Intro to Life Cycle Analysis 2.83/2web.mit.edu/2.813/www/2007 Class...

Intro to Life Cycle AnalysisIntro to Life Cycle AnalysisIntro to Life Cycle Analysis

2.83/2.8132.83/2.8132.83/2.813

Mining

Manufacturing

Use PhaseEnd of Life

References

1.1.1.1. Allen and Shonnard, Ch 13 ““““Life Cycle Life Cycle Life Cycle Life Cycle ConceptsConceptsConceptsConcepts…………”

2.2.2.2.Hendrickson, Lave and Matthews, Chapters (1), 2, and 5 & App. I

3.Leontief, Input/Output Economics, pp19 – 24 (handout)CMU I/O Website:CMU I/O Website:CMU I/O Website:CMU I/O Website: Environmental Input-Output LCA: http://www.eiolca.net/

OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline1. Introduction to LCA

2. Class Project and I/O analysis

3. More on LCA…

Mining Primary Mfg Distribution Use Disposition

0m&

8m&

kipm& kopm&

0m&

8m&

kipm& kopm&

0m&

8m&

kipm& kopm&

0m&

8m&

kipm& kopm&

0m&

8m&

kipm& kopm&

0m&

8m&

kipm& kopm&

Recycle, Remanufacture, Reuse

Life Cycle AnalysisLife Cycle AnalysisLife Cycle AnalysisLife Cycle Analysis

Light Bulbs and MercuryLight Bulbs and MercuryLight Bulbs and MercuryLight Bulbs and Mercury

Allen and Shonnard

Life Cycle Inventory

• LCA = LCI + Impact Analysis

• i.e. counting the mercury emissions, and

then accounting for their impact…

• Issues:

– transport, exposure, sensitivity

– aggregating impacts

– weighting impacts

Life Cycle PerspectiveLife Cycle PerspectiveLife Cycle PerspectiveLife Cycle Perspective

• in theory boundaries start from earth as

the source, and return to earth as the sink

• evaluation is often focused on a product or

service

• tracking is of materials

• time stands still

Mining Primary Mfg Distribution Use Disposition

0m&

8m&

kipm& kopm&

0m&

8m&

kipm& kopm&

0m&

8m&

kipm& kopm&

0m&

8m&

kipm& kopm&

0m&

8m&

kipm& kopm&

0m&

8m&

kipm& kopm&

Recycle, Remanufacture, Reuse

Life Cycle AnalysisLife Cycle AnalysisLife Cycle AnalysisLife Cycle Analysis

Process Level LCAProcess Level LCAProcess Level LCAProcess Level LCA

“Activity”

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5 Issue: truncation error

Process Level LCAProcess Level LCAProcess Level LCAProcess Level LCA• f = “demand for 1” by

the “Activity”

• x = quantity of 1 produced to meet the demand

• x-αx = f

• x = f/(1-α)

“Activity”

1

2

3

4

5

Because of interactions, “1” has to produce more “x” than “f”

furthermore, 2, 3, 4, … have to produce to support “1”

Input/Output AnalysisInput/Output AnalysisInput/Output AnalysisInput/Output Analysis• f1 = “demand for 1” by

the “Activity”

• xi = quantity of “i”

produced to meet the

demand for “1”…7

654

321

Physically we can think of subdividing the economy in sectors that

interact with each other. The sectors include all activities so there

are no truncation errors, however to be manageable we can only

handle a few hundred sectors, therefore each sector will actually

include a lot of different activities. “Aggregation errors”

Simplified inputSimplified inputSimplified inputSimplified input----output table for a threeoutput table for a threeoutput table for a threeoutput table for a three----sector economysector economysector economysector economy

Table 2.1 from Leontief, Oxford Press ’86

100bushels of

wheat

552025Sector 1:

Agriculture

300 man-

years of

labor

4018080Sector 3:

Households

50 yards

of cloth

30614Sector 2:

Manufacture

Total

Output

Sector 3:

House-

Holds

Sector 2:

Manufacture

Sector 1:

Agriculture

to

:

From:

Rewrite as table in dollarsRewrite as table in dollarsRewrite as table in dollarsRewrite as table in dollars

Mfg

Ag

x2

f2

x22

x21

x1

f1

x12

x11

Total

(pro-

duction)

House

(demand)

Mfg.Ag

In matrix formIn matrix formIn matrix formIn matrix form

(x1 – x11) – x12 = f1-x21 + (x2 – x22) = f2

or using coefficients aij = xij/xj(1 – a11)x1 – a12x2 = f1-a21x1 + (1 – a22)x2 = f2

or [I – a] {x} = {f}

let {e} = environmental emissionslet {e} = environmental emissionslet {e} = environmental emissionslet {e} = environmental emissions

[I – a] {x} = {f}

{x} = [I-a]-1 {f}

{e} = [R]{x}

{e} = [R] [I-a]-1 {f}

CMU I/O websiteCMU I/O websiteCMU I/O websiteCMU I/O websitehttp://www.eiolca.net/

Class Project “LSA”

personal

services

appliances

electronics

housing

travel

clothing

diet

Nursing

home

Homeless

Person

………Rock

Star

CEO

How to characterize Lifestyle?

• Income – taxes = expenditures

• what goods and services are bought?

• note expenditures by the 8 categories

– see www.redefiningprogress.org.

• physical quantities, gasoline etc need to

be accounted for in the “use” phase

• try keeping a diary

Example: 1. diet

1.

grow

food

2.

process

food

3.

prepare

5.

waste

4.

eat

Diet. Where does the food come from, is it organic or conventional, irrigated,

hothouse, transported a long distance etc. Is the person a vegetarian or carnivore.

How is the food prepared? Are there any effects related to eating it? A desperate

person may eat something that could make him sick.

Do they compost their waste food products or throw them away?

See Smil p 56-63, p 129-133, see FAO, Pimm

Example: 2. clothing

1. Mat’ls 2. Mfg

3.

wear

5.

waste

4.

wash

Clothing. Does this person wear cotton clothing, polyester, …

do they repair or replace it, are they fashion conscious and have

a large wardrobe or do they wear the same thing every day,

Do they wash and dry their clothes using hot water or cold water,

are the clothes ironed, dry cleaned, line dried, etc.

Are the used clothes recycled or thrown away?

See “Well Dressed?” Julian Allwood, U Cambridge, Mfg Inst. 2006

Example: 3. travel

1. Mat’ls 2. Mfg3.

Use

5.

waste

4.

Repair

Travel. Here all categories of travel will be included, land, sea and air

with special emphasis on automobiles and air travel,

particularly charter air travel as well as other modes

such as bicycling and walking. Are carbon offsets used?

See Smil p 139-149, HLM, Ch 6

Ref HLM Ch 6

Process Models for InventoriesProcess Models for InventoriesProcess Models for InventoriesProcess Models for Inventories

Inputs

“Activity”

1

2

3

4

5

Sullivan et al 1998Sullivan et al 1998Sullivan et al 1998Sullivan et al 1998• “family sedan”

• 120,000 miles life

time

• estimate from 644

parts

• 23 mpg

• total mass 1532 kg

• solvent based paints

with controls

1.Material Production

2.Manufacturing

3.Use

4.Maintenance & Repair

5.End of Life

Inpu

ts

Out

put a

nd E

nerg

y U

se

Total Energy Use by Lifecycle Stage

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Material

Production

Manufacturing Use Maintenance

and Repair

End of Life

Lifecycle Stage

Total Energy Use Per Car (GJ)

Sullivan 1998

Total Energy 973 GJ/car

CMU Input/Output Model Vs. CMU Input/Output Model Vs. CMU Input/Output Model Vs. CMU Input/Output Model Vs. SullivanSullivanSullivanSullivan’’’’s Process Models Process Models Process Models Process Model

emissions (gms)

per vehicle

CMU I/O

(1992 data)

Sullivan et al

(1995 ref. vehicle)

% Difference

from CMU

CO2 7,536,196 7,002,010 -7%

CH4 69,483 17,307 -75%

SO2 32,484 45,408 40%

CO 51,079 69,727 37%

NO2 31,937 21,166 -34%

VOC 12,008

Lead 28 51 86%

PM10 5,582 34,705 522%

Results for all activities up to and including manufacturing

Example: 4. housing


Use

5.

waste

4.

Repair

Housing. Here major components are heating, and air conditioning,

where the house is located and the climate there,

is the house large, small, new or old, repairs etc.

Heating and cooling practices are particularly relevant.

What fuels are used?

Example: 5. Electronics and

Computing


Use

5.

waste

4.

Repair

Electronics and Computing. The growing number of electrical products

used in the United States now represent a significant portion of our energy use.

Many of these products consume energy even in the sleep mode so that

they are ready for use when you want them. We will provide you with a

meter so that you can go to your home or the homes of others to measure these devices.

We are particularly interested in getting data on plasma televisions

Example: 6. Appliances


Use

5.

waste

4.

Repair

Household Appliances. This includes the refrigerators, washers, dryers, freezers,

hot water heaters, toaster oven, fans, coffee maker, lighting and so forth.

The same measurement device used above can be applied here for electric devices.

Example: 7. Services and

Infrastructure


Use

5.

waste

4.

Repair

Services and Infrastructure. There are a variety of services that people use,

which have an environmental impact associated with them.

This includes such things as insurance, investments, legal services, education etc.

In addition people use roadways, public facilities, water, sewage, utilities etc.

Example: 8. Entertainment and

Personal Care


Use

5.

waste

4.

Repair

Entertainment and Personal Care. What forms of entertainment does this life style

engage in and what are the environmental impacts associated with it?

Is the person a hiker, snowmobiler, a skier, a motorboat racer etc? What personal care

products and services are used; tanning, personal trainer, pharmaceuticals, personal

trainer, psychoanalysis

Class Project “LSA”

1personal

2 or 3services

Potentially combine with aboveappliances

1electronics

2housing

1travel

2clothing

2diet

Min number of students

LSA hypotheses

GHG, Energy, Toxics,Air pollution

Income, Eco-footprint

Outcomes

• Look for the “big hits”

• Review what is known

• Reconciling data and needs

• Warning, this may not go smoothly

Cooperation and compromise needed

• Potential “Eye Opener”

• Results likely to be contentious

Choosing

• life style, look to the edges

• area, we need all covered, 2 grads per

some area, further sub-division?

• List first choice, second, third

Homework

• Learn I/O software

• Read HLM especially Ch 5, (6)

• Explore Impacts for some sector

Intro to Life Cycle Analysis 2.83/2web.mit.edu/2.813/www/2007 Class...

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