Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGWDivision of Meteorology and Climatology

Katarzyna Rozbicka, Grzegorz Majewski, Tomasz RozbickiKatarzyna Rozbicka, Grzegorz Majewski, Tomasz Rozbicki

Seasonal variation of air pollution in Warsaw agglomerationSeasonal variation of air pollution in Warsaw agglomeration

IntroductionIntroduction Long term research shows many substances in the atmosphere are in concentration dangerous for human health and welfare and even for human life. They also are injourious for animal and cropLong term research shows many substances in the atmosphere are in concentration dangerous for human health and welfare and even for human life. They also are injourious for animal and cropss and m and maay y lead to climate changes on the Earth. These substances are specified in Directives 96/62WE, 199/30/WE and 2008/50/WE. Troposphere ozone, its precursor nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter are the most lead to climate changes on the Earth. These substances are specified in Directives 96/62WE, 199/30/WE and 2008/50/WE. Troposphere ozone, its precursor nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter are the most dangerous among of mentioned ones. The work presents time and spatial variation of troposphere ozone, nitrogen dioxide and PM10 concentrations and focus on episodes of high level of pollution concentration. dangerous among of mentioned ones. The work presents time and spatial variation of troposphere ozone, nitrogen dioxide and PM10 concentrations and focus on episodes of high level of pollution concentration. High level of pollution concentration are not always inducted by the abrupt increase in emission. Usually the main reason of the episodes is adverse meteorological conditions. Additional matter of this work is to find High level of pollution concentration are not always inducted by the abrupt increase in emission. Usually the main reason of the episodes is adverse meteorological conditions. Additional matter of this work is to find the most significant factors including meteorological elements contribute to concentration values of pollutants on analyzed area.the most significant factors including meteorological elements contribute to concentration values of pollutants on analyzed area.

Material and methodMaterial and methodThe research was carried out on the base of air pollution and meteorological data of atmosphere monitoring station situated in Warsaw The research was carried out on the base of air pollution and meteorological data of atmosphere monitoring station situated in Warsaw

agglomeration and its surroundings:agglomeration and its surroundings:1.1.Station Krucza str. (MzWarszaKrucza) – situated in city center, close to one of the biggest traffic street of Warsaw; represents city center Station Krucza str. (MzWarszaKrucza) – situated in city center, close to one of the biggest traffic street of Warsaw; represents city center

pollution backgroundpollution background2.2.Station Komunikacyjna (MzWarszNiepodlKom) – situated in the city center on the one of the biggest traffic street in Warsaw; represents Station Komunikacyjna (MzWarszNiepodlKom) – situated in the city center on the one of the biggest traffic street in Warsaw; represents

city center pollution backgroundcity center pollution background3.3. Station Ursynów SGGW (MzWarszSGGW) – situated in soutern outskirts of Warsaw within no-dense settlement area in University Station Ursynów SGGW (MzWarszSGGW) – situated in soutern outskirts of Warsaw within no-dense settlement area in University

campus; represents city suburb pollution backgroundcampus; represents city suburb pollution background4.4.Station Wokalna str. (MzWarszUrsynow) – situated in southern outskirts of Warsaw very close to SGGW station but inside settlement Station Wokalna str. (MzWarszUrsynow) – situated in southern outskirts of Warsaw very close to SGGW station but inside settlement

area with tall buildings; represents city suburb pollution backgroundarea with tall buildings; represents city suburb pollution background5.5.Station Kondratowicza str. (MzWarszTarKondra) – situated in north-east part of Warsaw inside moderately dense settlement area; Station Kondratowicza str. (MzWarszTarKondra) – situated in north-east part of Warsaw inside moderately dense settlement area;

represents city pollution backgroundrepresents city pollution background6.6.Station Legionowo (MzLegZegIMGW) – situated outside Warsaw, north of agglomeration; represents city suburb pollution backgroundStation Legionowo (MzLegZegIMGW) – situated outside Warsaw, north of agglomeration; represents city suburb pollution background7.7.Station Granica (MzGranicaKPN) – situated outside the agglomeration in the Kampinoski National Park area; represents regional pollution Station Granica (MzGranicaKPN) – situated outside the agglomeration in the Kampinoski National Park area; represents regional pollution

backgroundbackground8.8.Station Belsk (MzBelskIGPAN) – situated outside the agglomeration; represents regional pollution backgroundStation Belsk (MzBelskIGPAN) – situated outside the agglomeration; represents regional pollution background Basic data material includes 1-hourly values of tropospheric ozone concentration (OBasic data material includes 1-hourly values of tropospheric ozone concentration (O33), nitrogen dioxide concentration (NO), nitrogen dioxide concentration (NO22), particulate ), particulate

matter PM10 concentration and meteorological elements: intense of total solar radiation (T), air temperature (t), relative humidity (f), wind matter PM10 concentration and meteorological elements: intense of total solar radiation (T), air temperature (t), relative humidity (f), wind velocity (u). The data concerns the periovelocity (u). The data concerns the periodd 2009 – 2011. 2009 – 2011.

The influence of meteorological elements on concentration of analyzed pollutants was stated by the use of correlation and multiple The influence of meteorological elements on concentration of analyzed pollutants was stated by the use of correlation and multiple regression analysis.regression analysis.

The research was subsided by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education resources.

Stabilty Regression equation R Rad2 F SEE n

Unstable O3=52,33+3,76·t+5,53·u-0,75·RH-0,99·NO2 0,93 0,86 114 13,9 76

Neutral O3=109,00+2,36·t-1,00·RH-1,59·NO2 0,94 0,89 271 12,5 84

Stable O3=1169,88+1,28·t+8,43·u-0,94·RH-1,06·p-0,99·NO2

0,95 0,98 162 11,8 102

Stabilty Regression equation R Rad2 F SEE n

Krucza O3=55,97+2,36·t+0,039·T-0,88·NO2 0,81 0,65 316 24,8 505

Ursynów SGGW O3=1045+2,43·t-0,91·RH-0,94·p-1,23·NO2 0,94 0,88 499 14,2 264

Wokalna O3=151,3+9,75·u-1,23·RH-0,014·T-0,64·NO2 0,86 0,74 678 21,4 959

Targówek O3=84,1+4,08·t-1,25·RH-0,105·T-0,64·NO2 0,84 0,71 108 19,2 195

Legionowo O3=1029-1,28·RH-0,86·p-0,018·T-1,05·NO2 0,86 0,75 573 20,5 780

Granica 2008 O3=186,6+11,0·u-1,59·RH-0,04·T-0,59·NO2 0,93 0,87 1174 15,9 727

Granica 2009 O3=132,5+1,85·t-5,14·u-0,83·RH-1,69·NO2 0,91 0,83 399 16,2 330

Granica 2010 O3=153+1,21·t10,74·u-1,42·RH-0,028·T- 0,979·NO2 0,93 0,86 466 18,3 370

Granica 2011 O3=199,7-1,4·RH-0,096·T-1,93·NO2 0,82 0,67 271 20,1 397

Tab. 2. Regression equations between troposphere ozone concentration and independent variables (nitrogen dioxide concentration, air temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, total solar radiation and basic statistics of the equations for selected stations

Fig.1. Situation of atmosphere monitoring stations

Explanations: O3 – troposphere ozone concentration, NO2 – nitrogen dioxide concentration, t – air temperature, RH – relative humidity, R/Rad

2 – correlation/determination coefficient adjusted for degrees of freedom, F – Fisher – Snedecor test value,SEE – standard error of estimation, n – number of cases

SummarySummary11. In general conclusion quality of air in Warsaw agglomeration is not satisfactory. Although the decrease in . In general conclusion quality of air in Warsaw agglomeration is not satisfactory. Although the decrease in trend of concentration level of pollutants, particularly sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and trend of concentration level of pollutants, particularly sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter PM10 is positive the excesses over permissible level concentration still occur in case of particulate matter PM10 is positive the excesses over permissible level concentration still occur in case of troposphere ozone, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter PM10.troposphere ozone, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter PM10.22. Episodes of days in which maximum of troposphere ozone concentration is grater than critical value 120 . Episodes of days in which maximum of troposphere ozone concentration is grater than critical value 120 µg∙mµg∙m-3-3 are frequent in analyzed period 2008 – 2011 April – August in Warsaw agglomeration. It concerns are frequent in analyzed period 2008 – 2011 April – August in Warsaw agglomeration. It concerns stations situated in the city center, in the suburb and out off agglomeration. But margin of tolerance (average stations situated in the city center, in the suburb and out off agglomeration. But margin of tolerance (average 25 times a year) was non exceeded. Although in single years number of days with ozone concentration above 25 times a year) was non exceeded. Although in single years number of days with ozone concentration above the critical value occurred for single years. the critical value occurred for single years. 33. The highest 1-hourly average values of troposphere ozone concentration In the period 2008 – 2012 were . The highest 1-hourly average values of troposphere ozone concentration In the period 2008 – 2012 were recorded for stations off the agglomeration: Granica and Belsk 102,1 and 97,8 µgrecorded for stations off the agglomeration: Granica and Belsk 102,1 and 97,8 µgmm-3-3 respectively. respectively.44.The highest annual average value of nitrogen dioxide concentration in the period 2008 – 2011 is equal to .The highest annual average value of nitrogen dioxide concentration in the period 2008 – 2011 is equal to 56,9 56,9 g∙mg∙m-3-3 (142% of critical value) and is recorded for city center station (Komunikacyjna) situated near one of (142% of critical value) and is recorded for city center station (Komunikacyjna) situated near one of the most traffic streets in Warsaw. Lower values of annual concentration were recorded for stations situated in the most traffic streets in Warsaw. Lower values of annual concentration were recorded for stations situated in some distatnce of the city center: Targówek and Wokalna 25,5 and 22,2 some distatnce of the city center: Targówek and Wokalna 25,5 and 22,2 g∙mg∙m-3-3 respectively (64% and 56% of respectively (64% and 56% of critical value). The lowest annual average value of nitrogen dioxide concentration occur for stations situated out critical value). The lowest annual average value of nitrogen dioxide concentration occur for stations situated out of agglomeration: Granica (10,1 of agglomeration: Granica (10,1 g∙mg∙m-3-3) and Belsk (10,9 ) and Belsk (10,9 g∙mg∙m-3-3) and it is equal about 25% of critical value. ) and it is equal about 25% of critical value. 55. Areas exposed to risk on exceeding of permissible 1-hourly concentration of nitrogen dioxide (200 . Areas exposed to risk on exceeding of permissible 1-hourly concentration of nitrogen dioxide (200 ggmm-3-3) in ) in Warsaw agglomeration regard only to the linear sources of pollution – close proximity of the roads and streets. Warsaw agglomeration regard only to the linear sources of pollution – close proximity of the roads and streets. In case of troposphere ozone concentration areas situated in the suburbs and out of the agglomeration are In case of troposphere ozone concentration areas situated in the suburbs and out of the agglomeration are exposed to risk on exceeding of permissible (120 exposed to risk on exceeding of permissible (120 ggmm-3-3). For these areas there is the real danger of ). For these areas there is the real danger of photochemical smog formationphotochemical smog formation66.In case of analyzed days with high level troposphere ozone concentration there is a strong relationship .In case of analyzed days with high level troposphere ozone concentration there is a strong relationship between the concentration of ozone and the considered variables: nitrogen oxides concentration and between the concentration of ozone and the considered variables: nitrogen oxides concentration and meteorological elements: air temperature and relative humidity. In case of city center there is no correlation meteorological elements: air temperature and relative humidity. In case of city center there is no correlation between ozone concentration and relative humidity.between ozone concentration and relative humidity.77. Multiple regression equations describing these relationships have high determination coefficients and base . Multiple regression equations describing these relationships have high determination coefficients and base on big material of data therefore it permits apply these equations as the forecasting models of high level ozone on big material of data therefore it permits apply these equations as the forecasting models of high level ozone concentration episodes for Warsaw agglomerationconcentration episodes for Warsaw agglomeration

Tab. 3. Regression equations between troposphere ozone concentration and independent variables (nitrogen dioxide concentration, air temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, total solar radiation and basic statistics of the equations for different type of stability of the atmosphere

StationWarm period

Coldperiod

Yearaverage

Ursynów SGGW 15,5 19,9 17,6

Wokalna 20,6 23,9 22,2

Krucza 20,2 25,9 23,1

Komunikacyjna 58,5 55,2 56,9

Targówek 23,6 27,4 25,5

Legiononowo 16,1 21,6 18,9

Granica 8,5 11,5 10,1

Belsk 8,3 13,4 10,9

Tab 1. Average values of half-year and year nitrogen dioxide concentration in µg·m-3

2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2

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Miesiące

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Fig.2. Annual average values of nitrogen dioxide concentration in analyzed stations for the years 2008 - 2011

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Fig.3. (left) Maximum 8-hourly values of troposphere ozone concentration in analyzed stations for the years 2008 – 2011

Critical value of concentration - 120 µgm-3

Fig.5. (left) Average 1-hourly values of troposphere ozone concentration in analyzed stations of Warsaw agglomeration for the years 2008 - 2011

MonthsMonths

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MonthsMonthsMonths

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GranicaLegionowo BelskTargówekKruczaWokalnaUrsynów SGGW

Fig.4. (left) Average 1-hourly values of nitrogen dioxide, and PM10 (left and up) concentration in analyzed stations of Warsaw agglomeration for the years 2008 - 2011

Ursynów SGGW