Intro to Organic chemistry
-
Upload
jennyfer-merabe -
Category
Education
-
view
146 -
download
0
Transcript of Intro to Organic chemistry
![Page 1: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
![Page 2: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Is the chemistry of the compoundsof carbon.
Chemistry of compounds thatcontains the element of carbon.
Organic compounds were thoseobtained from plant or animalsources, that is from materialproduced by living organisms.
![Page 3: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
HISTORYOrganic chemistry is the area of chemistry thatinvolves the study of carbon and its compounds
(Oparin, 1923) In theory organic chemistry mayhave its beginnings with the big bang when thecomponents of ammonia, nitrogen, carbon dioxideand methane combined to form amino acids, anexperiment that has been verified in the laboratory(Miller, 1950)
![Page 4: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
In the 16th century organic compounds were isolated from nature in the pure state (Scheele, 1769) and analytical methods were developed for determination of elemental composition (Lavoisier, 1784).
Frederich Wöhler (1828) discovered that urea, a natural component in urine, could be synthesized in the laboratory by heating ammonium cyanate.
![Page 5: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
By the middle of the nineteenth century manyadvances had been made into the discovery,analysis and synthesis of many new organiccompounds. Understanding about the structuresof organic chemistry began with a theory ofbonding called valence theory (Kekule, Couper,1858).
![Page 6: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Organic chemistry is a field of immense importance to technology.
Organic chemistry is fundamental to biology and medicine.
Living organisms are made up of organic compounds; the molecules of “molecular biology” are organic molecules.
Biology, on molecular level is Organic Chemistry.
![Page 7: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
We are now living in the Age of Carbon.
Every day the newspapers bring to our attentioncompounds of carbon.
Wars are fought over petroleum.
Twin catastrophes threaten us both arising from theaccumulation in the atmosphere of compounds ofcarbon.
1990 the journal Science selected as the molecules ofthe year of diamond, one of the allotropic form ofcarbon.
![Page 8: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Organic compound could be made by living cell or organs.(present in living organism).
The word “organic” is still used today by some people to mean “coming from living organisms”
The commonly used term “organic food” means that the food was grown without the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.
THE CHEmISTry Of...Natural Products
![Page 9: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
An “organic vitamin” means to these people that the vitamin was isolated from a natural source and not synthesized by a chemist.
It is impossible to argue that pure “natural” vitamin c, for example, is healthier than pure “synthetic” vitamin c, since the two sub- stances are identical in all respects.
In science today, the study of compounds from living organisms is called natural products chemistry.
![Page 10: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Organic compounds, in general, differ greatly from
inorganic compounds in seven respects:
Properties of Organic Compounds
Organic compounds are usually less soluble in water.
![Page 11: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Organic compoundsare usuallycombustible.
Organic compounds, ingeneral, have lowermelting and boilingpoints.
![Page 12: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Several organic compounds may existfor a given formula. This is known asisomerism
![Page 13: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Reactions of organic compounds are usually
molecular rather than ionic. As a result, they
are often quite slow.
Organic are form covalent leakage
![Page 14: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The molecular weights of organic compounds
may be very high, often well over 1000.
Most organic compounds can serve as a source
of food for bacteria.
![Page 15: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Comparison of organic and inOrganic Compounds
Organic are form covalent leakage while
inorganic are joined with electrovalent or ionic
compounds.
Organic burn readily, some spontaneously togive CO2 ,H2O and in some cases other produces
inorganic incombustible compounds
![Page 16: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Organic are less soluble in water, but more
soluble in organic liquids like alcohol, ether,
chloroform and benzene.
Organic are less stable towards heat.
Organic are less reactive than in organic.
![Page 17: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sources of Organic CompoundsOrganic compounds are derived from three sources:
Nature: fibers, vegetable oils, animal oils and fats,
alkaloids, cellulose, starch, sugars, and so on.
![Page 18: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Synthesis: A wide variety of compounds and
materials prepared by manufacturing processes.
![Page 19: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Fermentation: Alcohols, acetone, glycerol,
antibiotics, acids, and the like are derived by the
action of microorganisms upon organic matter.
![Page 20: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The wastes produced in the processing of
natural organic materials and from the synthetic
organic and fermentation industries constitute a
major part of the industrial and hazardous
waste problems that environmental engineers
and scientists are called upon to solve.
![Page 21: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
PETROLEUM AND COALBoth of these are organic.
Two large reservoirs of organic materials.
Products of the decay of plants and animals.
We recognize these as the fossil fuels – non renewable.
Petroleum are being consumed at an alarming rate to meet our constantly increasing demands for power.
Less than 10% of it used goes into making chemicals and most of it simply burned to supply
![Page 22: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Types of Organic CompoundsNatural Organic Compound – refer to those
produced by plants and animals. Many of these
compounds are still extracted from natural sources
because they would be far too expensive to
produced artificially.
![Page 24: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Synthetic Organic Compounds – are
produced in the laboratories.These chemicals that do not occur naturally.
![Page 25: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Types of organic formula
![Page 26: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
CARBONIs one of the most interesting elements, because its compound are present in all living things.
The number of compounds that contain carbon is many times greater than the number of compounds that do not contain carbon.
Carbon atoms can attached themselves to one another to an extent not possible for atoms of any other element.
![Page 29: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Carbon atoms can form chains thousands of atoms long, or rings of all sizes; the chains and rings can have branches and cross-links.
![Page 30: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
To the carbon atoms of these chains and rings there are attached other atoms, chiefly hydrogen, but also fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and many others.
Each different arrangement of atoms corresponds to a different compound, and each compound has its own characteristic set of chemical properties.
![Page 31: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
How is it possible to have so manycompounds of carbon?
There are two reasons.
In the first place, carbon normally hasfour covalent bonds (four electrons toshare).
![Page 32: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Most important reason is concernedwith the ability of carbon atoms tolink together by covalent bonding ina wide variety of ways like chains andring s molecules
![Page 33: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
What are the other elements consideredas organic compounds?C, H, O, N, S, P and halogens andsometimes the metals are elementsconsidered as organic compounds.Number of organic compounds aremore than 1 million.10 to 20 times the number of inorganiccompounds.
![Page 34: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Structural formulas of carbon
Continuous open chain
chain with branches
![Page 35: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
in a ring
in chains or rings containing other elements
![Page 36: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
isomerismIn inorganic chemistry, a molecular formula is specific for one compound.
In organic chemistry, most molecular formulas do not represent any particular compound.
![Page 37: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
For example, the molecular formulaC3H6O3 represents at least four separatecompounds:
Compounds having the same molecularformula are known as isomers.
![Page 38: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The term structural formulas is appliedto molecular representations as drawnfor the four compounds.
may be written as;
![Page 39: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic compounds are oftenclassified according to the type (s)of functional groups present.
![Page 40: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
HYDROCARBONS Certain Organic compounds containonly two elements, Hydrogen and Carbon
They are known as Hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons are divided into twoclasses.
- Aliphatic hydrocarbon
- Aromatic hydrocarbon
![Page 42: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Aliphatic hydrocarbons are divided intofamilies
Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes and their cyclicanalogous (cycloaliphatic)
![Page 43: Intro to Organic chemistry](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55a3b3e81a28ab590f8b464b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Aliphatic compounds are those in whichthe characteristic groups are linked to astraight or branched carbon chain.
Aromaticcompounds havethese groups linked toa particular type ofsix-member carbonring that containsthree alternatingdouble bonds.