INTRODUCING BIOGEOGRAPHY. “Ecology” oikos : home; that which is held in common Study of the...
Transcript of INTRODUCING BIOGEOGRAPHY. “Ecology” oikos : home; that which is held in common Study of the...
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INTRODUCING BIOGEOGRAPHY
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“Ecology” oikos : home; that which is held in
common
Study of the interrelationship of living plants and animals with their non-living environment.
Energy/heat is common to both.
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Ecosystem
Combination of living organisms (biotic) with the non-living (abiotic) surroundings.
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Biotic Componentsorganized in communities
• Community: group of interlocking populations of plants and animals in a habitat.
• Habitat: place in which an organism is suited to live.
• Niche: functional “role” of organism in ecosystem.
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Habitats of Canadian boreal forest
Community in upland habitat: red squirrels, pine and spruce trees, mushrooms, lichens, wolves, etc.
Niche of red squirrel:
Spreads seeds in the forest
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Abiotic componentscycle through the earth-atmosphere
• Nutrient cycles– Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon cycles, etc.
• Water cycle
• Energy : solar converted into other forms
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Recall solar radiation budget…
69% insolation absorbed . converted to other forms of energy follows one of two pathways:
1.HEAT PATH (>99%)
2.ORGANIC PATH (< 1% )
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HEAT PATHconverted to heat by
atmosphere,oceans, land surfaces.hydrologic system, nutrient cycles, atmospheric
circulation
ORGANIC PATHconverted to organic compounds in
plants.the energy that drives ALL LIFE ON
EARTH!
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HOW does energy flow through ecosystems??????
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FOOD CHAIN
Sequence in which energy flows through trophic levels (successive consumer stages).
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Fourth-order consumer
Primary Producergreen plants;photosyntheticbacteria and algae
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
hete
rotro
ph
sauto
trop
hs
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AUTOTROPHS : manufacture living (organic) tissue from non-living (inorganic) chemicals
HETEROTROPHS rely on autotrophs
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• Grazing Chain (above ground)
• Detritus Chain : the decomposers who consume dead organic matter (detritus)
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Underground food web (detritus food chain)
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On average, 10 times as much energy flows through the detritus chain as through the grazing chain.
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ENERGY PYRAMID
Energy passed from one trophic level to the next
Only 10% of energy from each level gets passed along to the next level.
Log scale
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Where does the “wasted” energy go???
It is used in respiration.
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Energy transfer
Green plants contain CHLOROPHYLL– reflects green; absorbs all other colors
• absorption of light = absorption of energy
PHOTOSYNTHESIS:CO2 + H2O + energy C6H12O6 + Oxygen
(sun) Glucose: carbohydrate
Only autotrophs can do this!
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RESPIRATION– Plants and animals derive energyC6H12O6 +Oxygen CO2 + H2O +
energy
Heterotrophs do this.
Animals, roots, microorganisms in soil
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Primary productivity• Gross primary productivity: rate at which
energy is stored in organic chemicals by primary producers in photosynthesis.
• In respiration, carbohydrates are broken down and energy is released; remaining carbohydrates can become plant tissue.
• Net primary productivity: rate at which energy is stored in plant tissue.
• Gross P.P. = Respiration + Net P.P.
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