Introduction and Brief History of Computers
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Transcript of Introduction and Brief History of Computers
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Introduction & History of Computers, Their
Applications
By: Khalid Khan
Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology Peshawar
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Contents• What is Computer?• Who is a User?• Data & Information• Information Technology (IT)• History of Computers
• Generations• Types of Computers• Classification of Computers
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What is Computer
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What is Computer?Definitions:• A computer is normally considered as
calculating machine that can perform arithmetic operation at a very high speed.
• Computers are electronic devices that is programmed to • accept data (input), • (process) that data into useful information, • produce (output), and then • (store) for later use.
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Who is a user?• Someone that communicates with a
computer
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Data & InformationDefinitions:• DATA A collection of raw facts and figures is called data. It may consist of numbers, characters, symbols
etc
• INFORMATION Processed data is called information. It is more meaningful than data.
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Information Technology• Information is data that is organized,
meaningful, and useful.• Information technology is the use of
systems (especially computers and telecommunications) for storing, retrieving, and sending information..
• Computer is a very important component of information technology
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History of Computers
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Mechanical computers
(1600-1900)early designs for
more traditional computers - based on mechanical techniques.
Slide rule
Abacus
Pascal Calculator
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Electronic computers(1937-1953)
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First Generation - Vacuum Tubes
1. From 1946 to 1956 •It can perform 2,000 to 16,000 additions per second •Had main memory 100 bytes to 2 kilobytes
2. Used vacuum tubes 3. Very large machines
•special rooms to house them with air conditioning •specially trained technicians to run & maintain
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Second Generation - Transistors
1.From 1959 to around 1965 2.Smaller, faster, and more reliable
used transistors 6,000 to 3,00,000 operations/s main memory 6 kilobytes to 1.3
megabytes3.one-tenth the price of a 1st
Generation4.become common in larger
businesses and universities
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Third Generation - Integrated Circuits
1. Form 1965 to around 1972 2. Used integrated circuits – many
transistors on one piece of silicon 3. Smaller, faster, more reliable, and
lower in price • Size of a stove or refrigerator, some can fit
on desktops • Can perform trillions of operations per
second • Cost about one-tenth the amount of second
generation computers 4. These Computers become very
common in medium to large businesses
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Fourth Generation - Microprocessors1. From 1972 until now 2. Used large scale to very large scale integrated
circuits • Put more than one IC on a silicon chip • Can do more than one function
3. smaller, faster, more reliable, and lower in price • Size of a television or much smaller • Can do 500,000 to 1,000,000,000
operations/second • Cost one-tenth, or less, the amount of third
generation 4. very common in homes and business
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Types of Computer
• Analog computers
• Digital computers
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Analog Computers• An analog computer recognizes data as a
continuous measurement of a physical property.
• It has no state• Its output is usually displayed on a meter
or graphs.• Examples are Analog clock, speedo-meter
of a car, thermo-meter etc
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Digital Computers• It works with numbers• They breaks all types of information into tiny
units and use numbers to represent those pieces of information.
• Everything is described in two states i.e. either ON (1) or OFF (0).
• They are very fast and have big memory
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Classification of Computers
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Basic Map
Micro Computers
Mainframe Computers
Super Computers
Mini Computers
Digital Computers
Desktop Computers
Laptop Computers
Handheld Computers
Workstations Computers
Servers Computers
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Supercomputer• A supercomputer is a computer with a high-level
computational capacity compared to a general-purpose computer.
• It comprised of multiple high performance computers working in parallel as a single system.
• Super Computers uses thousands of processor at a same time.
• Used for nuclear weapon weather forecasting, Scientific Simulition, oil and gas exploration or in large companies.
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Mainframe• Mainframes are huge
computers that could fill an entire room or even a whole floor!
• mainframes can run multiple instances of operating systems at the same time.
• Mainframe are used primarily by large organizations for critical applications, bulk data processing
• It uses for online data storage.• Mainframe used for
transaction processing in banking, Airlines etc
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Workstation• A desktop computer that has a more powerful
processor,
• additional memory (RAM, Hard drive) and enhanced capabilities for performing a special group of task, such as 3D Graphics or game development.
• Multiple users can use single workstation all together.
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Server• A computer that has been optimized to provide
services to other computers over a network.
• Servers usually have powerful processors, lots of memory and large hard drives.
• Multiple CPU’s & Hard drives
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DESKTOP
• A PC that is not designed for portability.
• you will set the computer up in a permanent location.
• Most desktops offer more power, storage and versatility for less cost than portable computers.
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Laptop
• Also called notebooks.
• Laptop are portable computers that integrate the display, keyboard, a pointing device or trackball, processor, memory and hard drive all in a battery-operated package.
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Palmtop• More commonly known as Personal
Digital Assistants (PDAs) • palmtops are tightly integrated
computers that often use flash memory instead of a hard drive for storage.
• usually do not have keyboards but rely on touchscreen technology for user input.
• A slightly larger and heavier version of the palmtop is the handheld computer.