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Aug 2012

Faculty of Health and Wellbeing

EARLSTON HIGH SCHOOL

INTERMEDIATE 2 PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Analysis and Development of PerformanceCourse Notes

Structures and Strategies

Hockey

Name: ____________________________

Teacher: ____________________________

Structures, Strategies and Composition 0

ContentsContentsIntroduction…………………………………………………………………………… 2

Cycle of Analysis…………………………………………………………………… 3

Structures and Strategies

Information……………………………………………………………………………… 5Formations…..…………………………………………….…………………...…… 6Description…………………….……………………………………………………… 7Benefits & Limitations of Structure….……………………………………………… 8Roles & Responsibilities…………………………………………………………… 9

Gathering Information

Why do we gather information…………………………………………………… 11Methods of gathering information………………………………………………… 13Why methods were appropriate………………………………….…………………… 15

Analysing Information

Principles of Play……………………………………………………………………… 17Performance Strengths…………………………………………………………… 18Performance Weaknesses………………………………………………………… 19

Developing your Weakness (Programme of Work)

Wingers Game……………………………………………………………………… 21Boxed Out Game………………………………...…………………………………… 223 Zone Depth……………………………………………………………………… 23Small Sided Games............................................................................................ 24Why were these methods appropriate…………………………………………… 24

Monitoring and Evaluating

Monitoring your performance………………………………………………………… 26Importance of monitoring…………………………………….…………………………..26Improvements following practice……………………………………………………….. 27Description of Alternative Structure…………………………………………………... 28Strengths and Weaknesses of Alternative Structure……………………………….. 29

Mind Map……………………………………………………………………………… 30Match Analysis Sheet………………………………………………………………… 31Match Analysis Grid...………………………………………………………………… 32Practice Questions…………..……………………………………………………….. 33Past Paper Questions………………………………………………………………… 35Study Checklist………………………………………………………………………... 39


IntroductionIntroductionIn this area you will investigate the various structures within hockey. You will learn about and investigate the following:

Different structures within hockey;

The roles and relationships involved in each structure

The benefit and limitations of each structure;

How to gather information on your structure;

How to analyse this information;

The principles of play;

A programme of work that will improve the weaknesses of structure;

Monitoring and evaluating your structure;

Reasons for an alternative formation.

All the topics we will cover in Structures and Strategies are related to the Cycle of Analysis.Structures, Strategies and Composition 2

Cycle of AnalysisCycle of Analysis

1. We GATHER INFORMATION on our performance by videoing our team’s structure and performance in conjunction with match analysis sheets.

2. We then ANALYSE the results to identify strengths and weaknesses.

3. We then create a programme of work to DEVELOP our team’s structure and performance.

4. Finally we MONITOR/EVALUATE our teams structure which means we find out if we have successfully improved.


GATHERING INFORMATION

ANALYSE

DEVELOP

MONITOR / EVALUATE

1

2

3

4

STRUCTURES &STRUCTURES & STRATEGIESSTRATEGIES

INFORMATIONINFORMATION


Structures and Strategies InformationStructures and Strategies Information

FundamentalsStructures, Strategies and Composition 4

Using space in attacking and defensive situations, for example, manoeuvring and out-manoeuvring opponents, creating, exploiting and denying space.

Tempo of play, for example using speed in attack/delay in defence

Principles of individual and team play (width/depth/mobility)

Role and Responsibilies

Recognising individual strengths and weaknesses in a structure

Recognising the demands of individual roles during performance

Select a relevant structure appropriate for individual/team performance

Formations

The structure of relevant systems of play

The benefits and limitations of various systems of play

The need to cooperate and support others in team situations

The ability to pre-plan strategies to meet the demands of play

Tactical Elements

Identifying and exploiting opponent’s weaknesses

Recognising the need to maximise strengths within chosen structure

FormationsFormations


Structure: 2-4-1

2 defenders, 4 midfielders, 1 striker and a goalkeeper

2-4-1 Description2-4-1 DescriptionStructures, Strategies and Composition 6

CENTRE BACK CENTRE BACK

RIGHT MIDFIELDCENTRE

MIDFIELDLEFT

MIDFIELD

STRIKER

GK

CENTRE MIDFIELD

Formations are selected on the basis of the following considerations:

The defensive and attacking options. The strengths and weaknesses of individual/team. In recognition of opposition’s strengths and weaknesses.

This provided us with 2 players in defence, 4 players in midfield and 1 striker.

2 players in defence pick up the opposition’s strikers and put them under pressure to delay the attack. It also gives clearing options to the GK meaning that the ball can be passed to a defender, keeping possession and allowing us to build an attack.

4 players in midfield allow us to dominate the play whereby passes can be made up and down the wing.

The centre midfielders’ move up and down the pitch providing a link between defence and attack. They work in the centre channel from D to D.

This is a flexible structure that allows the 2 wide midfield players to move up to support the striker or drop back to support the centre backs when required.

The strikers role is to hold the ball up in attack to allow the midfielders to make supporting runs. This creates overload situations and helps the strikers to score goals.

Benefits and Limitations of this StructureBenefits and Limitations of this StructureStructures, Strategies and Composition 7

Benefits (Why we used it?)

A 2-4-1 allows domination of the midfield with 2 central players and 2 wide supporting players on the left and the right providing ‘width’ in attack.

This stretches the opposition out and creates gaps which can be penetrated by the attacking team.

This also gives more passing options creating depth in attack and allows us to feed the ball through to our striker who was powerful, accurate and skilful in shooting.

When we lose possession of the ball, the 4 midfield players provide a strong wide first line of defence. This causes the opposition to be stretched/drawn out wide, closing down their space and options to pass and shoot.

The 2 wide midfield players also provide support to the 2 centre backs (defenders) which puts less pressure on the defence. This also creates early attacking opportunities (counter attack).

Limitations (Disadvantages)

The 2 defenders often lack width and can therefore be put under pressure by the opposition.

The single striker can be isolated and lack support from the midfield when in attack, reducing passing options and the opportunity for creating an overload situation.

This structure puts a lot of pressure and responsibility on the midfield players and the constant movement from attack to defence may tire them out and leave gaps in our attacking/defensive positions.

Roles and ResponsibilitiesRoles and Responsibilities


Within a structure there is a role which each player in that position must play.

Centre backs

The 2 defenders work with the GK to defend their own goal.

One centre back marks the opposition’s striker, the other remains ‘spare’ and provides the depth needed to provide cover for the defence.

They need to delay the opposition’s attacks to give their team-mates time to recover.

They are also responsible for denying space to any attacks coming down the middle of the pitch.

They give the GK clearing options on either side when they gain possession of the ball.

Centre Midfielder

The centre midfielders’ move up and down the pitch providing a link between defence and attack.

They work in the centre channel from D to D.

The centre midfielders can drop back to support the defenders providing depth in defence.

They can also support the striker by making penetrative runs or passes through the oppositions defence.

Roles and Responsibilities (cont.)Roles and Responsibilities (cont.)


Wide Midfielders

Right and left midfielders play on the wings of the pitch.

They provide width in attack by drawing the opposition out wide and creating space for their team in attack.

By sitting behind the striker they can provide depth in attack.

By supporting or going beyond the striker they can provide both overload and penetration.

They can drop back to support the centre backs and provide width in defence which helps to delay the attack and deny the opposition space.

Striker

The striker is responsible for keeping possession of the ball to allow the centre and wide midfielders to support the attack.

By coming deep they can provide depth in attack which creates space and passing options for their team.

Strikers will make penetrating runs through the opposition’s defence and score goals.

Defensively, they are responsible for delaying the opposing defenders and denying them space.



GATHERINGGATHERING INFORMATIONINFORMATION

Why do we gather information on our structure? Structures, Strategies and Composition 11

Before we design a programme of work it is essential that we gather information on our team’s performance. This:-

Allows me to identify my strengths / weaknesses:o then I can focus on my weakness.

Example -

Allows me to make comparisons:o to a skilled/model performer.

Example –

Allows me to plan my programme of work so it:o is focused on weakness;o is set at the appropriate level of difficulty;o has appropriate targets.

Example –

Gives me a permanent record:o they can be accurately repeated;o they can be used for monitoring / evaluating later.

Example –

Can motivate me to improve:Example -

Methods of Gathering InformationStructures, Strategies and Composition 12

We will use the methods of gathering information listed below:

Model/Skilled Performance Match Analysis Sheet Match Analysis Grid Video Analysis Knowledge of Results

Model/Skilled Performance

A video of a team producing a model performance of your chosen structure. (2-4-1)

This shows us what a good performance looked like and gives us a team performance to compare ourselves to.

Match Analysis Sheet

This uses the criteria from the video of a model/skilled performance to make up the headings on the Match analysis sheet. The headings included:

Width in attack – passed ball out wide, runs out wide Depth in attack – passing options ahead and behind Width in defence – holding attack ‘out wide’ away from goal Depth in defence – player drops back to cover & support Mobility – team moves as a ‘unit’ Penetration – breaking through gaps in defence Delay – slowing down the attack

We observed our team playing a match and placed a tick under the appropriate headings as good/ok/poor.

Match Analysis Grid


The grid splits the hockey pitch into nine sections. A mark is placed on the grid every time a player in your team receives possession of the ball. The completed grid gives your team an overall indication of the movement of the ball and therefore the players, throughout their game.

Video Analysis

We videoed our performance in our chosen 2-4-1 structure playing against a team of similar ability.

It allows you to view a performance repeatedly ie. Fast forward/rewind/pause etc. and use slow motion which allows you to analyse your performance in detail.

The video was useful for compiling evidence because it gives you a permanent record of your team’s performance.

A video analysis of your team’s performance allows you to complete the match analysis sheets.

Knowledge of Results

Knowing your final score within a game is in itself an indication of success in the activity.

Why were the methods you used appropriate?Why were the methods you used appropriate?


Model Performer

This gave us a visual picture of what a good performance should look like giving us something to aim towards.

It also gave us headings (criteria) for our Match Analysis Sheet

Match Analysis Sheet/Grid

It gave me data and statistics that allowed me to analyse our game and highlight our strengths and weaknesses.

It also gave me a permanent record of our performance that I can keep for later to compare.

Video of performance

This allows you to compare your team’s performance after you have developed your weakness to see if your teams structure has improved

This is used in conjunction with the match analysis sheet.

A video recording of a performance is very useful for compiling evidence because it is a permanent record and allows you to view a performance repeatedly ie. ff/rewind/pause etc.

You can also use slow motion which allows you to make a detailed performance analysis.

Knowledge of results

The score in a game allows us to gather information on our whole performance. We can play the same team again at a later date to see if we have improved.


ANALYSINGANALYSING INFORMATIONINFORMATION

Principles of Play – Attack


Width – Playing the ball out wide provides space and catches the opposition off-guard for a quick attack. This pulls defenders wide leaving gaps for attackers to make penetrating runs through.

Depth - Moving in behind your team-mates in attacking situations to provide extra support. This creates more passing options and an overload e.g. 3v2

Penetration – Players move into gaps between the opposition e.g. if the ball goes out wide it draws out defenders and creates channels. Strikers move beyond the line of defence in front of them and make penetrating runs towards the goal.

Mobility - Players should react when the team wins the ball back and adjust their position appropriately. They should quickly adapt to changes and work together with all players performing their roles effectively. Players should ‘run off the ball’ to create passing options.

Principles of Play – Defence

Delay - If you lose possession you should delay the opposition’s attack to allow your team-mates time to recover. Slowing the opposition’s attack down by putting pressure on them or stopping the quick pass, gives your team-mates time to get into position and get organised.

Width - The left and right wide midfielders provide width in defence by dropping back to support the 2 centre backs which provides a line of defence to delay the opposition’s attack and deny them space.

Depth - Players should cover for each other and move in behind their team-mates to provide depth in defence. E.g. one centre back picks up the opposition’s striker and the other remains ‘spare’. They move in behind their team-mate to defend the space and pick up any loose balls.

What Strengths did the Checklist Highlight?


Penetration

Our team was strong at moving into gaps between the opposition. If the ball goes out wide it draws out defenders and creates channels. Our strikers move beyond the opposition’s defence and make penetrating runs towards the goal creating good scoring opportunities.

Delay

In defence, my team delayed the opposition’s attack when we lost possession of the ball. We slowed the opposition’s attack down by ‘jockeying’ them, putting them under pressure or stopping the quick pass. This gave my team-mates time to recover and return to their defensive positions to prevent the opposition from scoring.

What Weaknesses did the Checklist Highlight?


Lack of width

In attack, we tended to play the ball up and down the middle of the pitch. This meant that the central channel was very crowded and reduced our passing options due to a lack of space. The opposition were able to ‘close us down’ easily and gain possession of the ball. The centre backs also cleared the ball through the middle across the goal, giving the opposition the chance to intercept and shoot.

In defence, our wide midfielders did not move out wide when our team lost possession of the ball. This meant that the two outside channels were free for the opposition to get the ball up the pitch. Our defence lacked width and were therefore easily passed or beaten by the opposition.

Lack of depth

In attack, we often failed to support our team when they had possession of the ball. We didn’t move in behind our team-mates to provide support/cover and create passing options. We also didn’t cover if a team-mate went out of position. This resulted in an overload situation where there were more defenders than attackers and we therefore struggled to score e.g. 1v2 situations.

In defence, we failed to provide the depth needed to give cover for the defence. The centre midfielders did not drop back to support the defenders and the centre backs did not move in behind each other to cover. This left gaps in our defence that the opposition could penetrate.


DEVELOPINGDEVELOPING YOUR WEAKNESSYOUR WEAKNESS

(PROGRAMME OF WORK)(PROGRAMME OF WORK)


Wingers Game – Width

1. Encourages ball to be played out wide away from ‘busy’ middle.2. Allows midfielder to dribble ball forward into space.3. Draws defence out wide which creates gaps allowing for

penetrating runs.

xx

Progressions

Begin with winger on the right hand side of each team, unopposed and allow for delivery into box. This is also the players ‘strong’ side as the ball is played to their forehand grip.

Open up middle third of park and allow the winger to be opposed in this area only. This encourages the winger to pass, move on, and then receive the return pass in unopposed section (encourages mobility and ball retention).

Place a winger on the left side of the field and allow them to defend the opposition also ie. ‘wingers’ on both left and right therefore creating a 1V1 in the channel which is more ‘game like’.


Team in possession use wide players to open up play. These players receive the ball and dribble up and down their channel unopposed. They can then cross the ball in front of the goal area for a striker or centre mid to shoot.

Boxed Out Game (to improve width)

Encourages ball to be played out wide ‘Box zone’ is out of bounds for players. Players may only pass the ball across the box. Builds communication as players have to signal for passes through

the middle zone.

Progression

Increasing the size of the box makes the practice more difficult, Decreasing the size of the box makes it easier.


3-Zones – Depth

X--------- O O X

---- X O O X-----

X O O-- X

X = AttackerO = Defender

3 areas defence, midfield and attack. 2 players in each area. 1 of the two players can move one box forward to support the

attack and create an overload in the box- ie a 3 v2. The player that passed the ball forward into the next box is the

player that moves forward into that area. Depth in attack - one player from defence can support midfield. - one player from midfield can support strikers Depth in defence - one player in attack can support midfield.

- one player from midfield can support defence.

Progressions

Increase number of players permitted to support Players can support in attack and defence.Structures, Strategies and Composition 23

Apply practise to 2-4-1 formation

Small-Sided Games

Reduced number of players means less options for passing and more touches of the ball which forces players to ‘pass and move’ to support team-mates.

It encourages cover of team-mates of which communication is vital.

Also helped us to work on ‘closing down’ opposition and man-marking.

Work on zone principles getting players behind the ball 3 - Man to man – continually change markers to make task more

difficult

Why were these Practice Methods Appropriate?

Because they:

helped us to practice specific parts of our 2-4-1 structure that was a weakness e.g. width

allowed us to improve both our hockey skills and fitness levels at the same time.

could be easily adapted or progressed to make them easier or more difficult.

improved our knowledge and awareness of our own and each others roles and responsibilities.

improved our teamwork skills by encouraging us to work and communicate together as a team.


were all game-like which meant we were used to an opposition and could transfer our improvements easily back into the game.

MONITORINGMONITORING&&

EVALUATINGEVALUATING

Monitoring your Performance (How?)

The effectiveness of your programme of work is monitored by redoing and comparing each of the methods used to gather information every 3-4 weeks. (During training)

Model Performer

Match Analysis Sheet


Match Analysis Grid

Video Analysis

Knowledge of Results

Importance of Monitoring/Evaluating your Performance (Why?)

Monitoring your progress is carried out part way through your training programme, evaluating is carried out at the end.

to allow comparisons to previous information gathered;

to check what progress has been made;

to check if targets have been met;

to see if my programme has been appropriate (principles);

to see if I need to make any changes / adaptations to my programme (progressions);

to identify any new strengths / weaknesses;

to motivate me to keep working or to work harder.

Improvements Following Practice

Width in AttackMore width in attack meant my team used the wings of the pitch and the ball is played out to the wide midfielders more often. This drew out the opposition, leaving gaps in their defence which my team could run into to pass and receive the ball. The extra space also meant that we could dribble the ball closer to the goal and shoot without being


tackled. This therefore increased our scoring opportunities and improved team moral due to increased success.

Width in DefenceMore width in defence kept the opposition away from the goal by drawing them away from the centre. The wide midfielders now dropped back to support the centre backs. This reduced the pressure on the defenders and led to a more effective defence. We were able to close down and delay the opposition’s attacks and deny them space.

Depth in AttackWe are now better at supporting our team-mates when they have possession of the ball. The midfielders move up to support the striker resulting in an overload situation e.g 3v2. We also now move ahead of the ball providing depth in attack and creating passing options. This allows us to make penetrating runs through the opposition and create goal scoring opportunities.

Depth in DefenceOur centre backs are now better at providing support and cover for each other creating depth in defence. This means that if one defender is beaten by the opposition, there is another defender who can close them down and deny them space. The centre midfielders also drop back to support the defenders to provide a strong first line of defence. This gives us the opportunity to stop an attack early and play the ball up the pitch quickly, before the opposition have a chance to get back.Alternative Structure

An alternative structure may be chosen because:

The benefits of the alternative structure are better than the chosen structure


The type of players we have may be better suited to the alternative structure

Ability of certain players in various positions make an alternative structure better suited

The attacking qualities of your team are better suited to an alternative structure

Defensive qualities are better suited to an alternative structure

The changes in your teams principles of play mean you will have to switch to your alternative structure

Structure played by opponents mean that you will have to switch to your alternative structure


Alternative Structure: 3-3-1


Benefits (why we would use it) Strong defensive formation with one central defender Clear channels from defence to midfield 3 players in midfield – allow for central area to be covered allowing

team to win the ball and create goal-scoring opportunities. The 3 defenders can easily overload the 1 attacker

Limitations (why I didn’t use it) Limited depth in attack on occasions Can be difficult to get midfield players forward Can be caught in flat positions which affects mobility particularly in

defence (flat back 3) Midfielders must move up and down to provide support. Wide left /

right can often be caught out of position. One striker normally up against 3 or 4 defenders which puts odds

against them due to overload.


CENTRE BACK

CENTRE MIDFIEL

D

LEFT MIDFIEL

D

LEFT BACK

STRIKER

GK

FORWARD

MIDFIELDERS

DEFENDERS

GOALKEEPER

RIGHT BACK

RIGHT MIDFIELD

Questions

Choose an activity:

Choose a structure:

1a) Describe your chosen structure.

1b) Give two reasons you chose this structure?

1c) Explain the benefits and limitations of your structure.

1d) Describe the role you played within your structure.

1e) Describe how… (i) decision making(ii) roles and relationships(ii) formations(iii) using space(iv) width/depth/mobility

…is important to your structure.

1f) Describe a situation where each of the following is important to your structure:

(i) making decisions under pressure(ii) problem solving(iii) being able to adapt/alter

2a) Why is it important to gather information your structure?

2b) How did you gather information on/monitor the effectiveness of the structure?

2c) Why were the methods you used appropriate?

3a) How effective was your structure?

3b) Describe two strengths of your team’s structure.

3c) Describe two weaknesses of your team’s structure.

3d) What effect did these have on your whole performance?

3e) In your role, describe one weakness you had within the structure.


4a) How have you tried to develop the weaknesses within the structure?

4bi) What action did you take to reduce the effect of these weaknesses?

4bii) Why were the steps you took effective in improving your performance?

4c) What effect did this have on your whole performance?

5a) How did you evaluate the effectiveness of your structure within your whole performance?

5b) What are the next steps in the development of your structure?

6a) Describe an alternative structure.

6b) Describe the benefits / limitations of an alternative structure.


Past Paper Questions 2012

PAST PAPER QUESTIONS - 2011Structures, Strategies and Composition 35

PAST PAPER QUESTIONS – 2010Structures, Strategies and Composition 36

PAST PAPER QUESTIONS – 2009Structures, Strategies and Composition 37

PAST PAPER QUESTIONS – 2008


Study Checklist – Structures and StrategiesStructures, Strategies and Composition 39

1.a) Description of Structure (2-4-1)

b) Benefits and Limitations of 2-4-1 (reasons for using)

2. Roles and Responsibilities

3. Gathering Information a) Why?

b) How?

c) Appropriate methods?

4. Principles of Play

5. Strengths of our 2-4-1

6. Weaknesses of our 2-4-1

7. Programme of Work

8. Monitoring a) Why?

b) How?

9. Effect on Whole Performance

10. Alternative Structure

a) Description of 3-3-1b) Strengths of 3-3-1c) Weaknesses of 3-3-1


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