Intro to Psycho Part 1

8/6/2019 Intro to Psycho Part 1

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An Introduction



Backgroundy Its history is traditional and scientific.

y Religious (Animism attribution of natural events to

mystic elements)y Later, it became philosophical.

y Rejection of Greek philosophers to the idea of supernatural forces

y Development of philosophy as a non-religious type of orderly reasoning or speculation

y Became a science tracing back to Aristotles time



Origin and Beginningsy Speculations of the Greek philosophers and the

development of the empirical method

y Foundation for scientific psychology Germansy 1879 beginning of modern psychological

research

y

Wilhelm Wundt considered the Father of Experimental Psychology; a structuralist

y William James developed functionalism (study of behavior as an integrated process



Origin and Beginningsy John B. Watson set the direction of

modern experimental psychology

yExpressed skepticism about any aspectof behavior

yDeveloped behaviorism or thepsychological study of the behavior of organisms



Origin and BeginningsySigmund Freud initiated the

psychoanalytic movement of modern

psychology

yPsychoanalysis has a considerable impacton personality theory and treatment of

mental illness



What is Psychology?yDerived from two Greek terms psyche,

or soul, and logos, or discourse

yLiterally a study of the soul

y At first, soul has a religious

implicationy A form of motion, an inner flame, and function

of bodily processes



What is Psychology?y About four centuries ago, mental philosophers

translated psyche as mind.

y Psychology became the study of mind.y Science of behavior

y It being a science entails a system of procedures andmeasurement

Psychology is a science and the properly trained psychologist is a

scientist, or at least a practitioner who uses scientific methods and informationresulting from scientific investigation. (Sanchez, et al., 2002)



Different Schools of Psychologyy Structuralism headed by Wilhelm Wundt and later

by E. B. Titchener

y S

tarted in 1879 when experimental psychology wasgaining more incentive

y Study of conscious experience

y Complex substance could be analyzed through theircomponent elements

y Held the elementary mental states such as sensations,images, and feelings

y Centers on sensation



Wilhelm Wundt



Different Schools of Psychologyy Functionalism paid little attention to conscious

experience

yCame into existence through the University of Chicago

y Headed by William James, James R. Angell, and JohnDewey

y Focused on the operations or functions of conscious

activity (e.g. thinking, learning)y For them, psychology is the study of mans

adjustment to his environment.



William James



Different Schools of Psychologyy A ssociationism concerned with the factors of

learning such as remembering and thinking.

y Aristotle primary exponent of this system

y Learning is the formation of bonds or connections inthe nervous system

y Man is the greater learner because he makes the

greatest number of connections.y Edward Thorndike, John Locke, and Thomas Hobbes

y An old British School, on learning and memory



Different Schools of Psychologyy Behaviorism a revolt against structuralism and

functionalism; originated in 1912

y

Study of the overt behaviory Science of behavior and not of consciousness

y Conditional reflexes

y Denies the existence of instinct or of inborn

tendencies, but insists on learned behaviory Based upon stimulus-response connections

y Focuses on the individual as a whole



ywas originated in America in 1912 and washeaded by John Watson. This is the

science of behavior and not of consciousness. The behaviorists believedthat there can be no response without a

stimulus.



John B. atson

John B. atson



Different Schools of Psychologyy Gestalt School founded by Max Wertheimer

y Psychology should be the study of the whole

pattern of behavior or experience or the perceptionof organized configuration.

y The whole is more than the sum of all its parts fundamental principle

y Contribution to the understanding of learning,memory, and problem solving

y On perception



Max rthei er



Different Schools of Psychologyy Psychoanalytic School advocated by Sigmund Freud,

Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung

y Human desires and primitive impulses central factors of

human behaviory Sigmund Freud postulated the existence of unconscious

mental processes which influence the individuals behaviorin various indirect ways

y

Attempted to cure the personality disordersy Libido sex urges in the unconscious constitute the human

drive

y On desire



Sig nd Fr eud



Different Schools of Psychologyy Carl Jung extroverts or introverts

y Sometimes called the Analytic School

y Alfred Adler prime mover of people is their desire forsuperiority



Different Schools of Psychologyy Purposivism objects, movements, and behaviors

have a definite purpose

y

Also called hormic psychology because of itsemphasis on body hormones

y William McDougall

y Regard human being not only as a unit but also a

purposive, striving organismy Opposed mechanistic or behavioristic point of view



Branches of PsychologyyGeneral Psychology explains the

underlying principles of human behavior

y study of how and why people behave this way or that way

yStructural and functional mechanisms of

the human body



Branches of PsychologyyComparativ e Psychology treats on the

behavior and mental processes of the

different speciesyalso known as animal psychology

y Activities of both man and animal are

compared and differentiated, particularly inrelation to genetic and evolutionary theories



Branches of PsychologyyDe v elopmental Psychology concerns

itself with the study of human behavior in

all its aspects of growth and developmenty Also known as Genetic Psychology

y Involves the development of an individual in

terms of stages



Branches of Psychologyy Stages of Human Development:

1. Prenatal

2. Neonatal3. Infancy

4. Childhood

5. Adolescence6. Adulthood

7. Senescence old age



Branches of Psychologyy Child Psychology scientific study of human

behavior from its post-natal beginnings up to early

adolescencey Deals with the stages of growth and maturation

y Effects of environmental influences uponindividual patterns of development

y Psychological and social interactions betweenchild and the society into which he is borne andreared



Branches of Psychologyy A dolescent Psychology study of human

behavior from puberty to later life, approx.

12-20 y/oy Involves the physical and mental maturation

of an individual, as well as the attainment of

emotional and social maturity



Branches of Psychology

ySenescent Psychology

yScientific study of human behavior in oldage



Branches of Psychologyy ConsumerPsychology concerned with the

investigation of the varied facets of marketing and

buying behaviory Effects of advertising

y Studies of mass media

y Other problems arising from the relationshipbetween buyer and seller




y Abnormal Psychology scientific study of

human and the etiology or cause of personaldefects, or humans behavior which deviatesfrom the average reaction, hence abnormal



Branches of PsychologyyD ynamic Psychology scientific

interpretation of mental phenomena

yEmphasizes internal drives and motives asthe cause of behavior

y Also referred to as personality psychology

yNon-deviant individual case




yPsychiatry psychology applied in

medicineyConcerned with the treatment of mental

diseases



Branches of PsychologyyBusiness Psychology study of the

principles of psychology as applied to

businessyDeals particularly with the behavior of

consumers

yMethods are employed to gain morecustomers and impress prospective buyers



Branches of Psychologyy ForensicPsychology application of the

principles of human behavior to law, or any legal

proceedingsy Relatively new but fast growing

y Also consulted for rehabilitation of convictedcriminals

y Also known as Legal Psychology



Branches of PsychologyyCommunity Psychology promotion of

health at the community level

yPrevention and treatment of psychologicalproblems through evaluation andimprovement of community organizations



Areas of Specialization in

Psychologyy Clinical Psychology largest area of

specialization

y Treatment and diagnosis of emotional andbehavioral disorders

y Practitioners are not medical doctors

y Employed by probation offices, prisons, andinstitutions of the mentally retarded andphysically handicapped




PsychologyyRelated to motivation, emotions, and

personality

yDiagnosis and treatment of emotional andbehavioral disorders ranging from mild tosevere

yCannot prescribe medicines but canconduct psychological tests




Psychologyy Counseling Psychology dedicated to helping

people with educational, job or career, and social

adjustmentsy Administration and interpretation of

psychological tests, such as intelligence,achievement, and vocational tests

y Mostly worked in schools as schools counselors(more commonly known as guidance counselors)




Psychologyy Educational and School Psychology

y a field of specialization that deals with learning,

motivation, and other subjects in the actualeducational process together with the practicalapplication of psychological principles toeducation

y Look to psychological principles and techniquesfor help in answering questions pertaining to howchildren learn better with classmates of about thesame level of ability




Psychologyy Industrial-OrganizationalPsychology is

concerned with the methods of selecting, training,counseling, and supervising personnel in business andindustry

y study of human nature and reactions as related toproblems of industry, especially affecting personneland job efficiency

y Focuses on making the workplace more fulfilling, andmore productive for both workers and their employers




PsychologyyFor matching the job to worker

yFor training workers

yFro evaluating internal organization

yFor examining issues related to effectivesupervision, communication, and employee

morale




Psychologyy Experimental and Ph ysiological Psychology

y Study basic psychological processes as sensation,

perception, learning, memory, cognition, motivation,and emotion

y Work mostly in the laboratory and may use animals as well as human beings in their research

y

Study how people learn everything from simple taskssuch as sitting upright to more complex things such asemotions and language



Scope of PsychologyyThe medical sciences such as neurology and

physiology

y A social science such as sociology yThe study and application, or both, of

findings organized in a particular field or

branch of psychology Q:Methods in Psychological Research



Methods of Psychological

Researchy There are six (6) well-known methods of

psychological research:

1. Introspection Method a subjective methodof observation introduced by St. Augustine;recording and interpretation of his ownfeelings and experiences

2. Observation Method a visual and oralmethod of examining, describing, andinterpreting the reactions of individuals andgroups in a laboratory, classroom, etc.




Researchy Kinds of observation:

a. Uncontrolled or Informal no particular

scope of behavior to be observedb. Naturalistic Observation observation of

things that naturally happen; field study

c. Controlled or Formal follows certain rules,

in gathering materials in order to draw the bestconclusions




Research3. Lif e-History Method extensive studies of individuals

by tracing the development of a particular form of behavior

y Three Basic Forms:a. The Day book Method diary of development; careful

record of day-to-day activities; child study and development

b. The Clinical Method contains information concerning

the emotional and personality adjustments of humanbeings; also called case history method

c. The Biographical Method analysis of the records of peoples lives as written by themselves or others



Methods of psychological

Research4. Surv e y Method Group method; data obtained

through written questionnaires or interviews

5.Ex

pe

rime

ntal Me

th

od study behavior which canbe brought into the laboratory and studied undercontrolled conditions

- emphasizes accurate

observation, the collection and arrangement of tentative explanatory theories

- testing of the theories by trialunder controlled conditions and by practicalapplication of life situation




Research6. Statistical Methods collection and handling of

numerical data and making inferences from such

data- knowledge of methods of

statistics for the appraisal of individuality such asintelligence tests, personality tests, and many

other kinds of appraisal devices




ResearchyQualitative Classification one wherein

categories are determined on the basis of

some characteristics which are present indifferent degrees and measurable on amathematical scale



Levels of Investigation1. Biological Le v el concerned with bodily bases

of behavior

2. Psychological Le v el concerned with theunderstanding the nature and role of psychological variables in human behavior

3. Sociological Le v el concerned with the effects

of socio-cultural conditions upon the behavior of individuals and groups



Values of Psychologyy As a science, psychology enables the individual to learn

more quickly and to choose a vocation more intelligently.

y It enables a person to understand that no two individuals

are exactly alike.

y It enables one to resolve his own problems and to developgreater personal efficiency. Thus, the person developshimself into a well-integrated and happy individual.

y Psychology is applied to such fields as business, education,courtroom testimonies, etc.



Objectives of Psychologyy The objectives of psychology are:

1. To understand human behavior;

2. To predict human behavior by means of observation and experiment;

3. To influence or alter the behavior of theindividual or group in desirable ways so that

the designed goal can be achieved.

Intro to Psycho Part 1

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