Intro to “The Young Republic” Unit, the Bill of Rights, and Hamilton vs. JeffersonPlease pick up a unit guide and Class Notes #12 from the cart.

Take out Focus #12 and use the first 10 minutes of class completing Part II and whatever you haven’t finished for Part I. Compare notes with your table.

We will:*preview “The Young Republic” unit*focus on the Bill of Rights*evaluate how Hamilton and Jefferson helped to

shape the first two-party system

America’s New Republic is BornThe Constitution was signed September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia and sent to the states for ratification by the Confederation Congress.

Despite opposition from Anti-Federalists who feared the Constitution’s broad powers, the Federalists won the ratification debate in key states like New York and Virginia.

The Federalist Papers, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in 1788 played a key role in persuading the states to vote for ratification.

A Boston newspaper kept track of which states has ratified throughout 1787-89

The First PresidentAfter New Hampshire, Virginia, and New York ratified the Constitution in the summer of 1788 (becoming the 9th, 10th, and 11th states to do so) plans were made to create the new national government.

The first capital would be in New York, where Congress met for the first time on March 4, 1789.

George Washington took the first presidential oath of office on April 30, 1789 after being unanimously elected by the electoral college. He served as president for two terms (1789-1797).

The First Congress Takes ActionAmong its first actions, Congress proposed a Bill of Rights and sent it to the states for ratification. Anti-Federalists had demanded the addition of such amendments as a condition of supporting the Constitution’s ratification.

James Madison drafted the document and drew inspiration from George Mason’s Virginia Declaration of Rights.

The first ten amendments were ratified on December 15, 1791.

Congress also passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 that set up the federal courts system, including the Supreme Court.

The Bill of Rights (Amendments I-V)I Freedom of Religion,

Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

The essential freedoms necessary for all citizens to express their views

II Right to Bear Arms Citizens have the right to defend themselves

III No Quartering of Troops in Private Homes in Peacetime

Standing military forces are a threat to freedom (memory of British troops?)

IV “Right to Privacy” –’ no unwarranted searches

Needed to protect property rights (memory of the writs?)

V Rights of the Accused Guaranteed by Due Process

Limits government’s power to take away freedom/property

The Bill of Rights (Amendments VI-X)VI Right to a Speedy &

Public Trial by JuryAims to guarantee justice for all citizens

VII Right to a Trial by Jury in Civil Cases

Applies fair trial standards to property cases

VIII No Cruel or Unusual Punishment

Fines and punishments should not violate basic human decency

IX “Rights” Not Limited by Those Spelled Out

Avoids limiting rights

X Powers Reserved to the States and People

Designed to limit national government power and preserve state’s rights

Washington’s First CabinetWashington created the first Cabinet of executive officers to help him administer the government:

Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson (Virginia) – handled foreign affairs and official government documents

Attorney General: Edmund Randolph (Virginia) – chief lawyer for the national government

Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton (New York) – managed the government’s finances

Secretary of War: Henry Knox (Massachusetts) – ran the military and managed Indian affairs

Hamilton vs. Jefferson • Even though Washington sought to maintain unity, a division

emerged within his Cabinet between Hamilton and Jefferson

• These disagreements led to the creation of the nation’s first two political parties – Federalists and Republicans

At the end of today’s class, you will be asked to choose which leader and party appeals most to you:

Hamilton and the Federalists

Jefferson and the Republicans

Personal Differences• Hamilton was born out of

wedlock in the British West Indies

• Orphaned at an early age• Benefactors provided him

with money to study in New York (King’s College – aka, Columbia)

• Served as Washington’s aide de camp during the Revolutionary War

• Drafted The Federalist Papers with Madison/Jay

• First Secretary of the Treasury

• Jefferson was born to wealthy parents in Virginia

• Had a relatively sheltered upbringing

• Studied at William & Mary College

• Served in the House of Burgesses and the Continental Congress

• Drafted the Declaration of Independence

• Served as Ambassador to France in the late 1780s

• First Secretary of State

Views on PeopleLeader/Party Hamilton (Federalists) Jefferson (Republicans)View of People

*people are focused on their own self-interestand can’t be trusted

*only the wealthy and well-educated should be trusted with power

*people are generally good and can be trusted

*power in the hands of a few will lead to corruption in government

View of Leadership

*wealthy urban elites have the best interests of the country at heart and are better educated to make good decisions

*citizen-farmers are the “heart” of the nation and can make the best decisions if provided with good information

Views on GovernmentLeader/Party Hamilton (Federalists) Jefferson (Republicans)

View of Government

*strong centralized government can best defend natural rights

*state sovereignty leads to disunity/weakness

*strong centralized governments are dangerous

*states are best suited to protect the people’s rights

View of the Constitution

*liked the wide-ranging powers of government

*loose interpretation(liked the elastic clause)

*concerned it granted too much power

*strict interpretation(liked the 10th Amendment)

Views on Domestic PolicyLeader/Party Hamilton (Federalists) Jefferson (Republicans)Debt & Taxes *favored centralized

management of national and state debts

*favored excise taxes and tariffs to raise revenue and protect American industry

*favored state management of debts and taxation

*distrusted the national government acquiring too much power over the economy and too much money

Central Bank *wanted a powerful bank to support government and business

*distrusted giving too much power to potentially corrupt wealthy elites

Views on Foreign PolicyLeader/Party Hamilton (Federalists) Jefferson

(Republicans)French Revolution

Britain vs. France

*distrusted the radical French Revolution

*pro-British – wanted to model our system on the British system of strong government and banks

*supported the French Revolution

*pro-French – wanted to honor our alliance with France even if it meant war with Britain

Jay’s Treaty (1794)

*believed it was the best agreement possible and necessary to keep peace with Britain

*believed it was a “sell-out” to the British because we didn’t get all that we wanted

Two Visions for the CountryHamilton envisioned a future based on urban elites and the growth of commerce and industry

Federalists found support in major port cities and the North in general

Jefferson saw a future based on responsible citizen-farmers and an expanding agrarian republic

Republicans found support in rural areas and especially in the South

Conflict #1: National Debt & National Capital• In 1790, Congress refused to

pass Hamilton’s debt assumption plan because of opposition from James Madison and other Southerners who thought it gave too much power to the national government

• Once an ally of Hamilton in the ratification debate, Madison distrusted Hamilton’s views on executive power

• Madison and other Southerners wanted the nation’s permanent capital located in the South

• Jefferson helped work out the “Compromise of 1790”

• Madison supported Hamilton’s debt plan in exchange for Hamilton’s pledge to support the choice of the Potomac as the site of the nation’s new capital

Conflict #2: The Whiskey Rebellion

• Washington led 15,000 militia into western Pennsylvania and put an end to the rebellion, asserting the power of the national government

• Western Pennsylvania farmers rebelled against high excise taxes on whiskey in 1794

• Federalists argued that national power must be asserted to demonstrate the new country’s stability and to make the point that challenges to government policy must be peaceful

• Republicans supported the farmers, arguing that the excise taxes were an unfair burden

Who/what appeals to you more and why?

Federalists vs. RepublicansHamilton vs. Jefferson

Security vs. Liberty

Before we leave…

• Turn in Focus 12: The Bill of Rights for the first formative grade of 2nd quarter.

• Complete Homework 6 for our next class on Thursday – first quarter grades and tests will be distributed at the start of that class.