0 3 0 0 2 0 58 Shopping 0 0 0 3 1 1 59 Reading 1 3 0 0 0 1 510

Excursions or day trips 0 0 2 3 0 0 5

11

Cinema or similar leisure activity 0 0 0 0 3 2 5

12 Exercise class 0 0 3 0 1 1 5

9. Is there anything not mentioned in the list that you enjoy doing that you would like to do more often?

Text Response

NoAnything musical, they quite often have sing songs at the home, quite frequently. I used to play instruments but now I enjoy singing and listening to music.I enjoy knitting but now I find it very difficult due to problems with the nerves in my hands and wrists which is very painful, I had had them operated on. I used to make things for the premature baby unit and really enjoyed it. I now do a little bit when I can. It used to be one of my favourite hobbies.NoNot that I can think of...

10. Are there any things that you struggle with in terms of your in-dependence and what do you feel might help you to overcome this?

Text Response

Not really

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Dressing is difficult, I often gets things the wrong way around or inside out. I am having quite a lot of trouble with my ‘water works’ but I am coping but it affects me all the time. I get a lot of help in the home, but really feel that I would be a lot happier if I had a phone in my room.Everything takes longer now. I need help with getting into and out of the Bath, which I have once a week and help with washing my back, everything else I do myself. A robot probably would not be able to help in my current situation in the home, but perhaps if I was still living independently in my own home.

11. Which of the following technology do you REGULARLY USE or CONTROL but not necessarily use at the care home?

# Answer Response %

1 TV 5 100%2 DVD player 0 0%3 Landline Telephone 5 100%4 Own mobile phone 0 0%5 Computer 0 0%6 Internet 0 0%7 Interactive TV 0 0%8 Electronic games 0 0%9 Online shopping 0 0%

12. Which of the following technology do you HAVE ACCESS TO but not necessarily use at the care home?

# Answer Response %


13. Is there any technology that you don’t use that you would like to?MOBISERV FP7 248434


Text Response

Not reallyNoMaybe a computerNo

14. Is there anything stopping you from using technology?

Text Response

No, but used to use a lot of technology at workNoFeels that she has no need for technology and she has never been interested in it because she doesn’t know anything about it, and she has never used anything. She may get interested if she was to used it.Knowledge of the machineNo

15. How would you rate your attitude towards technology in gen-eral?

# Answer Response %

1 positive/open minded 2 40%2 fairly positive 1 20%3 neither positive nor negative 1 20%4 fairly negative 1 20%5 very negative/dismissive 0 0%6 Don’t know 0 0%

Total 5 100%

16. “Smart clothing” monitors things like blood pressure, tempera-ture and heart rate with tiny sensors embedded in clothing. Do you think you would be happy to wear this technology embedded in some type of light underwear?

# Answer Response %

1 Yes 2 40%2 No 3 60%

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3 Don’t know 0 0%

Total 5 100%

17. How would you feel about using certain types of monitoring technology in your home if it was for your own benefit?

# Question Accepting Tolerant Indifferent IntolerantWould

not allow

Don’t know Responses

1 Monitoring cameras 0 1 0 1 3 0 5

2Wearable sensors embedded in your clothing

0 3 0 0 2 0 5

3Technology that monitors what you eat

2 1 0 1 1 0 5

4Technology that monitors how active you are

1 2 1 1 0 0 5

5

Technology that looks out for dangerous things in your home and alerts you

4 1 0 0 0 0 5

6

technology which tells how you are feeling by looking at your face

2 0 1 1 0 1 5

7Technology that understands what you are saying

2 2 0 1 0 0 5

8

Technology that monitors you and alerts people if you are in danger

5 0 0 0 0 0 5

18. How would you feel about living with a helpful robot?

# Answer Response %

1 positive/open minded 1 20%2 fairly positive 2 40%

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3 neither positive nor negative 0 0%4 fairly negative 0 0%5 very negative/dismissive 2 40%6 Don’t know 0 0%

Total 5 100%

19. Would you like it if the robot did the following:

# Question Yes No Don't Know Responses

1 Followed you around 2 3 0 52 Was equipped with a camera 2 2 1 53 Was like a person (humanoid) 2 2 1 54 Spoke to you 4 1 0 55 Listened to you 3 1 1 56 Was operated by a computer screen 2 2 1 57 Reminded you to do things 4 1 0 58 Reported to a helpdesk if you were having a problem 5 0 0 59 Monitored what you ate 2 3 0 5

20. Do you have any further concerns or comments regarding the use of technology to assist or monitor you in your home?

Text Response

A reminder would be extremely useful if l was still living independentlyI had four falls when I was in my own home, it was due to taking medication that I was allergic to. When I was living independently, I used a box which had compartments which tells you which tablets to take on which day, which was useful. The technology could be useful for some people, but only those who really need help.NoThank you. No

8.3.1.2 Carers

1. Gender

# Answer Response %

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1 Male 0 0%

2 Female 6 100%

Total 6 100%

2. Position

Text Response

Care AssistantCare AssistantCare WorkerDeputy ManagerCarerTeam Leader

3. How many years have you worked in this particular residential care?


1 Years 5.33 6.41

Total 5.33 6.41

4. How well do you feel that your establishment is able to manage or monitor the needs of the old people in its care with regards to the following medical issues or problems:

# Question well managed

fairly well managed

Not sure

need a little more

support

need a lot more

supportResponses

1Monitoring and prevention of heart problems

6 0 0 0 0 6

2 falling 2 4 0 0 0 63 incontinence 5 0 0 0 0 54 loneliness 5 1 0 0 0 65 social isolation 6 0 0 0 0 6

6 physical limitations or impairments 4 2 0 0 0 6

7 Cognitive limitations or impairments 3 3 0 0 0 6

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8 Diet and nutrition 6 0 0 0 0 69 Diabetes 6 0 0 0 0 6

5. What do you feel could be done to improve the management or monitoring of the issues or problems mentioned in the previous question?

Text Response

There is a huge amount of training given to staff to make sure that all of the above are well managedAt present, everything is fine with no obvious improvements to be made. The managers and staff at the residential home sort out any problems straight away.

6. What do you feel the quality of life is like for the average older person in your care?

# Answer Response %


Total 6 100%

7. What sort of things do they enjoy doing that you think they would like to do more of, to improve their quality of life?

Text Response

Going for walksWalksOutings on minibusAll residents really enjoy going out but it is difficult if the weather is not good, so they mainly only arrange trips out if the weather is fine. Residents also enjoy sitting out in the garden.The residents enjoy being active and enjoy going out, especially in the summer months. Many residents need persuading to go out but enjoy it once they are out. Once residents come back they say they are glad that they went out and they really enjoyed it. The residential home already arranges a lot of activities including half hour sessions with individual residents in which the residents do whatever they want to, for example playing a game or take them for a walk. This is done on a rotation basis, with a different resident

MOBISERV FP7 248434


each morning. There are also group activities every afternoon for example snakes and ladders. There is something on every day.

8. 2) How frequently do you feel unable to assist the people in your care?

# Answer Response %

1 very often 0 0%2 often 0 0%3 sometimes 0 0%

4 occasionally 3 50%

5 never 3 50%

Total 6 100%

9. What type of things are you unable to assist with and why?

Text Response

When they freeze (parkinsons) have to wait until they unlockWhen the person has episodes of freezing jointsMobilising and hygiene during episodes of freezingStaff are unable to do any nursing, for example taking blood or putting in catheters, nurses are called in to do it.Can assist them with everything

10. What do you need to be able to support older people better? (Please tick all that apply)

# Answer Response %

1 Time 5 83%2 More staff 1 17%3 More training 4 67%4 Better Equipment 1 17%5 Better monitoring systems 0 0%6 Better nutrition 0 0%7 Greater physical strength 1 17%8 Better entertainment facilities 2 33%

11. Other (Please State)MOBISERV FP7 248434


Text Response

Dementia is a big problem and it is very difficult or impossible for staff to work out what the residents are thinking, especially if there is little support from family.

12. Do you feel that the average resident has enough social inter-action with the following:

# Question too much interaction

plenty of interaction

some interaction

a little interaction

no interaction Responses

1 care staff 0 6 0 0 0 6

2 Social/Housing workers 0 0 4 1 1 6

3 medical staff 0 6 0 0 0 64 friends 0 5 1 0 0 65 family 0 1 5 0 0 6

13. What technology do the residents HAVE ACCESS TO (but not necessarily use or control) in the home?

# Answer Response %


14. Which of the following technologies do your residents regularly USE or CONTROL?

# Answer Response %

1 TV 6 100%2 DVD player 2 33%3 Landline Telephone 6 100%4 Own mobile phone 2 33%5 Computer 0 0%

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6 Internet 0 0%7 Interactive TV 0 0%8 Electronic games 0 0%9 Online shopping 0 0%

15. If they do not have access to some of these technologies have any of them expressed a desire to use them – if so, which ones?

Text Response

NoA little while ago, quite a few of the residents showed quite an interest in having a computer in the home as the manager was thinking of bringing her own computer into the home. The general feeling amongst the residents was fairly positive but it didn’t happen. It would have only have been a computer, not the internet. The staff could also have brushed up on their skills do not use a computer regularly.

16. How would you rate your residents attitude to technology in general?

# Answer Response %

1 positive/open minded 1 17%2 fairly positive 0 0%3 neither positive nor negative 1 17%4 fairly negative 4 67%5 very negative/dismissive 0 0%6 Don't know 0 0%

17. If technology was developed to assist you in caring for your res-idents which of the following items would you find most useful in enabling you to support their needs?

# Question Very useful Useful A little bit

usefulNot

usefulDon’t know Responses

1 Reporting what they eat 1 0 4 1 0 6

2 Reporting the amount of food consumed per meal 1 0 4 1 0 6

3 Reporting the amount of times they eat 1 4 0 1 0 6

4 Reporting the amount of times 1 3 1 1 0 6

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they drink

5 Reporting their facial expressions to denote issues 0 3 2 1 0 6

6Reporting if they consuming the wrong kinds of food or drink

1 0 4 1 0 6

7 Reporting how active they are 1 4 0 1 0 6

18. What other types of easily accessible information would you find useful for monitoring or assessing a resident's wellbeing?

Text Response

Staff are in a good position to oversee most things as the get to know the residents well. Residents can sometimes have different facial expressions to what they are actually feeling, so it is important that the staff get to know the residents.Nothing

19. How accepting do you think your residents would feel about certain types of monitoring device if it was for their own benefit?


not allow


1 Cameras 1 0 0 5 0 0 6

2Wearable sensors embedded in clothing

0 6 0 0 0 0 6

3 Food monitoring system 1 4 0 1 0 0 6

4 Activity monitoring system 1 4 0 0 0 0 5

5

Environmental Hazard monitoring system (eg trip hazard)

1 4 0 0 0 0 5

6 Facial recognition technology 1 4 0 0 0 0 5

7 Speech recognition technology 1 4 0 0 0 0 5

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20. ‘Smart clothing’ monitors things like blood pressure, tempera-ture and heart rate with tiny sensors embedded in clothing – do you think your residents would be happy to wear this technology embedded in some type of light underwear such as a vest?

Text Response

YesYesTolerantYesIf the wearer knew that it was for their own benefit and for their health. It is something that staff cannot monitor, especially during the night.Yes, most residents would wear it if they knew it was for their own benefit, for example to monitor their health.

21. Could you foresee any practical problems getting your residents to wear or use ‘smart clothing’?

Text Response

NonoNoNoIt would have to be easy to up on and take off and comfortable. The weight of the clothing would also be important as many residents only wear light weight clothing.Some residents have issues with their memory and may forget why they are wearing the clothing and then want to take it off. For example, one resident has to wear a wrist splint (similar to a cast) to bed. Staff put the splint on for her before bed, but she always removes it after a couple of hours. Some residents have difficulty putting their clothes on, especially tighter items.

22. How long do you think they would be happy to wear smart clothing for? (hours)

Text Response

8 hours a dayAbout 6 hours8 hours6 - 8 hours

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Most would be happy to wear the clothing 24/7 if it was comfortable. Most residents already wear a vest to bed.Residents would probably be happy to wear the clothing all day if it was comfortable. Residents probably wouldn’t be happy to wear it at night. But all the resident wear pyjamas.

23. How do you think most residents would feel about interacting with a robot?

# Answer Response %


Total 6 100%

24. Would they like it if the robot did the following:

# Question Yes No Don't know Responses

1 Followed them around 1 4 1 62 Was equipped with a camera 1 3 2 63 Was like a person (humanoid) 2 0 4 64 Spoke to them 4 0 2 65 Listened to them 5 0 1 66 Had an interactive computer screen 2 1 3 67 Reminded them to do things (take medication etc) 3 0 3 68 Reported to a control centre if it saw a problem 5 0 1 69 Monitored what they ate 4 0 2 6

25. How would you feel about working alongside the following types of assistive technology:

# Question Fine OK indifferent A bit

worried

I wouldn't

do it

Don't know

Responses Mean

1 Monitoring Cameras 2 0 0 0 4 0 6 3.672 Wearable sensors 2 1 0 1 2 0 6 3.00

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embedded in clothing

3 Food monitoring system 2 2 0 0 1 0 5 2.20

4 Activity monitoring system 2 3 1 0 0 0 6 1.83

5

Environment-al Hazard monitoring system (eg trip hazard)

2 3 1 0 0 0 6 1.83

6 Facial recognition technology 2 2 1 0 0 1 6 2.50

7 Speech recognition technology 4 0 1 0 0 1 6 2.17

8 Interactive robots 2 0 0 0 1 3 6 4.17

26. Do you have any further concerns or comments regarding the use of technology to assist or monitor your clients?

Text Response

Break down of equipmentBreak down of technology, computers have been known to failMost residents do not understand technology and have got quite stressed about the digital switch over. Most choose not to know, ignorance is bliss. Some residents may be interested in electronic games, for example brain training on the Nintendo Wii. One resident’s son brought in a laptop with his holiday photos on, which she thought was very clever, like a mobile slide show. When residents are shown technology, they take an interest in it. There are only about two residents who do not watch any televisions in their rooms. Residents choose which television they want in their room, for example flat screen, freeview etc. One resident got Sky TV installed in his room. It would be better for the robot to look more like a human than a robotSomebody brought an electronic game into the home in the past and some residents took an interest but others thought that it was too noisy. I think most residents would find a robot interesting and fun as it is very different from what they are used to. If the robot followed them around they might find it OK to begin with but the novelty might wear off after a while. They would definitely like it f the robot spoke to them. A relative of mine has something similar to a mobile phone which rings three times when it is time to take medication, which they find very useful. It would be useful if the robot could go upstairs and outside, for example over grass.

8.3.1.3 Managers

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1. How many years have you worked in this particular care home?


1 Years 15.25 5.30

Total 15.25 5.30



fairly well managed

Not sure

need a little more

support

need a lot more

supportResponses


1 1 0 0 0 2






Text Response

Something that could monitor the residents, which was physically attached to them, so could identify problems before they became obvious, as at the moment residents are only monitored by doctors if they already have a problem. Some sort of impact monitor could be used to identify when the wearer has a fall. For example, the residents at the care home are alone throughout the night and can therefore have a fall in their bedroom or bathroom, and would not be found until the morning.

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4. What do you feel the quality of life is like for the average older person in your establishment?

# Answer Response %


Total 2 100%


Text Response

It would make a huge difference if the residents could do things that they are no longer able to. This would be possible if one to one care available. Some homes have one to one staffing but it costs £3000 a week, so completely impractical for most. However at the care home there are only 2 careers for 16 residents, which stops them from being able to spend much quality time with them, in addition to essential care.Trips out, singing, social gatherings, shopping.

6. What do you need to be able to support older people better? (Please tick all that apply)

# Answer Response %

1 Time 2 100%2 More staff 1 50%3 More training 1 50%4 Better Equipment 0 0%5 Better monitoring systems 1 50%6 Better nutrition 0 0%7 Greater physical strength 1 50%8 Better entertainment facilities 2 100%

7. Other (Please State)

Text Response

Statistic Value

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Total Responses 0

8. Do you feel that the average resident has enough social interac-tion with the following:



some interaction



1 care staff 0 0 1 0 0 1



9. What technology do the residents HAVE ACCESS TO (but not nec-essarily use or control) in the home?

# Answer Response %



# Answer Response %

1 TV 2 100%2 DVD player 1 50%3 Landline Telephone 2 100%4 Own mobile phone 0 0%5 Computer 0 0%6 Internet 0 0%

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7 Interactive TV 0 0%8 Electronic games 0 0%9 Online shopping 0 0%


Text Response

A few have shown interest in computers and the internet but have not expressed interest in actually using it. Instead they ask the staff to write emails for them, or print off emails from their family.Computer


# Answer Response %

1 positive/open minded 0 0%2 fairly positive 0 0%3 neither positive nor negative 0 0%4 fairly negative 1 50%5 very negative/dismissive 1 50%6 Don't know 0 0%

13. If technology was developed to assist you in caring for your res-idents which of the following items would you find most useful in enabling you to support their needs?


usefulNot





4 Reporting the amount of times they drink 0 2 0 0 0 2


MOBISERV FP7 248434



1 0 1 0 0 2


14. What other types of easily accessible information would you find useful for monitoring or assessing a resident's wellbeing?

Text Response

Nothing in addition to the list above

15. How accepting do you think your residents would feel about certain types of monitoring device if it was for their own benefit?


not allow


1 Cameras 0 0 0 2 0 0 2


0 2 0 0 0 0 2



5


1 1 0 0 0 0 2



16. ‘Smart clothing’ monitors things like blood pressure, tempera-ture and heart rate with tiny sensors embedded in clothing – do you think your residents would be happy to wear this technology embedded in some type of light underwear such as a vest?

Text Response

Some residents would perhaps need a little persuasion but if they thought it was for their

MOBISERV FP7 248434


own benefit they would be happy to wear it. About half the residents wear vests and the rest would wear bras and petticoats. As long as the item was something they already wear, residents would be willing to wear it.yes

17. Could you foresee any practical problems in using smart cloth-ing with the residents in your care home?

Text Response

Two of the residents need help dressing, and therefore tight clothing may be difficult. Four of residents are supervised when dressing as they have some difficulties. Some of the residents have difficulty getting into tighter clothing and some only wear loose fitting clothes. Other than dressing, the only other issues would relate to the ability to wash the clothing.Do they wear them


Text Response

If the clothing was comfortable, the residents would probably be happy to throughout the day and night if they felt that it was for their benefit.14 hours

19. How do you think most residents would feel about interacting with a robot?

# Answer Response %


Total 1 100%



MOBISERV FP7 248434




# Question Fine OK indifferent A bit

worriedI wouldn't

do itDon't know Responses

1 Monitoring Cameras 0 0 0 0 1 1 2

2 Wearable sensors embedded in clothing 2 0 0 0 0 0 2



5Environment-al Hazard monitoring system (eg trip hazard)

2 0 0 0 0 0 2



8 Interactive robots 1 0 0 0 0 1 2

22. Do you have any further concerns or comments regarding the use of technology to assist or monitor care home residents?

Text Response

Many of the residents are not used to technology and would need to be taught how to use it, which would be impractical if this took a long time and was too complicated, as most residents are not at all used to technology and staff do not have the time to train the residents. The robot would need to be self explanatory.

23. How many years have you worked in residential care?

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1 Years 17.00 5.66

Total 17.00 5.66

8.3.2 Setting B – Day Care Centre

8.3.2.1 End-Users

1. Age

Text Response

7262888784

2. Gender

# Answer Response %

1 Male 2 40%

2 Female 3 60%

Total 5 100%

3. How many years have you been visiting the day care centre?


1 Years 2.70 2.68

Total 2.70 2.68

4. How often do you talk to the following people?

# Question every day


once a week seldom never Responses

1 Day Care Centre Manager 0 1 2 2 0 5

2 Day Care staff 0 3 1 0 1 53 Doctor or nurse 0 0 2 3 0 5MOBISERV FP7 248434


4 social worker 0 0 0 2 3 55 Fellow day care users 0 3 1 0 1 5

6 Friends from outside the centre 2 2 0 1 0 5

7 family 3 0 1 1 0 5


# Question every day more than once a week once a week seldom never Responses

1 Medical Staff 0 0 1 0 4 52 Social Worker 0 0 0 0 4 43 Friends 0 0 2 2 1 54 Family 0 0 3 1 1 5


# Questionseveral times a

day

every day


Once a Week seldom never Responses

1 Talking to other day care users 0 0 4 0 0 1 5

2 Talking to day care staff 0 0 4 0 1 0 5

3 Taking medication 4 1 0 0 0 0 5

4 Craft/hobby activities 0 2 3 0 0 0 5

5 Watching TV 5 0 0 0 0 0 56 Walking 1 0 1 0 2 1 57 Taking a nap 2 1 1 0 1 0 58 Shopping 0 0 1 1 1 2 59 Reading 1 1 0 0 0 3 510

Excursions or day trips 0 0 1 0 2 2 5

11

Cinema or similar leisure activity 0 0 0 0 0 4 4

12 Exercise class 0 0 1 0 0 4 5

MOBISERV FP7 248434



Text Response

Socialising with similar age group but I do not drive. Exercise class for disabledWife cooks, I do washing upNoGoing out on my ownNo

8. Are there any things that you struggle with in terms of your in-dependence and what do you feel might help you to overcome this?

Text Response

Washing body, losing weightNo - I like to live independentlyMobility problems with knee and hipsBathing and showering I get out of breath

9. What technology do you regularly use?

# Answer Response %


10. Is there any technology that you don’t use that you would like to?

Text Response

MOBISERV FP7 248434


Interested in computer if eyesight would allowNoNo

11. Is there anything stopping you from using technology?

Text Response

No just need to learnPoor eyesightNot interested. If it doesn’t work it is very stressfulNot interested

12. How would you rate your attitude towards technology in gen-eral?

# Answer Response %


Total 5 100%

13. How would you feel about using certain types of monitoring technology in your home if it was for your own benefit?


not allow


1 Monitoring cameras 2 1 0 1 1 0 5

2Wearable sensors embedded in your clothing

3 1 0 0 0 1 5

3Technology that monitors what you eat

2 2 0 1 0 0 5

4 Technology that 2 0 0 2 1 0 5

MOBISERV FP7 248434


monitors how active you are

5

Technology that looks out for dangerous things in your home and alerts you

4 0 0 1 0 0 5

6

technology which tells how you are feeling by looking at your face

3 0 0 0 0 2 5


4 0 0 0 1 0 5

8

Technology that monitors you and alerts people if you are in danger

4 0 0 0 0 1 5

14. How would you feel about living with a helpful robot?

# Answer Response %


Total 5 100%


# Question Yes No Don't Know Responses

1 Followed you around 3 2 0 52 Was equipped with a camera 2 3 0 53 Was like a person (humanoid) 2 1 2 54 Spoke to you 2 1 2 55 Listened to you 2 0 3 56 Was operated by a computer screen 2 2 1 5

MOBISERV FP7 248434


7 Reminded you to do things 3 0 2 58 Reported to a helpdesk if you were having a problem 4 0 1 59 Monitored what you ate 2 2 1 5


Text Response

No

17. How do you feel about the level of care that you receive at the day care centre?

# Answer Response %


Total 5 100%

18. “Smart clothing” monitors things like blood pressure, tempera-ture and heart rate with tiny sensors embedded in clothing. Do you think you would be happy to wear this technology embedded in some type of light underwear?

# Answer Response %

1 Yes 4 80%2 No 0 0%3 Don’t know 1 20%

Total 5 100%

8.3.2.2 Carers

1. Gender

# Answer Response %

MOBISERV FP7 248434


1 Male 0 0%

2 Female 4 100%

Total 4 100%

2. Position

Text Response

Day care leaderDay Care AssistantDay care centre activities coordinatorCare Assistant (Day care centre)



fairly well managed

Not sure

need a little more

support

need a lot more

supportResponses


0 4 0 0 0 4






Text Response

We're a day care centre do we don’t know what goes on at homeMOBISERV FP7 248434


We don't know what does on at home


Text Response

Activity - craft, outings

6. How frequently do you feel unable to assist the people in your care?

# Answer Response %

1 very often 0 0%2 often 0 0%3 sometimes 0 0%

4 occasionally 4 100%

5 never 0 0%

Total 4 100%

7. What type of things are you unable to assist with and why?

Text Response

Statistic Value

Total Responses 0

8. Do you feel that the average client has enough social interaction with the following:



some interaction



1 care staff 0 4 0 0 0 4



MOBISERV FP7 248434


9. Which of the following technologies do your clients regularly use?

# Answer Response %



# Answer Response %

1 positive/open minded 0 0%2 fairly positive 2 50%3 neither positive nor negative 2 50%4 fairly negative 0 0%5 very negative/dismissive 0 0%

11. If technology was developed to assist you in caring for your clients which of the following items would you find most use-ful in enabling you to support their needs?


usefulNot






5 Reporting their facial 4 0 0 0 0 4

MOBISERV FP7 248434


expressions to denote issues


4 0 0 0 0 4


12. How accepting do you think your clients would feel about cer-tain types of monitoring device if it was for their own benefit?


not allow


1 Cameras 0 1 1 0 0 2 4


0 2 0 0 0 2 4



5


0 2 0 0 0 2 4



13. ‘Smart clothing’ monitors things like blood pressure, tempera-ture and heart rate with tiny sensors embedded in clothing – do you think your clients would be happy to wear this technology em-bedded in some type of light underwear such as a vest?

Text Response

Don't knowYesYes

MOBISERV FP7 248434


14. Could you foresee any practical problems getting your clients to wear or use ‘smart clothing’?

Text Response

Don't knowAs long as it was easy to put on


Text Response

Don't knowI don't think they would mind as long as it didn't 'get in the way'.

16. How do you think most clients would feel about interacting with a robot?

# Answer Response %


Total 4 100%



1 Followed them around 0 0 4 42 Was equipped with a camera 0 0 4 43 Was like a person (humanoid) 0 0 4 44 Spoke to them 0 0 4 45 Listened to them 0 0 4 46 Had an interactive computer screen 0 0 4 47 Reminded them to do things (take medication etc) 0 0 4 48 Reported to a control centre if it saw a problem 0 0 4 4

MOBISERV FP7 248434


9 Monitored what they ate 0 0 4 4


# Question Fine OK indifferent A bit worried

I wouldn't do it Responses

1 Monitoring Cameras 2 0 0 2 0 4

2 Wearable sensors embedded in clothing 2 2 0 0 0 4

3 Food monitoring system 4 0 0 0 0 44 Activity monitoring system 4 0 0 0 0 4


4 0 0 0 0 4

6 Facial recognition technology 4 0 0 0 0 47 Speech recognition technology 4 0 0 0 0 48 Interactive robots 4 0 0 0 0 4

19. Do you have any further concerns or comments regarding the use of technology to assist or monitor your clients?

Text Response

Everyone's different but most could probably be encouragedevery one is different

8.3.2.3 Managers

1. Position

Text Response

Day care centre manager

Statistic Value

Total Responses 1

2. How many years have you worked in this particular day care centre?

MOBISERV FP7 248434



1 Years 18.00 0.00

Total 18.00 0.00

3. How many years have you worked in care?


1 Years 28.00 0.00

Total 28.00 0.00

4. How well do you feel that your establishment is able to manage or monitor the needs of the old people in it's care with regards to the following medical issues or problems:


fairly well managed

Not sure

need a little more

support

need a lot more

supportResponses


1 0 0 0 0 1






Text Response

No systems are perfect there is always room for improvement, the physical side to the categories are diet, mobility and incontinence are easy to manage within our establishment. The monitoring and prevention of heart attacks is a little difficult to monitor because we are not medical. Being aware if the individual has those problems enables us to be observant

MOBISERV FP7 248434


and prevent them from taking any unnecessary risks whilst at the day centre. May be in the future if individuals with heart problems or any life threatening illnesses wore the sensor clothing. If we had in the day care centre the necessary tech to read the information from the sensor clothing, to pick up any problems. This could automatically be detached and acted on so their health could be monitored at home and in the day centre. Loneliness and social isolation is limited due to them only being with us for short periods. We obviously encourage them to interact with other service users and we also interact with them, to stimulate and eliminate loneliness and social isolation. If these issues prove to be out of control then I would put forward a request for extra Day Care or a review of the individual care package. Again, if the individual had a robot, they could speak with us through their robot and our computer in the day centre which might help their loneliness.


Text Response

They love trips out, they enjoy holiday but they are very difficult to do. They love company, friendships. They enjoy the Day Centre they love meeting and chatting with their friends and staff. They enjoy crafts or projects if one does and interesting craft item the rest want to do one. A lot enjoy a bath

Statistic Value

Total Responses 1

7. Do you feel that the average older person visiting the day care centre has enough social interaction with the following:



some interaction



1 care staff 0 1 0 0 0 1



8. What technology do the residents HAVE ACCESS TO (but not nec-essarily use or control) in the home?

# Answer Response %

1 TV 1 100%2 DVD player 1 100%

MOBISERV FP7 248434


3 Landline Telephone 1 100%4 Own mobile phone 0 0%5 Computer 1 100%6 Internet 1 100%7 Interactive TV 0 0%8 Electronic games 0 0%9 Online shopping 0 0%


# Answer Response %



Text Response

computer, internet - video link to family abroad

Statistic Value

Total Responses 1

11. How would you rate the older people visiting the day care cen-tre's attitude to technology in general?

# Answer Response %

1 positive/open minded 0 0%2 fairly positive 0 0%3 neither positive nor negative 1 100%

MOBISERV FP7 248434


4 fairly negative 0 0%5 very negative/dismissive 0 0%

12. If technology was developed to assist you in caring for older people which of the following items would you find most useful in enabling you to support their needs?


usefulNot








1 0 0 0 0 1


13. What other types of easily accessible information would you find useful for monitoring or assessing a client's wellbeing?

Text Response

Sensor clothing to monitor health issues

14. How accepting do you think the older people who visit the cen-tre feel about certain types of monitoring device if it was for their own benefit?


not allow


1 Cameras 0 1 0 0 0 0 1


1 0 0 0 0 0 1

MOBISERV FP7 248434




5


0 0 1 0 0 0 1



15. ‘Smart clothing’ monitors things like blood pressure, tempera-ture and heart rate with tiny sensors embedded in clothing – do you think the older people would be happy to wear this technology embedded in some type of light underwear such as a vest?

Text Response

Yes

16. Could you foresee any practical problems in using smart cloth-ing with the older people visiting the day care centre?

Text Response

No


Text Response

If the material was right they would keep it on all day

18. How do you think most older people would feel about inter-acting with a robot?

# Answer Response %

1 positive/open minded 0 0%2 fairly positive 0 0%

MOBISERV FP7 248434


3 neither positive nor negative 0 0%4 fairly negative 1 100%5 very negative/dismissive 0 0%6 Don’t know 0 0%

Total 1 100%





# Question Fine OK indifferent A bit worried

I wouldn't do it Responses

1 Monitoring Cameras 1 0 0 0 0 1

2 Wearable sensors embedded in clothing 1 0 0 0 0 1

3 Food monitoring system 1 0 0 0 0 14 Activity monitoring system 1 0 0 0 0 1


1 0 0 0 0 1

6 Facial recognition technology 0 0 0 1 0 17 Speech recognition technology 1 0 0 0 0 18 Interactive robots 1 0 0 0 0 1

21. Do you have any further concerns or comments regarding the use of technology to assist or monitor older people?

MOBISERV FP7 248434


Text Response

The majority of elderly person's homes I go into are very much cluttered with rugs, tables, chairs. They are usually small with loads of ornaments around they have Zimmers and wheelchairs in their rooms if a mobile robot was in there as well I cannot imagine it, or them getting around safely. I personally think this is a wonderful idea for the future generations who are already tech minded and would accept this with great ease.

8.3.3 Setting C – Independent

8.3.3.1 End-Users

1. Age

Text Response

65717570567377706960607671756278888091768284

MOBISERV FP7 248434


Statistic Value

Total Responses 22

2. Gender

# Answer Response %

1 Male 4 18%

2 Female 18 82%

Total 22 100%

3. Do you live alone or with others? if so, please state how many people and their relationship with you

Text Response

aloneAloneWith my husbandAloneHusbandMy daughterWith husbandHusbandMy husbandMy husbandHusbandHusbandWifehusbandWith husbandwith my husbandlive alonealoneAlonealonealone

Statistic Value

MOBISERV FP7 248434


Total Responses 21

4. How important is it to you that you live independently in your own home?

# Answer Response %

1 Really Important 12 57%2 Important 9 43%3 I don't mind 0 0%4 Not very important 0 0%5 I would rather not live at home 0 0%

Total 21 100%

5. How well do you feel that you cope with living at home?

# Answer Response %

1 Very well 14 70%2 Well 4 20%

3 Neither good nor bad 1 5%

4 I struggle a bit 1 5%5 I struggle a lot 0 0%

Total 20 100%

6. If you live with a partner, do you feel that they cope better or worse than you?

# Answer Response %

1 they cope better than me 1 5%2 We cope the same 9 47%3 they cope worse than me 1 5%4 Don't know 1 5%5 I don't live with a partner 7 37%

Total 19 100%

7. How often do you see the following people?

# Question Every day More than once a week Once a week Seldom Never Responses

MOBISERV FP7 248434


1 Doctor or nurse 0 1 2 17 0 202 Social worker 0 0 0 0 20 203 Housing worker 0 0 1 0 19 204 friends 6 9 3 3 0 215 Family 4 5 8 4 0 21


# Question Every day More than once a week Once a week Seldom Never Responses

1 Medical staff 0 1 1 17 2 212 Social worker 0 0 0 0 20 203 Housing worker 0 1 0 0 20 214 Friends 2 14 4 2 0 225 Family 2 12 5 3 0 22


# QuestionSeveral times a

day

Every day

More than once a week

Once a week Seldom Neve

r Responses

1 Talking to friends or family 3 10 5 3 1 0 22

2 Gardening 0 5 5 5 5 2 223 Taking medication 2 18 0 0 2 0 22

4 craft/hobby activities 2 8 7 1 3 1 22

5 Watching TV 5 16 0 0 1 0 226 Walking 1 10 4 3 4 0 227 Taking a nap 0 6 3 0 9 4 228 Shopping 0 0 14 7 1 0 22

9 visiting friends or family 0 0 10 8 4 0 22

10 Excursions or day trips 0 0 2 4 15 1 22

11 Cinema or similar leisure activities 0 1 0 3 14 3 21

12 Exercise class 0 1 1 2 4 13 21

MOBISERV FP7 248434



Text Response

NoPlay golfReadingNo

Statistic Value

Total Responses 4

11. Are there any things that you struggle with in terms of your in-dependence and what do you feel might help you overcome this?

Text Response

DIYYes but my daughter helps meNoshower cubical instead of bathShower cubical instead of a bathNew legs!NoNowalking

Statistic Value

Total Responses 9

12. Which of the following technology do you use at home?

# Question Click to write Scale point 1 Responses

1 TV 22 222 DVD Player 16 163 Landline telephone 22 224 Mobile phone 20 205 Computer 15 156 Internet 13 13

MOBISERV FP7 248434


7 Interactive TV 5 58 Electronic games 4 49 Online shopping 8 8

13. Is there any technology that you don't use that you would like to?

Text Response

NoNoNoNoNoNoComputerTextingno"On Line"Computer online shopping

Statistic Value

Total Responses 11

14. Is there anything stopping you from using technology

Text Response

NoLack of in depth knowledge. i like it but feel that sometimes it can make one remote from peopleNot too interestedNoNoNoNoNoNoNoArthritis

MOBISERV FP7 248434


Lack of confidencenonoNo, but eyesight worseningKnowledgeno

Statistic Value

Total Responses 17

15. How would you rate your attitude towards technology in gen-eral

# Answer Response %

1 Positive/open minded 11 52%2 Fairy positive 5 24%3 Neither positive nor negative 3 14%4 Fairy negative 1 5%5 Very negative/dismissive 1 5%

Total 21 100%

16. "Smart clothing" monitors things like blood pressure, tempera-ture and heart rate with tiny sensors embedded in clothing. Do you think you would be happy to wear this technology embedded in some type of light underwear?

# Answer Response %

1 Yes 10 67%2 No 5 33%

Total 15 100%

17. How would you feel about using certain types of monitoring technology in your home if it were for your own benefit?

# Question Accepting Tolerant Indifferent Intolerant

Would not

allowResponses

1 Monitoring cameras 3 4 2 1 7 17

MOBISERV FP7 248434


2wearable sensors embedded in your clothing

2 8 1 1 6 18

3 technology that monitors what you eat 1 3 4 4 9 21

4Technology tghat monitors how active you are

3 6 3 4 5 21

5Technology that looks out for dangerous things in your home and alerts you

6 9 1 1 2 19

6Technology which tells how you are feeling by looking at your face

3 8 2 1 3 17


12 4 0 0 1 17

8

Technology that monitors you and alerts other people if you are in danger

12 7 1 0 0 20

18. How would you feel about living with a helpful robot

# Answer Response %

1 Positive/open minded 5 25%2 fairy positive 2 10%3 Neither positive nor negative 6 30%4 Fairy negative 2 10%5 Very negative/dismissive 1 5%6 Don't know 4 20%

Total 20 100%


# Question Yes No Responses

1 Followed you around 5 15 202 Was equipped with a camera 4 13 173 Was like a person (humanoid) 3 7 104 Spoke to you 13 4 17

MOBISERV FP7 248434


5 Listened to you 15 4 196 Was operated by a computer screen 11 5 167 Reminded you to do things 17 4 218 Reported to a helpdesk if you were having a problem 14 4 189 Monitored what you ate 3 15 18


Text Response

It would need to be designed to go upstairsmonitoring ones every move would seem like an invasion of privacy. Could a robot understand your emotions eg joy or sorrow - those factors can have an effect on individual behaviourWould not like it to be intrusive, but in the future my feelings may be entirely different if I was disabled in any wayMust not always be in attendance could it have a standby modeMust be able to turn it off - or leave where you areNoNoNoWould need to be reliableNoI would like him to be good looking and would agree with everything I said and not to wait on me too much because housework and gardening is good exercise!!Fascinating subject!Can't say, at this stage, that I want one! My flat is too small for the two of us + equipment. My powerchair is of more use.Robot should warn human if it is in the path of latter for obvious reasonsRobot should not be invasive or look like something from outer space.A device to pick things up would be useful

Statistic Value

Total Responses 16

MOBISERV FP7 248434


9 References

MOBISERV FP7 248434

i Cooper, A., 1998, The inmates are running the asylum.ii Singleton, P, Lea, N, Tapuria, A, Kalra D, Public and Professional attitudes to privacy of healthcare data: a survey of the literature. - General Medical Council, 2008iii Gaver, W.W., Dunne, A., & Pacenti, E. (1999). Cultural Probes. Interactions, volume VI.1, pp. 21-29

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