Introduction

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Novak & Peláez - GDN Introduction Chapter 1

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Introduction. Chapter 1. A Behavioral Systems Approach. Combines Dynamical Systems Theory (Chaos Theory) Behavior Analysis. What is Development?. Changes in Interactions Progressive Changes Changes Occur Across the Life Span. Science is Just One Approach. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Introduction

Page 1: Introduction

Novak & Peláez - GDN

Introduction

Chapter 1

Page 2: Introduction

Novak & Peláez - GDN

A Behavioral Systems Approach

Combines Dynamical Systems Theory (Chaos Theory)

Behavior Analysis

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What is Development?

Changes in Interactions Progressive Changes Changes Occur Across the Life Span

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Science is Just One Approach

Rembrant: Woman with a Pink (Ca. 1662)

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The Scientific Method

Systematic Observation Specialized methods for organizing &

summarizing these observations Formulating & testing hypotheses Objectivity

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The Continuum of Scientific Disciplines Physics Chemistry Biology Psychology Sociology Anthropology

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Metaphors for Understanding Development

Seurat: A Sunday Afternoon on the Isle of La Grande Jatte

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Levels of Understanding Development: Reductionism and Anti-reductionism Reductionism

• Analyzing at a lower level of explanation• e.g., Using biological explanations to

analyze a psychological issue (e.g., ADHD,dyslexia).

Antireductionism• Maintaining the analysis at the appropriate

level.

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Dynamical Systems and Developmental Psychology What is DEVELOPMENTAL

PSYCHOLOGY? Developmental Phylogenesis Developmental Ontogenesis

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Phylogenic Contingencies and Ontogenic Contingencies Developmental Phylogenesis

• Change is species over evolutionary time• Phylogenic Contingencies - natural

selection Developmenal Ontogenesis -

• Change in individual over lifespan• Ontogenic Contingencies - learning

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Developmental Ontogenesis and Dynamical Systems Person/Environment Relations These relations are constantly

changing Effects are reciprocal Multiple influences Development is nonlinear Multiple directions of outcomes

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Development Is Analyzed at Different Levels of Systems Level 1: Basic Processes Level 2: (Emergent & Organized)

Patterns of Behavior Level 3: Social Interactions Level 4: Society & Culture

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The Central Role of Learning for Development

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Learning and Evolution – Why learning ability should evolve Animals with Fixed Action Patterns

cannot adapt to changes in environment Learning enables adaptation to changes

in environmental contingencies.

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Learning & Evolution are Parallel Processes: Learning – Behavior changes appear in

individuals due to selection by environmental consequences in individual’s experiences.

Evolution – Structural changes appear in species due to selection by environmental consequences (natural selection) for the species.

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Learning is THE Process in Most Human Development Inherited biological structures contribute

to development. The role of learning in the development

of some behaviors (e.g., reflexes, perceptual abilities) is less.

For most behaviors, learning is the central process in their development.

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Learning Defined:“A relatively permanent change in behavior in relation to the environment that is due to experience.” Change in behavior-environment

relationship. The change is relatively permanent The change is due to experience

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What Do Developmental Psychologists Study? Developmental Psychologists as

Researchers Applied Developmental Psychologists

• Behavioral Pediatrics• Consultants

Child Clinical Psychologists• Marriage, Child, & Family Counselors


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