Intro to Access Management Principles
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Transcript of Intro to Access Management Principles
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Access Management Principles
Introduction and Overview
Right to
propertyaccess
Efficient
traffic
throughput
Neil SpillerFHWA, Washington, D.C.
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Presentation
General overview Benefits and Consequences
Access Management in Practice
Elements of an AM Program
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Part 1
Overview
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What is Managing Access?
DrivewaysMedian Openings
Traffic Signals
Interchanges
Managing and Planning the Spacing and Design of:
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Definition of AM
FORMAL: Access management is theprogrammatic control of the location,
spacing, design, and operation ofdriveways, median openings,interchanges, and street connections to aroadway. (TRB Manual)
INFORMAL: Where the road meets thedriveways
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Purpose of AM:Balance Mobility vs. Access
Freeways
Major Arterials
Minor Arterials
Major Collectors
Minor Collectors
Local Streets
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A Very Brief History of AM
part 1 of 4
New Jersey 1902established speedways forhorses and bicycles. No public streets or other
highways shall cross or intersect the speedwayat grade without consent of the county
U.S. Supreme Court 1906 decided that access
control along highways was a sovereign power
of the states.
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A Very Brief History of AM
part 2 of 4
Between 1900 and 1920 the number ofautomobiles grew from 8K to 10M and lobby
groups emerged (e.g., AAA and AASHO)
1919- DDE undertook a transcontinental militaryconvey from D.C. to San Francisco (62 days)
1921 Federal-Aid act established a system ofnational routes
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A Very Brief History of AM
part 3 of 4
In 1920s it became apparent that automobile (related)deaths were soaring.
In 1937 NY and RI established the first statewide statutes
that included abutting access control and requiredpermits and reviews as part of their state route adoptionplan
By late 1940s almost every state legislated permitting
accesses to some degree and court decisions began toconfirm that public safety and mobility essentiallytrumped a landowners absolute right to access at anypoint
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Basic right to access
A property ownerhas right to have access
(i.e., not to be landlocked)
but does NOT have right to expect absoluteaccess at any point,
NOR should they expect compensation for
relocated access as long as the governmentshows justifiable cause and least-impact.
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A Very Brief History of AM
part 4 of 4
National standards for individual driveway design weredeveloped in 1960 AASHO An Informational Guidefor Preparing Private Driveway Regulations for MajorHighways
NCHRP Report 121 (1971) Protection of HighwayUtility stands as one of the earliest, most recognizeddiscussions of access control
Beginning of modern AM credited to Colorado, 1979,when they created 1st comprehensive principals of AMand spelled out the safety, aesthetic and delay-reducingbenefits of AM incorporated into statute
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Colorado, 1979
The lack of adequate access management on the highway
system and theproliferation of driveways andother access approaches is a major contributor to
highway accidents and the greatest single factor behindthe functional deterioration of highways in this state. Asnew accesses are constructed and signals erected, thespeeds and capacity of the roadways decrease, andcongestion challenges to the motorist increase.
-- Colorado State Highway Access Code
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National Perspective
The lack of access control along arterial
highways has been the largest single factor
contributing to the obsolescence of highway
facilitiesNCHRP Report 121 Protection of Highway Utility
Every study since the 1940s has indicated a
direct and significant link between access
frequency and accidentsInternational R/W Assoc. conference paper, 1999
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Part 2
Benefits and Consequences
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Driveways are inevitable and
necessary but as their numbers go
up, so too does the propensity foraccidents in that corridor.
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Benefits of AM
Preserve integrity of the roadway system
Improve safety and capacity
Extend functionallife of the roadways
Preserve public investment in infrastructure Preserve private investment in properties
Provide a more efficient (and predictable)motorist experience
Improve thru times through a corridor Improve aesthetics(less pavement, more green)
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Groups Who Benefit
Which groups will benefit from good AM?
Motorists Cyclists
Peds
Business Owners
Communities
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% of Driveway Crashes by
Movement
47%
16%
27%
10%
Heres a scoop!
The majority of
access-related
crashes involve
LTs (63%)
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Composite Crash Rate Indices
0
1
2
3
4
5
10 20 30 40 50 60
11.3
1.72.1
2.8
4.1
# Access Points per Mile
Crash
Index:Ratioo
fcrashesto
A
ccessPointsp
erMile
Crash rate indices increase as # ofaccess points per mile increases
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AM in the
Transportation andLand Use Cycle
AM applied
here
through
physical
means
AM applied
here through
administrative
means
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Over-arching Goal of AM:
Limit the number and impact of driverdecision and conflict points fromimpacting on through traffic.
Whats the bottom line?
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Conflicts, contd
Think of a single traffic conflict as one rock in a
pond. The ripples are easy to see and are
predictable. However, when dozens of rocks are
thrown in at once, the ripples are dynamic, theycreate chaos, and it is difficult to avoid one at
the cost of another.
Traffic Conflict
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Conflict Points
Each access point creates potential conflicts
between through traffic and turning traffic.
Diverge MergeCross
Stop / Queue Weave
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Conflicts
(and dont forget pedestrian and bicycle movements too!)
o 16 Crossing
8 Diverge
8 Merge
32 TOTAL
o 1 Crossing
3 Diverge
4 Merge
8 TOTAL
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Consequences of Poor AM
Increase in crashes and crash rates
Poor capacity throughput
Increased delays
Reduced roadway efficiency Potential for unsightly strip development
Decreased property values
Potential for unwanted cut-thru traffic
Potential for less desirable experience, hence,less customers will want to make the trip
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Effect of Speed Differential to
Propensity for Crashes
0
20
40
60
80
100
3.3x
23x
90x
RelativeCrash
Ratio
Speed Differential (MPH)
+10 MPH +20 MPH +25 MPH10
Baseline
(20) (30) (35)
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How to improve
Consequences
Unclutter the corridor (Pruning)
Direct where driveways are best suited
Assign turn movements by defining andseparating them
Develop guidelines for property access,
thru traffic, and hierarchy of streets Enforce against violations and poorpractices in siting driveways and streets
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Part 3
Access Management in Practice
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Use non-traversable
medians to separate
traffic and direct
motorists where to
access properties.
Use turn lanes to queue
separate movements and
to free up throughmovements
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Driveway Bypass Lane
Where restricted from placing a median, can
you install a bypass lane?
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Median Redesign
Note:
1) increased separation between intersections2) Introduction of U-turns to replace former movements
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Colfax
AveAlameda
Ave FederalBlvd WadsworthAve HavanaAve ParkerDr ArapahoeAve02468
101214 Regular Arterials
Accidents
Per MillionMiles
Traveled
12.912.5 12.9
7.210.5
5.03.5
Source:"Colorado
Access Control
Demonstration
Project" - 1985
Highly
Access
ManagedArterials
Access Management
Results
Fewer accidents on Managed roads
R lt
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Effects of Access Management on travel speeds in the P.M. peak hour
ColfaxAlameda
FederalWadsworth
HavanaParker
Arapahoe
0 10 20 30 40 50Speed (mph)
2328
2525
30
"RegularArterials
Highly Accessed-Managed Arterials4846
Access Management
Results
Higher thru speeds on Managed roads
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Signal Spacing Variables
Tweak these . . .
Intersection spacing
Overall cycle lengths Cycle phasing
To Seek these . . .
Progression speed Progression efficiency
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Relationship between cycle
length, signal spacing, and speed
-mile 1/3 - mile -mile
30 MPH 60 sec 80 sec 120 sec
40 MPH na 60 sec 100 sec
50 MPH na 50 sec 80 sec
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What methods are used?
Permits, legislation and corridor planning
Medians
Auxiliary lanes
Signals and signal spacing
Driveway location, spacing, and design
Corner clearance
Cross-access and joint access Frontage roads and connectors
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Who is Responsible for AM?
Professionals that guide urban development Planners
Engineers
Architects
Approval agents (Boards, Councils, etc.)
Developers Land use attorneys
Agency staff
Non professionals
Citizens, motorists
Property Owners
Ad-hoc groups (pedestrians, bicycles, social change)
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What is
Functional Intersection Areaand why is this important?
The influence area associated with a drivewayincludes
The impact length (distance back at which carsbegin to be affected)
Perception-reaction distance
And the car length
Upstream length > Downstream length
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Functional Intersection Area
The upstream and
downstream areas of
influence that affect
driver decision. Notethat closely spaced
driveways and
intersections have
overlapping areas.
Elements that impact the functional intersection area:
stopping sight distance; RT-out acceleration; slowing to
turn; perception-reaction time; queue storage; etc., are
there more?
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Application of Access
Window
Window for left or right
Window for RT only
No window on higher street
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Different types of Access
Controls
Police power
Eminent domain
Condemnation
Statutes and statutory designation
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In plain English?!
An agency uses eminent domain topurchase or takethe right of access.
An agency uses theirpolice power toapprove or deny the application for adriveway and impart public safety
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Part 4
Elements of an AM Program
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Elements of an AM Program
Have administrative rules, ordinances or guidelines
Educate your boards, councils, and public
Establish an approval authority
Have geometric design standards
Provide staff training and education re: policies
Monitor approvals (inspect) and conduct agency evaluations
Develop an request/approval process and fees, etc.
Provide consistent and justifiable application of standards Document meetings, contacts, and written communications
Allow for appeals and justified deviations/exceptions
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Schools SportsAccess
Management
Oversight School Board OwnerMayor, Council,
Board
Leadership Principal Coach DPZ, DPW
Day-to-day
executionTeachers Players Staff
Guiding principles Lesson Plans Playbook, rules Design statutes
Stakeholders Parents FansMotorists and
property owners
Product GraduatesQuality of effort
and wins / losses
Improved traffic
progression,
safety
Every stakeholder needs to be on board with the plan and aware of
the consequences of, and need for, guidance, structure and goal
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Have a plan stick to it!
uncontrolled access over time
controlled access via permitting
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Levels of Approval
Federal interstates / State highways
Local highways and streets
Local site plan approvals must meet other
agencies regulations (zoning, R/W, EPA) Adopted Master Plans
Zoning and long range planning must beconsidered
Other stakeholders? Adjacent/abutting propertyowners? Public?
T ffi I t St d A
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Very small site or re-use
Owner-transfer, same use-upgrade
or isolated (i.e., non urban) location
Small site, local impact
Bank, restaurant, gas station
Medium site, destination
oriented Small strip retail,small office or residential complex
Large site, regionally
impacting Shopping center,large residential/retail complex, big-
box store
Scope:
Driveway only or
nearest intersection
Closest
intersections up-
and down stream
Radius of
neighborhood
intersections
Large cordon of
intersections,
including major
connections
Traffic Impact Study Areas
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FHWAs Role
To champion the role that AM serves inimproving safety and reducing delay
Increase awareness of, and benefits of . .
To sponsor AM-related studies and enable
academic research To educate (through NHI courses, et al)
Key Products
AMDVD
Benefits of
Access
Management
Tri-fold
AM Resource
DVD
Public
Meeting
Handout
and CDCD
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FHWA does not . . .
Write AM guidelines for states, et al
Mandate AM regulations (although we certainlyadvise ) as a general rule
Make decisions on new access on interstates(the states do)
Caveat because FHWA oversees Federal funding, we
have a mandated role in reviewing, recommending,and approving some state-sponsored activitiesregarding (mostly) the interstates
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Federal Aid Highway System(Routes eligible for Federal aid)
Interstate System Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate
Highways
Routes of highest importance
Shall not exceed 43,000 mi.
National Highway System
Shall not exceed 178,250 mi. All routes on the Interstate System are part of NHS
Includes STRAHNET routes
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FHWA Functional
Classification Guidelines
Principal arterials
Minor arterial streets (roads in rural areas)
Collector streets (roads in rural areas)
Local Streets (roads in rural areas)
For Rural, Urban, or Small Urban designations
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TRBs websitewww.accessmanagement.info
Complete proceedings and
prior years too!
Ten principles of AM -- animation
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Introduction to Access 54