INTRODUCTION
1
INTRODUCTION The oxidation state of iron indicates the amount of oxygen present when a mineral is formed. If the environment was abundant in oxygen, many of the minerals in the assemblage will contain oxidized iron, Fe 3+ . If the environment is reducing, there is likely to be more Fe 2+ . The amount of oxygen influences how elements interact in a magma, as well as which minerals form; this is known as oxygen fugacity (ƒo 2 ). The fundamental ƒo 2 directly describes the potential for multivalent cations to occur in one of its valence states and is therefore a direct measurement of the oxidation state. Due to their differences in both size and charge, Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ , can occupy different sites in a mineral structure. This feature makes iron one of the most common multivalent rock-forming cations. Given that oxidation state is important, it is then important to have ways of measuring the oxidation state. In the late 1960s, Mössbauer spectroscopy was first used to determine Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ . Mössbauer, however, is a bulk technique that requires a large, homogenous sample. Thus, it would be desirable to have a method capable of measuring samples at microanalytical scale, such as XANES spectroscopy. DATA ANALYSIS DATA ANALYSIS For this study, the results of a suite of 20 garnet samples with varying amounts of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ were compared using Mössbauer spectroscopy and XANES. Many of the samples are from the former Barton Mine on Gore Mountain, New York, but due to the lack of significant Fe 3+ , a wider range of samples was added from the collections at Mount Holyoke College. E.A. Emerson 1 , M.D. Dyar 1 , K. Hollocher 2 1 Mount Holyoke College, 50 College St., South Hadley, MA 01075, [email protected], [email protected] 2 Department of Geology, Union College, 807 Union St., Schenectady, NY 12308, [email protected] METHODS Mössbauer •Spectra were acquired at 300K and one sample at a temperature series, consisting of 17 different temperatures from 4-295K, under low He gas pressure. •Spectra were fit in the programs Mexfieldd and Disd3e_dd. •Output values produced by each of the programs can then be used to provide information about the areas of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ doublets in the Mössbauer spectra. XANES •Two different crystals of each sample were analyzed by x-ray spectroscopy at beamline x26a, National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory. •Spectra were collected over an energy range from -50 to 50 eV. •Data were processed using X26A_Data_Plotter and then the output was evaluated with the PAN: Peak Analysis program. •Two distinct peaks associated with Fe 2+ and two with Fe 3+ were identified. Each spectrum was modeled with all four of these peaks (assuming a mixture of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ ). CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS The goal of this study was to measure the oxidation states of garnets using the Mössbauer and XANES techniques. Table 2 displays the percentages of Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ according to Mössbauer and XANES, revealing that both techniques agree well within ± 8%, with the exception of samples Kb-12-9 and the Kenyan melanite. This conclusion suggests that XANES studies of anisotropic minerals might be successful if, as in the case for this this study, the optical orientation of the crystals is the same as the optical orientation of the standards. In conclusion, the Mössbauer spectroscopy and XANES results complement each other. Mössbauer and XANES data measure approximately the same percentage of Fe 3+ content. These two techniques are useful for determining the iron oxidation state of minerals. The combination of Mössbauer spectroscopy and XANES provides a promising outlook for microanalytical techniques in the near future. RESULTS RESULTS • Samples containing only Fe 2+ or only Fe 3+ were fit with one doublet. Samples with mixed Fe 2+ / Fe 3+ contents, such as grossular garnets and samples with impurities, were fit with a range of 2-6 separate doublets. •Spectra of this garnet standard mix (Fig.1) were acquired over a broad temperature range to allow calculation of the recoil-free fractions, ƒ, using the change in isomer shift as a function of temperature. •The calculation is to correct for the area ratios in a mixed mineral spectrum to provide the true percentages of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ in a sample (Table 1). • The first samples fit were the almandine and andradite samples. These samples were fit first so that I would know where to look for the position of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ peaks in the other samples. • The almandine was fit at 7111.67 and 7113.43 eV. The andradite was fit at 7112.84 and 7114.34 eV (Fig.2). The other samples were fit and expected to be combinations of the peaks found in almandine and andradite, which provided to be true. Table 1. Mössbauer peak areas corrected using ƒ values calculated from the variable-temperature spectra of the garnet mixture (Figure 1). TrueA mount of Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ for Mssbauer Sample M ssbau er % A rea Fe 3+ Mssbauer % A rea Fe 2+ Mssbauer C Mssbauer True % A rea Fe 3+ Mssbauer True % A rea Fe 2+ alm 0 100 1.39 0.0 100.0 ak972a 0 100 1.39 0.0 100.0 ak978a 0 100 1.39 0.0 100.0 ak9729 0 100 1.39 0.0 100.0 he1 3 97 1.39 2.2 97.8 129 3.9 96.1 1.39 2.8 97.2 1251 11.1 88.8 1.39 8.2 91.8 Garnet Standar d M ix 52.2 47.8 1.39 44.0 56.0 9b 53.9 46.1 1.39 45.7 54.3 ak9723 6.7 93.3 1.39 4.9 95.1 2b 6.1 93 1.39 4.5 95.5 10c 18.3 81.7 1.39 13.9 86.1 g17 50.7 49.3 1.39 42.5 57.5 g89 47.7 52.3 1.39 39.6 60.4 bbkg 94.3 5.8 1.39 92.2 7.8 5183g 89.5 10.5 1.39 86.0 14.0 a32w 81.5 18.5 1.39 76.0 24.0 ahun 94 6 1.39 91.9 8.1 hrm1 96.1 3.9 1.39 94.7 5.3 and 100 0 1.39 100.0 0.0 Table 2. Percentage of Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ for Mössbauer and XANES .The percentages of Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ were calculated for each XANES spectrum and then averaged together for the table above to be compared against the Mössbauer Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ peaks. TrueA mount of Fe 3+ for M ssbauer and XAN ES Peaks Samples Mssbauer True % A rea Fe 3+ XANE S % A rea Fe 3+ peaks alm 0.0 0 ak972a 0.0 0 ak978a 0.0 0 ak9729 0.0 0 he1 2.2 0 ak9723 4.9 0 2b 4.5 0 10c 13.9 17.6 129 2.8 11 1251 8.2 7.1 9b 45.7 10.45 g17 42.5 41.2 g89 39.6 48.85 bbkg 92.2 95.5 5183g 86.0 93.3 a32w 76.0 78.5 ahun 91.9 100 hrm1 94.7 100 and 100.0 100 Figure 1. The garnet standard mix is a combination of the Fort Wrangell almandine and Val Malenko andradite to model a garnet with both Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ . Analysis of Iron Oxidation in Analysis of Iron Oxidation in Garnets Garnets Figure 2. XANES pre-edge data fit to peaks that correspond to fundamental transitions in almandine (top) and andradite (bottom). Top: Fort Wrangell almandine garnet. MIT Teaching collection. Bottom: Andradite, pure garnet, courtesy of Val Malenko. . Figure 3. The areas of the Fe 3+ peaks in all samples in the XANES data were then plotted against the ƒ-corrected areas of the Fe 3+ doublets from the Mossbauer spectra. It was pretty much a 1:1 line, but there were two outliers. Acknowledgments This work was supported by a Keck Fellowship. We thank Brookhaven National Laboratory for their synchrotron beamline and assistance. References Dyar, M.D. et al., 2007, Effects of differential recoil-free fraction on ordering and site occupancies in Mössbauer spectroscopy of orthopyroxenes: American Mineralogist, v. 92, p. 424-428. Sklute, E., 2006, Undergraduate Thesis, Mount Holyoke College. y = 1.0559x - 2. R 2 = 0.973 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percentage of Mossbauer F 3+
description
Figure 2. XANES pre-edge data fit to peaks that correspond to fundamental transitions in almandine (top) and andradite (bottom). Top: Fort Wrangell almandine garnet. MIT Teaching collection. Bottom: Andradite, pure garnet, courtesy of Val Malenko. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTIONThe oxidation state of iron indicates the amount
of oxygen present when a mineral is formed. If the environment was abundant in oxygen, many of the minerals in the assemblage will contain oxidized iron, Fe3+. If the environment is reducing, there is likely to be more Fe2+. The amount of oxygen influences how elements interact in a magma, as well as which minerals form; this is known as oxygen fugacity (ƒo2). The fundamental ƒo2 directly describes the potential for multivalent cations to occur in one of its valence states and is therefore a direct measurement of the oxidation state. Due to their differences in both size and charge, Fe2+ and Fe3+, can occupy different sites in a mineral structure. This feature makes iron one of the most common multivalent rock-forming cations.
Given that oxidation state is important, it is then important to have ways of measuring the oxidation state. In the late 1960s, Mössbauer spectroscopy was first used to determine Fe2+ and Fe3+. Mössbauer, however, is a bulk technique that requires a large, homogenous sample. Thus, it would be desirable to have a method capable of measuring samples at microanalytical scale, such as XANES spectroscopy.
DATA ANALYSISDATA ANALYSISFor this study, the results of a suite of 20 garnet
samples with varying amounts of Fe2+ and Fe3+ were compared using Mössbauer spectroscopy and XANES. Many of the samples are from the former Barton Mine on Gore Mountain, New York, but due to the lack of significant Fe3+, a wider range of samples was added from the collections at Mount Holyoke College.
E.A. Emerson1, M.D. Dyar1, K. Hollocher2
1Mount Holyoke College, 50 College St., South Hadley, MA 01075, [email protected], [email protected] of Geology, Union College, 807 Union St., Schenectady, NY 12308, [email protected]
METHODSMössbauer
•Spectra were acquired at 300K and one sample at a temperature series, consisting of 17 different temperatures from 4-295K, under low He gas pressure.
•Spectra were fit in the programs Mexfieldd and Disd3e_dd.
•Output values produced by each of the programs can then be used to provide information about the areas of Fe2+ and Fe3+ doublets in the Mössbauer spectra.
XANES•Two different crystals of each sample were analyzed
by x-ray spectroscopy at beamline x26a, National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory.
•Spectra were collected over an energy range from -50 to 50 eV.
•Data were processed using X26A_Data_Plotter and then the output was evaluated with the PAN: Peak Analysis program.
•Two distinct peaks associated with Fe2+ and two with Fe3+ were identified. Each spectrum was modeled with all four of these peaks (assuming a mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+).
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONSThe goal of this study was to measure the
oxidation states of garnets using the Mössbauer and XANES techniques. Table 2 displays the percentages of Fe3+ and Fe2+ according to Mössbauer and XANES, revealing that both techniques agree well within ± 8%, with the exception of samples Kb-12-9 and the Kenyan melanite. This conclusion suggests that XANES studies of anisotropic minerals might be successful if, as in the case for this this study, the optical orientation of the crystals is the same as the optical orientation of the standards.
In conclusion, the Mössbauer spectroscopy and XANES results complement each other. Mössbauer and XANES data measure approximately the same percentage of Fe3+ content. These two techniques are useful for determining the iron oxidation state of minerals. The combination of Mössbauer spectroscopy and XANES provides a promising outlook for microanalytical techniques in the near future.
RESULTS RESULTS • Samples containing only Fe2+ or only Fe3+ were fit
with one doublet. Samples with mixed Fe2+/ Fe3+
contents, such as grossular garnets and samples with impurities, were fit with a range of 2-6 separate doublets.
•Spectra of this garnet standard mix (Fig.1) were acquired over a broad temperature range to allow calculation of the recoil-free fractions, ƒ, using the change in isomer shift as a function of temperature.
•The calculation is to correct for the area ratios in a mixed mineral spectrum to provide the true percentages of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in a sample (Table 1).
• The first samples fit were the almandine and andradite samples. These samples were fit first so that I would know where to look for the position of Fe2+ and Fe3+ peaks in the other samples.
• The almandine was fit at 7111.67 and 7113.43 eV. The andradite was fit at 7112.84 and 7114.34 eV (Fig.2). The other samples were fit and expected to be combinations of the peaks found in almandine and andradite, which provided to be true.
• The areas of the Fe3+ peaks in all samples in the XANES data were then plotted against the ƒ-corrected areas of the Fe3+ doublets from the Mossbauer spectra. It was pretty much a 1:1 line, but there were two outliers (Fig. 3).
Table 1. Mössbauer peak areas corrected using ƒ values calculated from the variable-temperature spectra of the garnet mixture (Figure 1).
True Amount of Fe3+and Fe2+ for Mssbauer
Sample
Mssbauer % Area
Fe3+
Mssbauer % Area
Fe2+ Mssbauer
C
Mssbauer
True % Area Fe3+
Mssbauer
True % Area Fe2+
alm 0 100 1.39 0.0 100.0 ak972a 0 100 1.39 0.0 100.0 ak978a 0 100 1.39 0.0 100.0 ak9729 0 100 1.39 0.0 100.0
he1 3 97 1.39 2.2 97.8 129 3.9 96.1 1.39 2.8 97.2 1251 11.1 88.8 1.39 8.2 91.8
Garnet Standard
Mix 52.2 47.8 1.39 44.0 56.0 9b 53.9 46.1 1.39 45.7 54.3
ak9723 6.7 93.3 1.39 4.9 95.1 2b 6.1 93 1.39 4.5 95.5 10c 18.3 81.7 1.39 13.9 86.1 g17 50.7 49.3 1.39 42.5 57.5 g89 47.7 52.3 1.39 39.6 60.4 bbkg 94.3 5.8 1.39 92.2 7.8
5183g 89.5 10.5 1.39 86.0 14.0 a32w 81.5 18.5 1.39 76.0 24.0 ahun 94 6 1.39 91.9 8.1 hrm1 96.1 3.9 1.39 94.7 5.3 and 100 0 1.39 100.0 0.0
Table 2. Percentage of Fe3+and Fe2+ for Mössbauer and XANES .The percentages of Fe3+ and Fe2+ were calculated for each XANES spectrum and then averaged together for the table above to be compared against the Mössbauer Fe3+
and Fe2+ peaks.
True Amount of Fe3+ for Mssbauer and XANES Peaks
Samples
Mssbauer
True % Area Fe3+
XANES % Area Fe3+
peaks alm 0.0 0
ak972a 0.0 0 ak978a 0.0 0 ak9729 0.0 0
he1 2.2 0 ak9723 4.9 0
2b 4.5 0 10c 13.9 17.6 129 2.8 11
1251 8.2 7.1 9b 45.7 10.45 g17 42.5 41.2 g89 39.6 48.85
bbkg 92.2 95.5 5183g 86.0 93.3 a32w 76.0 78.5 ahun 91.9 100 hrm1 94.7 100 and 100.0 100
Figure 1. The garnet standard mix is a combination of the Fort Wrangell almandine and Val Malenko andradite to model a garnet with both Fe2+ and Fe3+.
Analysis of Iron Oxidation in GarnetsAnalysis of Iron Oxidation in Garnets
Figure 2. XANES pre-edge data fit to peaks that correspond to fundamental transitions in almandine (top) and andradite (bottom). Top: Fort Wrangell almandine garnet. MIT Teaching collection. Bottom: Andradite, pure garnet, courtesy of Val Malenko..
Figure 3. The areas of the Fe3+ peaks in all samples in the XANES data were then plotted against the ƒ-corrected areas of the Fe3+ doublets from the Mossbauer spectra. It was pretty much a 1:1 line, but there were two outliers.
AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by a Keck Fellowship. We thank Brookhaven National Laboratory for their synchrotron beamline and assistance.
ReferencesDyar, M.D. et al., 2007, Effects of differential recoil-free fraction on ordering and site occupancies in Mössbauer spectroscopy of orthopyroxenes: American Mineralogist, v. 92, p. 424-428.Sklute, E., 2006, Undergraduate Thesis, Mount Holyoke College.
y = 1.0559x - 2.2299
R2 = 0.973
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