Intro to Nuclear Chemistry
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Transcript of Intro to Nuclear Chemistry
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Intro to Nuclear Chemistry
Chemistry
http://www.chem.orst.edu/graduate/pics/Reactor.jpg
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How does a subatomic particle cause damage to human tissue?
http://studentsagainstclimatechange.blogspot.com/2007/12/final-exchange-with-donna-dillman-after.html
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Isotopes of Carbon
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• Isotopes of certain unstable elements that spontaneously emit particles and energy from the nucleus.
• Henri Beckerel 1896 accidentally observed radioactivity of uranium salts that were fogging photographic film.
• His associates were Marie and Pierre Curie.
Radioactive Isotopes
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Marie Curie a Pioneer of Radioactivity
• Winner of 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics with Henri Becquerel and her husband, Pierre Curie.
• Winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.
• 1898 discovered the elements polonium and radium.
•
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3 Main Types of Radioactive Decay
• Alpha
• Beta
• Gamma
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Emission of alpha particles :
• helium nuclei • two protons and two neutrons • charge +2e • can travel a few inches through air• can be stopped by a sheet of
paper, clothing.
Alpha Decay
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Alpha Decay
Uranium Thorium
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Alpha Decay
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Beta Decay
• Beta particles : electrons ejected from the nucleus when neutrons decay
n -> p+ +-
• Beta particles have the same charge and
mass as "normal" electrons.
• Can be stopped by aluminum foil or a block of wood.
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Beta Decay
Thorium Protactinium
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• Gamma radiation electromagnetic energy that is released.
• Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves.
• They have no mass.• Gamma radiation has no charge.
– Most Penetrating, can be stopped by 1m thick concrete or a several cm thick sheet of lead.
Gamma Decay
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Examples of Radioactive DecayAlpha Decay
Po Pb + He
Beta Decay p n + e
n p + e
C N + e
Gamma Decay
Ni Ni + (excited nucleus)
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• Nuclei with atomic number > 83 are radioactive
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Radioactive Half-Life (t1/2 ):
• The time for half of the radioactive nuclei in a given sample to undergo decay.
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Common Radioactive Isotopes
Isotope Half-Life Radiation Emitted
Carbon-14 5,730 years
Radon-222 3.8 days
Uranium-235 7.0 x 108 years
Uranium-238 4.46 x 109 years
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Radioactive Half-Life
• After one half life there is 1/2 of original sample left.
• After two half-lives, there will be
1/2 of the 1/2 = 1/4 the original sample.
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Graph of Amount of Remaining Nuclei vs Time
A=Aoe-t
A
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Example
You have 100 g of radioactive C-14. The half-life of C-14 is 5730 years.
• How many grams are left after one half-life? Answer:50 g
• How many grams are left after two half-lives?
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Problem
A sample of 3x107 Radon atoms are trapped
in a basement that is sealed. The half-life of
Radon is 3.83 days. How many radon atoms
are left after 31 days?
answer:1.2x105 atoms
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Energy in Nuclear Reactions• There is a tremendous amount of
energy stored in nuclei.
• Einstein’s famous equation, E = mc2, relates directly to the calculation of this energy.
• In chemical reactions the amount of mass converted to energy is minimal.
• However, these energies are many thousands of times greater in nuclear reactions.
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Examples of Nuclear Energy
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Nuclear Fission• How does one tap all that energy?• Nuclear fission is the type of reaction carried
out in nuclear reactors.
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Nuclear Fission
• Bombardment of the radioactive nuclide with a neutron starts the process.
• Neutrons released in the transmutation strike other nuclei, causing their decay and the production of more neutrons.
• This process continues in what we call a nuclear chain reaction.
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Nuclear Fission
• If there are not enough radioactive nuclides in the path of the ejected neutrons, the chain reaction will die out.
• Therefore, there must be a certain minimum amount of fissionable material present for the chain reaction to be sustained: Critical Mass.
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Nuclear ReactorsIn nuclear reactors the heat generated by the reaction is used to produce steam that turns a turbine connected to a generator.
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Nuclear Reactors
• The reaction is kept in check by the use of control rods.
• These block the paths of some neutrons, keeping the system from reaching a dangerous supercritical mass.
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Nuclear Fusion• Fusion would be a superior method of generating
power.• It occurs when small nuclei combine – releasing
much more energy than fission.– The products of the reaction are not radioactive.– The material must be in the plasma state at several
million kelvins.– Tokamak apparati, using magnetic fields to heat the
material, show promise for carrying out these reactions.
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