Report on CMP Research Project (ReCMP)

Duration April 2012 to June 2014

By ReCMP Research Team

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Table of Contents

1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background.......................................................................................................................1

1.2 Community managed project (CMP)................................................................................2

1.3 CMP Research Project (ReCMP) and its purposes...........................................................2

1.4 Researchers and their description.....................................................................................3

1.5 Significant.........................................................................................................................4

1.6 Study Areas.......................................................................................................................4

2. Researches Outputs..................................................................................................................6

2.1 Research I..........................................................................................................................6

2.2 Research II........................................................................................................................9

2.3 Research III.....................................................................................................................14

2.4 Research IV.....................................................................................................................17

2.5 Researcher V...................................................................................................................18

2.6 Doctoral Research...........................................................................................................22

3. An aggregate Result, conclusion and recommendation so far...............................................26

4. Remaining activities/ ways forwards.....................................................................................26

2. Financial performance of the ReCMP....................................................................................26

4.1 Maa- ja vesitekniikan tuki ry fund utlization..................................................................26

4.2 COWASH’s Financial and logistic Support...................................................................26

3. Challenges and opportunity of the Research..........................................................................27

4. Conclusion over the ReCMP in General................................................................................28

5. Activities after ReCMP..........................................................................................................28

References......................................................................................................................................29

1. Introduction

1.1 Background

Access to water supply and the provision of proper sanitation systems are still challenging issues in most of the developing countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the improvement of these services is even slower than in other developing regions (JMP, 2012). In this regard, Ethiopia, one of the countries with the highest population in the region, is facing the same. In the country the access to potable water and appropriate sanitation services are still very deficient. In statistical term, based on the report released from the national government figure out that the water supply coverage in the country rose to 68.5% in 2010, subsequently revised to 61.6 % after conducting a national inventory in 2011 (MoWE, 2013), while according to WHO the water supply covered only 44% of the dwelling population during the year 2010 (JMP, 2012). In any case over 40% of the population is under the problem of protected water supply and hence sanitation.

The decentralization of power and decision making to local governments, which are represented by limited technical and financial capacity, is inefficient to bring change in water supply and sanitation coverage in Ethiopia significantly and which is still below the United Nations Millennium Development Goals and Universal Access Plan targets (UAP-II, 2011) and (JMP,2012). In fact, the Woredas, i.e. the local Ethiopian administrative districts, take charge of the major responsibilities regarding water supply as the Woreda Water Offices (WWO) control planning, design, and implementation of small-scale water supply schemes. Furthermore, they should provide technical support to small Town Water Supply Offices where there is no municipality (Harold Lockwood and Stef Smits, 2011), where 84% of the actual Ethiopian population lives (CSA, 2012). In other words, the burden of water supply and sanitation service is mainly on WWOs and the development rate is extremely low, even because the skilled manpower who able to plan and implement water supply systems, refuses to work at Woreda level - high turnover (OWNP, 2013). Moreover, NGOs involved in the sector have few technical staffs when compared with the scale of their involvement. These aspects push the sector to engage the community in the implementation and take advantage of their involvement in the successes of implementation and post construction management for prolonged service delivery.

None functionality is a serious challenge against the effort of water supply and sanitation service coverage. Fragmented endeavors of local governments and NGOs are unlikely to achieve the millennium development goals (MDGs), unless integrated and responsibilities shared with user communities. Involving community in all stages of service provision may bring significant improvement to the water service delivery and reduce non-functionality (Carter, 1999 ).

In response to the challenge of none-functionality of water supply and sanitation schemes in the country, different approaches devised and have been employed in Ethiopia. Apart from categorized in a few approaches, various philosophical change has been made inter and intra

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approaches to accommodate end users. Currently water supply and sanitation implementation are carried out through different approaches such as Woreda Managed Projects, NGO Managed Projects, Self-Supply, and Community Managed Projects (CMP) (WIF, 2011) and (OWNP,2013). Thus, this research project is looking into the CMP approach from the angle of sustainable rural water supply and sanitation service delivery.

1.2 Community Managed Project (CMP)

Community managed project (CMP) is the financing mechanism of water supply and sanitation services that emanated from the previous Community Development Fund (CDF) which was implemented in Amhara Region since 2003 by the collaboration of Ethiopian and Finland Governments. Both modalities have same implementation approach, apart from their Nomenclatures difference.

CMP was started in Amhara region, in May 2011 and implemented by Community-Led Accelerated WaSH Development in Ethiopia (COWASH) project with the collaboration of Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy. Currently the financing mechanism is expanding to the other regional states (SNNP, Tigray and Oromia) with strong support from the regional governments. The basics of CMP approach is empowering and involving users for sustainable service and function longevity of water supply and sanitation schemes in the country. According to (WIF, 2011), CMP approach is described as:

“In the CMP, the Project Manager is the representative of the user-group (WASHCO or Institutional WaSH Committee), i.e. the Community itself. Allocated funds are transferred to a special CMP account through a financial intermediary (e.g. micro-finance institution) with WWT authorization. Such funds can be afterwards withdrawn by community signatories for approved expenditures on water point construction and upgrading. The WASHCO is directly responsible for contracting, procurement, quality control, and financial management and it is accountable to the community, and to the Kebele and Woreda Administrations. There is no hand-over and the user-community “owns” the project from the beginning. CMP funding mechanism may also include community financing through the government financial system once properly and successfully tested.”

COWASH’s staffs were initiated a research project called ReCMP in order to respond for many questions remain unanswered by a study on CDF by Abreham Kebede and to convince financers to get into CMP modality implementation (Mattila, 2012).

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1.3 CMP Research Project (ReCMP) and its purposes

ReCMP is the Research project is financed by Maa- ja vesitekniikan tuki ry (MVTT) in Finland and logistic arrangements for researchers is supported by Community-Led Accelerated WaSH Development in Ethiopia (COWASH) project. The research project is initiated by COWASH for the following purposes:

I. To attract more CMP financers in to the sector by convincing through scientific researches;

II. To learn about what works and doesn’t work in relation to CMP to create better policies and practices;

I. To increase human resources capacity in the WaSH sector especially in Ethiopia that can implement CMP approach for better rural water supply and Sanitation service delivery and

II. To learn of actions taken in the project, thus improving the implementation from year to year.

1.4 Researchers and their description

The research project was designed to accommodate different researchers at different level of academic rank. Therefore, six researches nominated and engaged in the research (a Doctoral student, four Masters Students and an undergraduate student) see Table 1. The selection of students made in collaboration with Ethiopian and Finland Universities. The involved universities are Addis Ababa University, Indira Gandhi Open University (IGOU) from Ethiopia and Tampere University of Technology (TUT) and HAMK University from Finland.

Table 1: ReCMP Researchers and their details Sr.No

Name (sex) Research Purpose

Title Status

1 Nabin Sharma (M) MSc thesis

Community Managed Project in implementing rural water supply in Amhararegion of Ethiopia

Completed

2 Meron Mebrhatu (F) MSc Thesis

Assessment on Community Managed Projects Approach in Developing Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Schemes: A Case of Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State

Completed

3 Ahmed Mohamod BSc Thesis Sustainability of Water Services Implemented

Using CMP approachCompleted

4 Yewondosen Tesfaye (M) MSc Thesis A Comparative Study on Woreda Managed and

Community Managed Rural Water Supply ProjectsCompleted

5 Mebit Mitiku (M) MSc Thesis

Evaluation of Level of Service Rendered by Functioning Rural Water Supply Schemes: Case of Farta Woreda, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Completed

6 Beshah Mogesse (M)

Doctoral dissertation

Community Managed Projects (CMP): For Sustainable Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Service Delivery

underway

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1.5 Significant

ReCMP is very significant for the COWASH second phase so that to identify the area of

improvement, for policy makers - to incorporate in the national strategic plans and policies,

NGOs and Donors – to involve in the CMP financing mechanism and revise their financial

policy to work with local micro finance institution. Since the basic target of any party in rural

water supply and sanitation sector is provision of sustainable service, the research output on the

researches on the CMP will definitely built up for better service provision.

1.6 Study Areas

The research mainly focused on two Regional states, Amhara and Benishangul Gumuz, in

Ethiopia. These regions selected because of the presence of Community Development Fund

(CDF) and Community Managed Project (CMP) approaches to finance rural water supply and

sanitation service delivery.

Amhar Region is found in the north west of Ethiopia. It has a population of 17,221,976 (Rural

15,109,381) (CSA, 2010) and an area of 115,648.12 sq. Km. In the region about 36 Woredas

(districts) have been practiced CMP approach as per the information collected in April 2012. The

Benishangul Gumuz region is found in the north west of Ethiopia with a population of 784,345

(Rural 678,419) (CSA, 2010) and an area of 49, 805.54 sq. Km. In the region about 5 Woredas

(districts) have been implementing CDF approach before the start of ReCMP and to date.

Research Woredas are Guangua, Dega Damot, Farta, Fogera, East Estie and Yilmana Densa

from Amhara Region; and Mandura, Pawe and Dibate from Genishangul Gumuz regions.

Moreover, Borana zone from south tip of Oromia and Konso special Woreda from Southern

Nations and Nationalities regions also included in the research to exploit the indigenous water

system management experience. The figure 1.1 shows you the geographic locations of the study

areas.

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Figure 1-1 Map of the Study Areas

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±Somali

Oromia

AfarAmhara

SNNP

Tigray

Benshangul-Gumaz

Gambela Peoples

Dire DawaAddis AbabaHarari PeopleEthiopia

ReCMP Woredas

Additional Study Area

2. Researches Outputs

Under this section individual research objectives and summary of findings will be discussed.

2.1 Research I

Title: Community Managed Project in implementing rural water supply in Amhara region of Ethiopia

Researcher: Nabin Sharma

Objectives and Method used

The objective of the study was to acceptability, and applicability of CMP for rural water supply and sanitation. Moreover, it aimed to determine the nature and level of community participation in the water development. For this purpose four Woredas were selected namely; Farta, Fogera, Eastie and Levo Kemkem. The first three are Woreds that implement CMP approach whereas the last one is none-CMP intervention Woreda. Selecting CMP and none-CMP Woreds was considered for the comparative purpose of CMP against other modalities.

The Research was employed desk study while planning the field work and data collection. Secondary data: official reports, related research papers, journals, water supply and sanitation project documents, regulations and policies documents

Primary data collection was done through interview, questionnaire survey and field observation. The interview was addresses project and other local authorities’ officials for their technical support and the response of the beneficiaries, and the selected water user for the level of women participation, cross-cutting issues, trainings and water service management.

Questionnaire Survey: The questionnaires were employed to water beneficiaries groups, local people and project officials. The questionnaire covered the information on socio-economic characteristics of respondents, demand responsive and sustainability factors of the services, issues of cost sharing and recovery, community training and awareness creation, gender equity, condition of the existing water points and operation and maintenance of the infrastructures.

The questionnaire was used to evaluate the degree and type of participation, and to evaluate the institutional support during design, construction and maintenance phases. The questionnaire included questions about community contribution (capital, labor and material), female participation, technical factors (design of construction), financial factors, environmental factors (the sustainability of the water source) and health factors.

Field Observation: The field observation was conducted in the randomly selected Woredas in Amhara Region which helped to identify the standard of the construction, the condition of the contributing watershed, the type of the water point and determine the degree of preventive

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measures taken to protect water points from natural disasters (landslides and erosion), livestock and children.

Main Findings

Ownership

Communities’ contribution level found to excel the expected, 15%, by 1.5 to 2.67 folds. It is also better than the conventional contribution level. This contribution is certainly made from heart of the community, because 95% of the respondents in CMP have the ownership feeling. However, in none-CMP Woredas 80% of the users have the feeling of ownership. Of course, ownership feeling is not something to measure directly. Therefore, the indirect inquiry was made about their perception on the responsibility of implementing and managing the water scheme. Accordingly, 87% of the respondents feel that it is upon community whereas 55% in none-CMP. In other hand willingness to pay also assessed and found that 91% and 83% respondents are willing to pay in CMP and none-CMP approaches.

Based on contribution of community, willingness to pay and feeling of responsibility on managing their water scheme, the ownership feeling created is real as 95% responded and resulted from prior promotion and awareness creation.

Water quantity and Accessibility

There is no significant difference between CMP and none-CMP projects in terms of the per capita supply of water. The majority fetch water in the range of 60 – 80 liters per household. Depending on the survey result, the average family size of a household in the study area is about 5. Thus, per capita available water is in the range of 12 – 16 liter per day.

Major accessible technology employed in CMP is hand pump from Hand Dug wells beside spring development and machine drilled shallow wells. In the former case site selection process is relatively flexible than other sources. Therefore, communities’ organization and project request mainly depend on vicinity – households living nearer each other form a group to request project. This intern led to sources with shortest distance and users to spent shorter time. Accordingly 60% and 92% of the users are spending in the range of 30 minutes and 60 minutes for round trip respectively.

Water quality

Regards to water quality the perception of the users is not significantly different. As shown in the Figure below quality of water that labeled at least good is observed in none-CMP projects than in CMP one. This result may worsen in rainy season because of flooding and the poor drainage disposal systems around the water points. The field observations also confirm that scheme protection is not different in the two modalities schemes.

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CMP None-CMP0 %

10 %20 %30 %40 %50 %60 %70 %80 %90 %

100 %

Very Good Very Good

Good Good

Rair RairBad Bad

Figure 2-2 Water quality of water schemes of CMP and None-CMP projects

Functionality and implementation rates

As shown in the table below the functional water schemes accounted to be over 97% based on the data from Woreda water offices. However, the filed observations come up with 83% functionality rate. In any case, the result shows better functionality rate.

Table 2-1: Rate of functional schemes in Different CMPWoredas

Woreda CMP water schemes

Functional CMP Water schemes

Functional CMP Water schemes %

Fogera 350 342 97.7Farta 282 277 98.2East Estie 276 275 99.6Guangua 443 438 98.9Average 1351 1332 98.6

Implementation rate is the efficiency of the CMP approach in comparison with the none-CMP or conventional implementation approach. However, the figures are in different time scale, the CMP approach has enabled Woredas to increase in 6 folds to the conventional one (That means at minimum it increased by 22% and maximum by 580%).

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2.2 Research II

Title: A Comparative Study on Woreda Managed and Community Managed Rural Water Supply Projects

Researcher: Yewondosen Tesfaye

Objectives and Methods

The overall objective of this study is to contribute for the frame of knowledge available to the sector about the comparative analysis of water supply projects implemented under WMP and CMP. In this evaluative attempt this study seeks to investigate certain merits and demerits of these projects in terms of their planning and implementation, functionality, and utilization. The specific objectives of this study include

To oversee the impact of increased community participation in the planning and implementation of rural water supply projects

To serve as a tool, or reference source, for those working on the planning and design of RWS projects

To provide rural water and sanitation project financers with a precise scientific view as to which implementation modality best serves the needs of the local community.

To contribute to sector knowledge more broadly

Research Methodology

As mentioned in the previous section this study aims at evaluating rural water supply projects implemented under WMP and CMP modalities in terms of their planning and implementation, functionality, and utilization. The main focus is on exploring the ‘which’ and ‘why’ questions with an aim of understanding the related advantages and disadvantages of both the modalities, and to recommend on key observations for further research on delivering rural water supply services.

Accordingly, to achieve its objective of evaluating WMP and CMP modalities in rural water supply and sanitation sector, this research has employed the following data collection methods.

Site Visits

Site Visits has been made to a total of 64 rural water supply schemes (31 WMP, and 33 CMP) in the Amhara region to assess the current status and operational features of the schemes. Here, operators/caretakers, and users were interviewed.

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The main purpose of operator interview/scheme assessment is to assess the overall status of the scheme with respect to its operational, management, and maintenance procedures followed, and to understand the reasons behind the schemes current condition.

Beneficiaries found on site were interviewed in order to gain supplementary quantitative data on how the scheme is managed, water quantity and quality, reliability, and convenience, and also on sense of ownership among the community. Non-beneficiaries were also interviewed to understand the reasons behind preferring traditional sources over developed and protected sources. Accordingly, 58 beneficiaries and 16 non-beneficiaries were interviewed.

FGD

A focus group discussion was also held with Woreda WaSH teams in 8 Woredas, and With the WaSHCO’s in the visited sites, so as to investigate the procedures followed and pros and cons observed in planning, implementation and management of the water supply schemes under both modalities. Additional interviews were also conducted with Regional WMP and CMP officials to grasp the prevailing regional profile of the modalities in terms of service delivery and use.

Secondary data

A detailed literature review of related documents on rural water supply, community management, and operation and maintenance was carried out. The main search engine was Google, and additional documents were obtained from Ministry of Water and Energy Library, Woreda, and Regional Planning offices. The purpose of the literature review was to come up with theories with which the researcher used to make analytic generalization of the empirical data collected.

Positive Experiences during data collection

Willingness and openness of respondents to provide information Interviews were carried out successfully

Some major challenges were encountered during the site visits, which have resulted in the imbalance between CMP and WMP sites surveyed. These include

The initial plan was to visit 40 WMP and 40 CMP water supply schemes. But due to limited time frame the researcher could not be successful in assessing all the schemes.

In some woredas, especially in Senan and Yilemana Densa, the water supply schemes were scattered and long distance walk was required

Site visit was conducted from March 26, 2012 to April 17 2012. This was basically a farming season, and it was hard to find WaSHCO members and scheme caretakers

It was found difficult to organize all Woreda WaSH Team members for FGD, and in all Woreda Wash Team FGD cases a maximum of three members were present.

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The researcher could not conduct site visits in Bahir Dar Zuria Woredas, because Woreda Water Office officials were busy during office visit and could not assign a guide

Findings

Demand driven and community engagement

Both in CMP and WMP the concept of demand driven approach maintained. Community mobilization also common in both approaches but the WWO, Kebele Admin and DAs involved in the community mobilization by CMP while Community facilitating team (CFT) in WMP that financed by World Bank.

Contribution level of the users expected to cover 15% and 10% (3% in cash and 7% in labour) of the investment cost in CMP and WMP respectively, but actually is found to be higher in both cases. According to the data collected in CMP Woredas the contribution level, excluding the upfront cash contribution, ranges from 24% to 37% while this is limited to 13 to 17% in WMP Woredas.

In WMP the fund administered by the Woreda official and governed by the Government procurement regulation which tends to be effective after routine procedures. Whereas in CMP WASHCOs administer the fund and they involve directly in the procurement process. Unlike to WMP, WASHCOs in CMP are responsible to manage and supervise the construction of the water scheme that leads CMP to a higher implementation rate. In WMP Woreda water offices usually fail to supervise all schemes in a reasonable time because of limited manpower and logistics.

The survey result summarized in table 2.2 to imply that communities in the CMP approach responsible both for the construction and management of their water schemes, but in WMP still Woredas water offices are responsible for the construction and management of the water schemes in a Woreda.

Table 2-2: Perception of respondents on responsibilities of the construction and management of Water supply schemes

ModalityConstruction Responsibility Management responsibility

Community Woreda Water office unknown Community Woreda

Water office unknown

CMP 96.40% 3.60% 0.00% 82.14% 10.71% 7.14%WMP 26.70% 60.00% 13.30% 43.33% 46.67% 10.00%

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Tariff setting and collection

Based on the FGD with the WASHCOs, the proportions of schemes collecting monthly payment are 30.3% in CMP and 16.1% in WMP. However, the WASHCOs stressed not be considered as less commitment, because communities contribute for maintenance in the base of maintenance requirement. Beside the researcher argue that Tariff setting is made by the preference of the user regardless of the maintenance cost requirement. Therefore, tariff collection is not a guaranty to cover operational and maintenance cost.

Maintenance

Maintenance is the responsibility of the user community, particularly for WASHCOs as indicated in the table 2.1 and set in the national policy. But, the training give for operation and maintenance is challenged by change of WASHCOs, frequency of system failure, spare part supply and collection of water fee. WASHCOs tiered of organizing and mobilizing community from time to time. And the replaced WASHCOs cannot get trainings that usually given at the start of projects. This in turn brings challenge on efficiency of maintenance desired by the project.

Annual implementation rate and fund utilization efficiency

Annual implementation rate is different for WMP and CMP. According to seven Woredas’ implementation data of two year, the CMP approach has got higher performance than the WMP approach in executing annual plan.

Table 2-3: WMP and CMP’s Implementation rate of water schemes of two years based on data from three and four Woredas respectively

Modalities

2010 2011Planned schemes

Implemented schemes

Success Rate (%)

Planned schemes

Implemented schemes

Success Rate (%)

CMP 113 124 109.7% 160 177 110.6%WMP 140 109 77.9% 130 102 78.5%

As indicated in the table 2.2 the success (implementation) rates of the two approaches are significantly different. Moreover, in the CMP approach the implementations beyond the planned schemes shows the efficiency of fund utilization and its flexibility to shift overflow funds to other sites. The efficiency of CMP also manifested by the fund utilization rate as indicated in the figure below. It is almost 100% utilization rate while in WMP it varies from 75% to 124%. The 124% in WMP indicates that schemes started in preceding year were finalized in succeeding year and raised the fund utilization rate of the year of completion otherwise it is 93.45% efficient over the three years. Thus, the annual efficiency is excellent in CMP approach than WMP.

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2008/09 2009/10 2010/110.00%

20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

80.00%

100.00%

120.00%

140.00%

99.76% 99.95% 99.97%

79.65% 75.22%

124.41%

CMPWMP

Fiscal Year

Fund

Utli

zatio

n Ra

te

Figure 2-3 Fund utilization rate of the two implementation modalities

Protection of Water schemes

Water supply schemes hygienic situation was found unsatisfactory in both modalities. As indicated in the figure 2.5 about 32% in CMP and 43.3% in WMP projects have used in an unhygienic manner because of poor drainage facilities and scheme protection.

CMP WMP0 %

10 %20 %30 %40 %50 %60 %70 %80 %90 %

100 %

Very Good Very Good

GoodGood

FairFair

PoorPoor

Sanitation situation at Water supply schemes

Implementation Modalities

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Figure 2-4 Sanitations situation of water supply schemes of different modalities

Schemes Functionality

Functionality rate in CMP Woredas under the research area is ranging from 94.6% to 98.25%. In WMP Woredas’ schemes functionality runs from 84% to 92%.

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2.3 Research III

Title: Assessment on Community Managed Projects Approach in Developing Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Schemes: A Case of Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State

Researcher: Meron Mebrhatu

Objectives and Methods

The main objective of this research is to assess the performance of CMP approach that practiced in Pawe and Mandura woredas of the Benishangul Gumuz regional state, which aims to develop sustainable rural water supply schemes. The specific objectives of the research work are:

Assess the level of success in applying the CMP theory in to practice; To measure the overall effectiveness of the approach through identified indicators; To identify the challenges, gaps and opportunities of the approach under the different

situations and

To recommend a way forward to ensure achievement of program objectives

Primary and secondary data were collected for the study. Primary data was collected from selected households using semi-structured interviews for households, focus group discussions with WASHCOs (separately with men and women) and formal and informal discussions with woreda experts. The fieldwork was carried out in the program woredas within eight days, employing two enumerators and using two cars to do the survey around the kebelles. Secondary data was also collected from reports, training manuals, scheme designs and literatures.

Sampling Discussions were held with the CMP supervisors and two available senior technical experts

(from each woreda). Schemes were selected by random sampling using the formula shown below. Sample was

drawn from hand dug wells constructed in the first implementation phase and from hand dug wells developed in the second implementation phase. And the sample was set to represent hand dug wells of different depths, from smallest to largest.

Sample Size = ((C x σ) /e) 2 , C = Confidence interval, 1.96 σ = standard deviation of the wells based on dug depth e = error

The limitation to note here is that sample size was small and the error is large due to time and financial constraint.

Additionally, there was only limited number of springs developed within the first and second implementation phase. Therefore, all the existing developed springs were surveyed.

Since primary data can only be realistically collected at household level, with the given the time, access and financial constraints, the survey was done on purposefully selected samples (next to random or statistically representative sampling, purposive sampling is an appropriate solution for such constrained survey works). Therefore, given the fact that the social, cultural situation and generally living standard of the communities is very similar,

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selection was done by selecting two respondents (one male and one female heads) at three different distances (500m, 1000m and 1500m) from the water point to allow summarized range of information. Accordingly, six respondents have been surveyed from every sample water point, which is equivalent to 12% of the total 50 households at every water points.

Findings

Users’ engagement and their perceptions

Users confirmed that they have participated in WASHCO election, planning, upfront cash contribution, and providing local materials and participate in labor. But, still the approach needs to involve users thoroughly in technology selection, because the existing participation is only based on the costumed technologies. Only few options are at hand such as Hand Dug well, spring development and rarely motorized schemes.

Based on the focus group discussion, WASHCOs feel full responsibility of organizing and mobilizing community for planning and implementation, contracting, procuring, construction follow up, managing project fund, and post construction management. But, 62.5% of the respondents agree that WASHCOs are not capable to manage the water schemes. This is reasoned out because of illiteracy.

CMP standard of women composition set to be at least 50% of the WASHCo members, but in Benishangul Gumuz case Woredas only 35.1% of WASHCOs members are women.

The approach is purely demand driven approach. It happened so, because of intensive promotion made in communities prior to development plans. The awareness and promotions include delivering project request procedure. This activity enables the communities to develop demand from self initiative and further to request for project. Accordingly communities’ annual application for water supply projects getting increased (see the figure below)

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/120

20

40

60

80

100

120

Year

Annu

al A

pplic

ation

s fro

m th

e us

ers

Figure 2-5 Annual demand application submitted in Mandura and Pawe Woredas

Contribution

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Contribution in cash, labour and in kind expected reach 15% of the capital cost of the project in CMP/CDF approach however it is observed to be more than that. It ranges from 18.6% to 21% in both Woredas.

External support

Trainings to community in terms of health problems in using unprotected water are given during promotion and awareness creation. Capacity building usually delivered for WASHCO members on managing contracts, financial management, constructions supervision, operation and maintenance of the water schemes. Artisans and Caretakers also gain training for technical capacity of construction and maintenance

Post construction is looks like to be left for WASHCOs and the community alone. However, the approach is driving to enable the community to manage their water system; it is too early to left the community without regular monitoring the performance of WASHCOS and the status of the schemes. Only 46.7% of water points are visited by Woreda water office at least once per annum.

Implementation efficiency

CMP/CDF approach achieved 125% implementation efficiency in the year 2010/11 in the two Woredas under consideration.

Tariff and Scheme protection

Water schemes in Mandura Woreda have only 25% guard while Pawe Woreda has experienced 87.5%. However, scheme protection from fencing point of view both Woredas are proor without any significant difference. This can be directly related with the Wareda water office monitoring practice

Third quarter of water points in Mandura and all water schemes in Pawe have set water tariff with average value of 2.63 and 3.75 respectively. But the WASHCOS from both side pointed out that it is not collected properly. WaSHCOs negligence (75%) takes the line-share for Tariff collection failure, even though community reluctance (25%) is not ignored in this regard.

Quantity of water

11.64l/c/d and only 31.25 schemes meet the national standard in per capita Demand

Overall evaluation of CDF in the two Woredas

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The existing situation of the the water supply schemes of Mandura and Pawe Woredas are evaluated from from different aspects. Such evaluation points are: Implementation Capacity, Appropriateness of sites selected, Appropriateness of implemented technologies, Quality of built facility, Protection for water points after construction, and Efficiency of community financing for O & M. as shown in Table 2.4 Mandura and Pawe Woredas scored 0.59 and 0.72 respectively. The result shows whatever the implementation mechanism employed it significantly depend on socio-economic situations of the target community.

Table 2-4: Scores attributed to the approach measuring its performance

Factors for EffectivenessMandura

ScorePawe Score

Indicators Indicators1. Implementation Capacity 93.20% 100%2. Appropriateness of sites selected 100% 87.50%3. Appropriateness of implemented technologies 56.25% 65.63%4. Quality of built facility 75.25% 81.50%5. Protection for water points after construction 33.30% 75.00%6. Efficiency of community financing for O & M 41% 49.00%7. Sustainability of willingness to pay 81.25% 70.83%

AVERAGE SCORE OF ALL FACTORS 59.78% 72.22%    

2.4 Research IV

Title: Sustainability of Water Services Implemented Using CMP approach

Researcher: Ahmed Mohamed

Objectives and Methods

Main Objectives

To examine the sustainability of CMP approach in rural water services To observe factors and issues affecting and undermining sustainability & To find solutions for those factors threatening sustainability

Specific Objectives

To ensure whether sustainability of CMP approach is above 90 % To find mechanisms and strategies to improve sustainability of water schemes

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Findings

Recommendations

2.5 Researcher V

Title: Evaluation of Level of Service Rendered by Functioning Rural Water Supply Schemes: Case of Farta Woreda, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Researcher: Mebit Mitiku

Objectives and Methods

The main aim of the study was to evaluate the level of service delivered by functioning water points developed through CMP and other project approaches implemented in Farta Woreda of Amhara Region. The following are specific objectives:

Examine the level of services that user communities gain from functioning water supply schemes;

Investigate the determinant factors that can determine functionality and the level of services provided by those functional schemes; and

Compare the level of service provided by CMP water supply schemes against other project approaches

Findings

Community participation

The survey data summarized in table 2.5 indicates, communities participate in planning and construction phases whereas inadequate participations are observed in the project inception and scheme management.

Table 2-5 Community participation level of RWSEP/CMP and CARE implemented scheme users

Community

participation

CMP Respondents agreed in

(%)

CARE Respondents agreed in

(%)

Inception 30.5 30.1

Planning 91.5 95.1

Construction 96.1 97.8

Scheme management

36.7 32.2

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Contribution

Community contribution in labor and material is not significantly different in both modalities as shown in the table 2.6. Cash contribution is high in the case of CMP that scores 70.3% and 9.8% for CMP and CARE respectively

Table 2-6 Users contribution in different aspect

Community

Contribution (in)

CMP Respondents agreed in

(%)

CARE Respondents agreed in

(%)

Labour 96.1 98.4

Money/in cash 70.3 9.8

Local material 96.5 97.8

Water quantity

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

.2

water usage (lpcd)

perc

enta

ge o

f ben

efic

iarie

s

Figure 2-6 per capita water usage

Based on the household survey the mean average daily water collection from the water point per household is found to be 61.4 liters, while the daily average maximum and minimum is 250 and 21.43 liters respectively. The statistical analysis shows that 61% of households have average daily water usage below the mean (61.4 liters/household). Considering national estimate of 5 individuals per household only 24% of households met the national target of 75 liters per household.

Water quality perceptions

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Water quality is problem for few schemes (28%) in rainy season. The main problem is pointed out by the respondents’ of the household survey to be turbidity.

Time spent

Households that accounted 79% of the total population are spending less than 30 minutes for round trip of water collection from water sources.

Tariff set and collection

Only 35% of the water points have set tariff and these water schemes users paying fully. The monthly rate is less than or equal to 3 birr in the Woreda. Regardless of the amount of tariff, some of the money is goes to guard salary.

Functionality

The researcher put the functionality of water schemes in the Woreda is 92.8%

Summary

Table 2-7 Water supply service quality: CARE and RWSEP implemented water points

Indicators CARE RWSEP(CMP)

Quantity 28% 24%

Maximum 46 lpcd 63 lpcd

Minimum 5 lpcd 4 lpcd

Mean 13.5 lpcd 12.5 lpcd

Quality 75.8% 81%

Accessibility 91.05 86.4%

Time spent to collect water(mpcd) 85% 75%

Maximum 149mpcd 475mpcd

Minimum 1mpcd 1mpcd

Mean 17.5mpcd 23mpcd

Availability of service provider and users satisfaction 97.1% 97.8%

Reliability 56.45% 57.95%

Water supply shortage 52.2% 55.7%

Water supply service interruption 60.7% 60.2%

Average water supply service quality 62.83% 62.34

lpcd=liters per capita per day, mpcd=minutes per capita per day

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2.6 Doctoral Research

Title: Community Managed Projects (CMP): For Sustainable Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Service Delivery

Researcher: Beshah Mogesse

(Includes data collections, conference and course attendances, Finland visits etc)

Objectives and Methods

Investigate the evolution of CMP and its driving force to happen, and trend analysis of water supply and sanitation service in the regions;

Evaluate the comparative advantage of the CMP against Woreda managed and NGO managed rural water supply and sanitation projects (includes CARE and WORLD Bank implementation approaches);

Investigate principal factors that prevail the none functionality of water and sanitation schemes and evaluate the level of inclusion of counteracting measures to mitigate in the approach;

Explore the effect of Culture, social norm and religion on water system maintenance and management and to identify the way it can design to be part of any community centered approaches for sustainable service delivery.

Methods

Collecting secondary data from (Project reports, national policy, International WASH Reports in connection to MDGs and exploring literature reviews)

Primary data collection: household survey of the CMP, Woreda Managed and NGO managed projects; interviewing WASH teams, implementing personnel and community leader and elders for the level of service satisfaction and degree of their involvement in the project; and Focus Group discussion with WASH committee and Government officials directly involved in the projects to learn depth and breadth of the community involvement in the projects and outline the status of their water and sanitation facilities. Moreover, case studies will be conducted to investigate the extent of community norm, culture and belief influencing successful water sources management.

Status

So far the PhD Candidate collected comprehensive data from three woredas of the Benishangul Regional state and five woredas from Amhara Regional state. Moreover, for the

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indigenous water management practices he has collected primary and secondary data from Borana zone of Oromia Region and Konso Woreda in SNNP region. Starting from first July 2014, he is in Finland to analyzing and synthesis his doctoral dissertation.

So far he has presented his planning and some findings in four national workshops, and a research paper presented in the 3rd IWA congress and exhibition in Kenya from October 14 – 17, 2013. Currently, he is working on three articles in a premise of publishing in peer review journals.

The picture shows when Mr. Beshah Mogesse presented his paper to the international audience during IWA congress in Nairobi, Kenya

Findings

Key findings are discussed in the table delow with the conclusions and recommendations.

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Finding Conclusion Recommendation1. According to all

ReCMP researches the functionality rate of CMP implemented water schemes is over 90%.

This success achieved because of community inclusive site selection, planning and implementation. Moreover, the concerns of the community and WASHCOs for timely maintenance and protection have contributed a lot.

Functionality in its nature is not measurable and it doesn’t guarantee the adequacy of water available at the water scheme. Therefore, a due attention should be given to the service level, in terms of quantity of water per capita per day. Amount of water delivered per head should be guaranteed.

2. In Mebt (2013), Meron (2012) and Beshah (2013) the people who satisfay the national standard per capita consumption (15lpc) is ranging from 19 – 31%.

The figures are survey results of functional water schemes. The shortage of water at sources during dry periods is not taken into consideration (it maybe worsens during dry season). This lead us to draw the conclusion that population depend on the sources are beyond the capacity of the water sources. Moreover, this problem is aggravated by the entry of new users after the project implementation (Yewendosen, 2012 and Nabin, 2012).

A bit modification is important in the procedure of community organizing under a single water source. The source should be known first before determine the number of users it can hold. However it is contradicting with involvement of users in site selection and in planning, we should not ignore to limit population size on water sources to comply with its yield. Number of households should not be a limiting factor in organizing people for water supply projects, rather total population need to be accounted for water source selection so that to estimate the yield and provide adequately.

The extent of new users Entry should be limited to the capacity of the source. In doing this the community has to be supported by the woreda water office.

3. CDF and CMP have achieved effective annual implementation rate.

CMP improve the conventional (WMP) implementation by over 580% ( Nabin, 2012 ), 100% fund utilization and no fund transfer to succeeding fiscal year in CMP and at least planned water schemes entirely completed in the planning horizon. According to Yewendosen, 10% additional water points were achieved during 2010 and 2011. The effectiveness exactly emanated from the working platform provided by the approach. Such as: fast and simple fund channeling, handing over role of project management to users, putting clearly the purpose of the fund, and the follow up structure from Federal to Community

Other WASH implement modalities and sectors as well should learn from this experience.

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Table 2-8 Summary of key ReCMP Findings with conclusion and Recommendations

level.

Finding Conclusion Recommendation 4. In CMP responsibilities are

very clear and there is no external body to be blamed in case something fail during construction and post construction. It is the Community who appreciated or blamed according to their performance. (Users are the owner of the project)

In Ethiopia, it is very common to observe unfinished water projects of failing with minor problems. This is absolutely happening because of lack of ownership. Thus, since the effort of CMP in creating ownership feeling, the ground situation justifies that it is working to run projects successfully. All over the study area, the researcher found no unfinished construction that financed my CMP. All WASHCOs are busy with their own water project; no external body is awaited to do for them. Thus, empowering community means duplication workforce.

This aspect is more effectively pronounced during construction. But the condition in post construction somehow passive. Therefore, back-topers are vital to monitor and encourage the community and WASHCOs.

5. Fund channeling way and the procurement process of CMP are very suitable for effective implementation of projects on time.

The fund that deposited in Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) will be withdrawn based on its requirement by WASHCOs with the consent of the Woreda Water Office and Woreda WASH Team. This by far makes it short procedure to use the money when compared with the money flows through the Woreda Finance and Economic Development Office (WoFED) (a bit beurocratic). Moreover, the WaSHCOs procure the required locally available construction materials by themselves and they delegate WWT form inputs, which is not available in the local market. Thus, at any time procurement can be made and the bid process is very shorter than the Government procurement procedure.

Need regulation and control to stop greedy suppliers not to bribe WASHCOS and inflating the cost of materials. In this regard the woreda Finance office should post the timely costs range for the very common construction materials. Moreover, the behavior of suppliers need be recorded and those who run for rent seeking should be excluded from further bids.

6. CMP is Devoted to capacity building.

Means of sustainable service delivery is technically capacitating local staffs in the way there could be an idea, working culture, and technology transfer. Thus, CMP is doing the capacity building and hence, all activities run by the governmental employee. Moreover, Artisans trained to participate in the construction and

The annual warming up training that has been given to few Woreda staff members need to be monitored to reach to the rest of the staff who involved in the program. Because, due to high staff turnover staffs who executed CMP might not be there a year after. So the training should be going down to the staffs

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maintenance of water schemes. This deed is one of the means to put leverage of the project for long lasting services deliveries.

regularly to introduce new staffs about the CMP and brainstorm for existing ones. Artisans trained should be benefiting from involving in the maintenance of water and sanitation schemes. But practically, The Woreda Water offices are in charge of maintenance and even spar part supplying.

7. CMP is popular in the name of FinnIDA among the communities in the Amhara Region.

FinnIDA means CMP or CDF, if you encountered when called in Amhara region. Since the RWSEP had been implemented in the region since 1994 with the support of Finland Government through FinnIDA, still the community thought FinnIDA exists in CMP. However, FinnIDA and COWASH are different; the best thing is the target of both is water supply and sanitation. Their motto also sustainability. What works for FinnIDA is working for COWASH as CMP vs CDF.This popularity certainly reduced effort of promotion and community awareness. However, it may have some shortcoming not to drive out of the intended purpose of the CMP (lack of knowledge about problem of unprotected water sources might not guarantee to be free from contaminated water.)

When a community comes with a request of water supply project (especially in the Amhara Region) the motivation could be a real need of protected water or competition with a neighboring community to level themselves with others in having such scheme. Therefore, CMP implements, especially Woreda water office should not ignore to teach them to know the problem behind unprotected water sources until the user condemned using water from traditional sources. Otherwise, the opportunity of the popularity leads to threat.

8. Level of community involvement is very high in CMP than other water supply and sanitation implementation modalities.

Rather than saying community involvement, it is better to say owning the community. The user fully involved from inception to post construction management through saving upfront cash, application for project by electing representatives, procuring construction materials and contracting artisans, participating in labor and provision of local material for construction and further managing their system after implementation.

Bringing disables in to the leading role as made for women is a plus to the existing condition of CMP. Therefore,

9. Well organized documentation practice is cultured in CMP

In CMP each water supply scheme has own folder and information regarding the water scheme and documented timely. This is a very important aspect of CMP. But the documentation process stops when the water scheme is inaugurated.

To have a good track record of water supply schemes it is important to carry out documentation in the entire life. Because it is help full for future planning having life cycle cost of the schemes. Thus, during maintenance (swiftness of the service, cost, time and who), service break down (reason and

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elapsed time) and others should be recorded in the same file.

10. CMP’s Management philosophy has convinced water officials

This can be justified by the experiences observed in Guangua Woreda. In the Woreda water points which built before CDF/CMP re-institutionalize with the management style of CMP. This was done by Woreda Water offices. Moreover, in 2011/12 fiscal year, Amhara region has budgeted over 35 million Birr from the government budget to implement water and sanitation facilities through CMP modality. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that CMP has attracted the Government.

More effort needs to be made in convincing the government officials other than Water sector. Because the ground situation, especially the procurement procedure has been face a compliant rom none technical staffs. It looks running out of the government procedure seems to them violating rules. Therefore, promotion in very important (telling that using different way doesn’t mean condemning the other way). ??

11. Lack consistence follow up of water schemes and management process after implementation

The WWT and Woreda Water office are much concerned on the implementation of water supply projects. The attention given to post construction follow up is significantly low. These in turn result in less effective tariff collection for further operation and maintenance. Moreover, in some places WASHCOs found ineffective and stack to go ahead. Therefore, to know how things are going and render appropriate support regular monitoring mechanism in very important.

WASHCOs and water systems might go out of order, especially from the prospective of the CMP implementation procedure and desire. Thus, a regular visit and a public hearing are very important. Moreover, cluster base WASHCOs Warmup assembly following with recognitions of best performers is very important. This will help to keep the continuity of uniform post construction management at all scheme.

12. Less attention is given to the remuneration of technical staff at Woreda level

Per dium and other remuneration provided to technical staff at Woreda level has been pronounced to be very small. However, the project is keeping the government regulation of payment; the consequence might put a significant impact on the result that assumed to be achieved. Satisfaction is of course determined by the level of expectation and the degree of others competitor provides. No matter what the money is large enough, it has nothing to do with satisfaction. Because it depends up on what others making from similar business. Therefore, we have to accept when the concerned body said not satisfactory, because the consequent costs sustainability. From this point of view, any all staffs across the visited Woredas complain of this, it is a

An improvement on payment should be considered to create an attractive working environment so that experts work with affection than considering it as a burden.

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problem need to be visited.

13. Construction materials misuse or literally corruption that happened between artisans and WASHCOs could be controlled.

Not in all intervention areas, but few Woredas exhibited an attempt of corruption. It happened by the negotiation between Artisans and WASHCOS. They together cheat on the depth of Hand dug well where there is no proper supervision and make advantage of the payment of the extra depth and construction materials. However, this attempted track recorded by the Woreda Water office and managed by providing a controlling mechanism. Thus, no payment made without the approval of expert whom visited in person and made a measurement on the activities done.

I look simple but cause chaos on the quality of service provided, and credibility of WASHCOs for post construction management. Therefore, the new implementing regions should aware this and it has to be introduced to any community as a big threat.

14. Water quality is not yet given serious attention.

CMP has no platform to monitor the water quality of the water schemes before and after construction.

Quality is as important as quantity. Regarding contamination ground water sources are less susceptible, but other quality problems like trace elements should be tasted. Thus, a mechanism of water quality of control should be included in the project.

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3. Remaining activities/ ways forwards

3.1 Field data collection

3.2 Publication and dissertation write-up

4. Financial performance of the ReCMP

4.1 Maa- ja vesitekniikan tuki ry fund utlization

To be filled by Pekka

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4.2 COWASH’s Financial and logistic Support

COWASH project in Ethiopia has assisted the CMP research (ReCMP) by providing technical and logistical support to the PhD student and to the supporting researchers, who carried 5 different researches relevant to the PhD research.

Technical assistance provided by COWASH Technical Assistance Team was mainly advice and assistance in the formulation of the research concepts, outlines, research methodologies, approaches, plans and finally in the formulation of outcomes and findings. The researches were also provided a forum to present and defend their findings in public.

Logistical assistance was the provision of a vehicle and a driver for the field level data collection as well as the payment of accommodation, per diems for the national researchers, car usage, driver salary and expenses as well as conference facilities for the findings presentation.

The total COWASH logistical support was Birr 229,259.70. With the exchange rate on 1 EUR = 26 Birr the total COWASH support was EUR 8,817.68. This does not include the driver’s salary costs and vehicle depreciation but only fuel.

5. Conclusion over the ReCMP in General

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6. The Way Forward

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Lukacs, H., Thorsten, R., Wakeman, W., Davis, J., Bakalian, A., Komives, K., Whittington, D., et al. (2009). How Well is the Demand-Driven, Community Management Model for Rural Water Supply Systems Doing? Evidence from Bolivia, Peru and Ghana.

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