Intro of Sustainability and Sustainable Development

8/6/2019 Intro of Sustainability and Sustainable Development

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Introduction of Sustainability and

Sustainable Development

Noor Amila Wan Abdullah

ZawawiDepartment of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Engineering

UTP


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Learning Objectives

The learning objectives of this lecture

are:

To understand the meaning of sustainability

from different perspectives.

To discuss the principles and guidelines of

sustainability and its components.


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Sustainability: History and Definition

There may be as many definitions of sustainability

and sustainable development as there are groups

trying to define it.

All the definitions have to do with:

Living within the limits

Understanding the interconnections among economy,

society, and environment Equitable distribution of resources and opportunities


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However, different ways of defining sustainability are

useful for different situations and different purposes.

For this reason, various groups have created

definitions of:

Sustainability and sustainable development

Sustainable community and society

Sustainable business and production Sustainable agriculture


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Since you are here to be an Engineer or

Technologist, so:

Our emphasis should be on Sustainable

Engineering and Technology


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The concept of "sustainability" linked to human

development originated in the 1970s with books such as

Goldsmith's "Blueprint for Survival" (1972) and the Club of

Rome's "Limits to Growth" (1972).

In the same year 1972, the United Nations Conference on

the Human Environment, in Stockholm put the spotlight on

the reconciliation of environment and economic

development.


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In 1987, the term sustainable development

entered into the political arena with the

publication by the World Commission on

Environment and Development (WCED) of its

report " Our Common Future" [more commonly

known as "the Brundtland Report"].


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Sustainable development is development

that meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs


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In 1992, the UN Conference on

Environment and Development (UNCED), or

the "Earth Summit", in Rio de Janeiro,

agreed on a Declaration setting out 27

principles supporting sustainabledevelopment.


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The Summit also agreed a plan of action, Agenda

21, and recommended that all countries produce

national sustainable development strategies.

A special UN Commission on Sustainable

Development was created.

Also in 1992, the EU adopted its Fifth Environmental

Action Program, called "Towards Sustainability".


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In 1999, the Amsterdam Treaty

enshrined sustainable development as

one of the core task of the European

Union (Article 2 of the EC Treaty).


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In June 2001, the Gothenburg

European Council adopted the

Commission's Sustainable Development

Strategy.


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From 26 August to 4 September 2002,

the Johannesburg Summit reviewed the

progress made on global sustainable

development since the Rio Summit.


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Strategic Imperatives in BruntlandReport

The Bruntland report described seven strategic imperatives for

sustainable development:

1. reviving growth;

2. changing the quality of growth;

3. meeting essential needs for jobs, food, energy, water and

sanitation;

4. ensuring a sustainable level of population;

5. conserving and enhancing the resource base;

6. reorienting technology and managing risk;

7. merging environment and economics in decision-making.


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Principles of Sustainability describedin Bruntland Report

1. Recognise your ability to act sustainably in all you do

2. Play an active role in promoting more sustainable practices

3. Through education, promote a behavioural change which

exemplifies sustainable practices4. Do not compromise the possibilities of future generations through

unsustainable activities

5. Encourage consideration of alternative and more sustainable

solutions, strategies and perspectives in addressing concepts,problems or issues in business, government and communities


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Guiding Steps towards Sustainabilitydescribed in Bruntland Report

1. Develop an environment which supports human

dignity through gender and racial equality and

promotes intergenerational respect.2. Develop honesty and integrity in daily life.

3. Encourage the fair distribution of wealth.

4. Work to strengthen local communities andsafeguard the health and safety of all.


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5. Commit to maintaining and enhancing the integrity

and biodiversity of the natural environment

6. Use natural resources, such as water and land

wisely and aim to reduce consumption.

7. Refuse, reduce, reuse, repair and recycle.

8. Where possible buy green products, locally

produced with reduced packaging.


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9. Understand the synergies between advances in technology

and behavioural change to achieve sustainability.

10. Encourage ethical business practices.

11. Develop business strategies which promote good corporategovernance.

12. Encourage financial success through openness and

transparency.


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A more recent definition

A more recent and broader definition is the

following of 1996:

The concept of sustainability relates to themaintenance and enhancement of

environmental, social and economic resources,

in order to meet the needs of current and futuregenerations.


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Definition of Sustainability

The ability to

continue a defined

behavior indefinitely

Meet the needs

of the present without

compromising the

ability of future

generations to meettheir own needs

Sustainability

Sustainable

practices


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Components of Sustainability

The three components of sustainability are:

1. Environmental sustainability

It requires that natural capital remains intact.

This means that the source and sink functions of

the environment should not be degraded.


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Therefore, the extraction of renewable resources

should not exceed the rate at which they are

renewed, and the absorptive capacity to the

environment to assimilate wastes should not be

exceeded.

Furthermore, the extraction of non-renewable

resources should be minimized and should notexceed agreed minimum strategic levels.


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2. Social sustainability

Which requires that the cohesion of society and

its ability to work towards common goals bemaintained.

Individual needs, such as those for health and

well-being, nutrition, shelter, education and

cultural expression should be met.


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3. Economic sustainability

Which occurs when development, which moves

towards social and environmental sustainability,

is financially feasible.

Source: Gilbert, Stevenson, Girardet, Stren, 1996


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Objectives of Sustainable Development

3 mainobjective

of SD

Economic Objective (Increasedefficiency and growth)

Social Objective

(Reducepoverty/increased

equity)

Environmental

Objective(Management of

natural resources)

Income distribution

Employment

Targeted assistance

Environmental assessment

Valuation

Internationalism

Popular participation

Consultation

Pluralism


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Sustainable Society

The Natural Step Framework's definition of

sustainability includes four system conditions

(scientific principles) that lead to a sustainablesociety.

These conditions, that must be met in order to

have a sustainable society, are as listed on thenext slide.


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Sustainable Society

In a sustainable society, nature is not subject to

systematically increasing:

1. concentrations of substances extracted from the Earth's

crust;

2. concentrations of substances produced by society;

3. degradation by physical means and, in that society

4. the ability for humans to meet their needs is not

systematically undermined.


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Sustainable Society

Referring to the basic rights of existence (all

beings have the equal right to live on the earth,

to develop themselves and carry out theirtasks),

a sustainable living can also be defined as a

life where the basic rights of existence arerespected.
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Sustainable Society

In this philosophy, the Earth is regarded as a being

and not as matter".

Therefore when the basic rights of existence are

followed, the above mentioned conditions for

sustainability are all automatically fulfilled.

Sustainability follows automatically and imperatively

from respecting the basic rights of existence.


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Sustainable Society

In the discussion of this cosmic law , we

have seen that the more consistently a

human being lives" the basic rights of

existence, the closer he comes to his

objective of perpetual harmony and peace

within himself and his environment.
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Sustainable Society

Therefore it is also possible to conclude:

Only through a sustainable living it is

possible to reach the highest of all

human goals, to permanently be able to

experience inner peace, happiness and

harmony (self-realization).


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Sustainable Society

S stainable de elopment


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Sustainable developmentterminology

Ecology Ecology is the scientific study of the relation of

living organisms with each other and their surroundings.

Ecosystems

Ecosystems are defined by a web, community, or network ofindividuals that arrange into a self-

organized and complex hierarchy of pattern and process.

Sustainable development


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Ecosystems create a biophysical feedback between

living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) components

of an environment that generates and regulates

the biogeochemical cycles of the planet.

Ecosystems provide goods and services

that sustain human societies and general well-being.



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Ecosystems are sustained by biodiversity within

them.

Biodiversity

Biodiversity is the full-scale of life and its processes,

including genes, species and ecosystems forming

lineages that integrate into a complex

and regenerative spatial arrangement of types,forms, and interactions



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Ecological Footprint

The ecological footprint is a measure of

human demand on the Earth's ecosystems.

It compares human demand with

planet Earth's ecological capacity toregenerate.



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Ecological deficit

the amount by which the Ecological Footprint of a

population exceeds the biological capacity of the

space available to that population.

The national ecological deficit measures the amount

by which the countrys footprint (plus the countrys

share of biodiversity responsibility) exceeds theecological capacity of that nation.



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Embodied energy the energy used during its entire life cycle

for manufacturing, transporting, using and disposing.

Environmental responsibility as outlined in Agenda 21

is: the responsible and ethical management of products and

processes from the point of view of health, safety and

environmental aspects. Towards this end, business and industry

should increase self-regulation, guided by appropriate codes,

charters and initiatives integrated into all elements of business

planning and decision-making, and fostering openness and

dialogue with employees and the public.



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Overshoot the situation when human demand exceeds natures

supply at the local, national or global scale. According to William

Catton, it is growth beyond an areas carrying capacity, leading

to crash.

Precautionary approach the essence of the precautionary

approach is given in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration, which

states; where there are threats of serious or irreversible

damage, lack of scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason

for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental

degradation.



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Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a

structured, proactive process to strengthen the role of

environmental issues in strategic decision making (Tonk and

Verheem, 1998). SEA aims to integrate environmental

(biophysical, social and economic) considerations into the earliest

stages of policy, plan and programme development (Sadler,

1995). It is therefore a process of integrating the concept of

sustainability into strategic decision-making.

Waste factor the ratio between the quantity of prime resource

compared to the quantity of output.



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It represents the amount of biologically

productive land and sea area needed to

regenerate the resources a

human population consumes and to absorb

and render harmless the corresponding

waste.


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SD Indicators

The United Nations Commission for Sustainable

Development has prepared Indicators of

Sustainable Development as a holistic and

consistent method for monitoring progress

towards sustainable development to assist

decision-makers and to increase focus on

achieving sustainable development.


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SD Indicators

The indicators recognize the social,

environmental and economic components of

sustainable development as a means of

arriving at a broader, more complete

appreciation of communal development.


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SD Indicators

The UN Commission on Sustainable Development

(UNCSD) at its Third Session in April 1995

developed a working list of 134 indicators that were

subsequently tested and improved upon at national

levels.

A revised set of 58 indicators and methodology

sheets was prepared and is available for all countries

to use.


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Development Impacts

The pursuit of sustainable development

brings the construction industry, and

specifically the building industry componentthereof, into sharp relief.

The built environment is a major

component of contemporary life.


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Development Impacts

Almost half the worlds population

(47,2%) is now urbanized and by 2050 that

proportion will have reached two-thirds.

The urban population of the United

Kingdom is already at 89,5 percent.


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Development Impacts

Construction constitutes more than half of total

national capital investment in most countries, and

construction can amount to as much as 10 percent

of GDP.

It is estimated that the industry employs about 111

million people globally, and accounting for almost 28

percent of all industrial employment, is the biggest

industrial employer worldwide.


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Development Impacts

Construction accounts for 7 percent of total

employment with 75 percent of all construction

workers found in developing countries. Typically over 90 percent of workers are

employed in micro firms with less than 10

persons.


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Development Impacts

Construction activity is a consumer of materials and

scarce resources (water and energy), is a significant

contributor to global warming emissions (including

CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels), contributes to

air pollution (smoke and dust pollution), generates

vast quantities of waste, contaminates the soil, and

destroys existing vegetation.

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Development Impacts

Poverty is recognized as an important cause of environmental

degradation and therefore recognizes that economic

development has a crucial role to play in contributing to

poverty alleviation. The critical issues on which the debate has come to focus are,

therefore, the uneven spatial distribution of population relative

to natural carrying capacities, international interdependencies

in resource utilization and the extent as well as degree ofinefficient or irrational use of environmental resources.

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Development Impacts

The global intervention required to redress

this imbalance has to do with managing the

utilization of natural resources correctly.

This management requirement has come to

be termed sustainable development.

D l I


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Development Impacts

Its objectives are quite concrete: development only

takes place if the resource harvest rates are at levels

no higher than managed or natural regeneration

rates permit, and the use of the environment as a

waste sink occurs only on the basis that waste

disposal rates should not exceed the managed ornatural assimilation capacity of the environment.

Did Y K


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Did You Know

Approximately 1.6 million single-use pens are discarded each year in the

United States.

24 trees are cut down to make a ton of virgin printing and office paper.

A ton of paper made from 100% recycled paper, as compared to virgin

paper, saves the equivalent of 4,100 kilowatt-hours of energy, 7,000

gallons of water, 60 pounds of air emissions, and 3 cubic yards of landfill

space.

By sending their printer and copying cartridges for remanufacturing, U.S.

businesses could save $1.5 billion and at least 100,000 barrels of oil

annually.

Did Y K


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Did You Know

Standard incandescent bulbs have changed very little from

Thomas Edisons first light bulb in 1879.

Only 10% of the energy used by these standard bulbs

contributes to light; the other 90% is wasted as heat. Advanced technology enables compact fluorescent lights

(CFLs) to use 75% less energy than a standard

incandescent bulb and last up to 10 times longer.

Over the life of one CFL, you can avoid replacing up to 13incandescent bulbs!

Did Y K


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Did You Know

Water covers 70% of the earths surface, at least

97% of the worlds water is salty and undrinkable.

Another 2% of the earths water is polluted, polar

ice, or otherwise inaccessible and undrinkable.

That leaves approximately 1% of the earths water

for humans to use.


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Engineering for Sustainable


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Engineering for Sustainable

Developments

Nasir Shafiq and

Muhd Fadhil Nuruddin

Lea i Obje ti e


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Learning Objectives

Learning objectives of this lesson cover:

The Link between elements of sustainable

and engineering practices

Basic engineering principles and

sustainability

Examples of sustainable designs

Why Engineering for SD


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This lecture is intended to provide an

introduction to how sustainability and

sustainable development affect the way

in which engineering must in future be

practiced.



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Sustainable development is the process of moving human

activities to a pattern that can be sustained in perpetuity.

It is an approach to environmental and development issues

that seeks to reconcile human needs with the capacity ofthe planet to cope with the consequences of human

activities.

It is useful to represent the constraints that make

sustainable development an imperative in the form of asimple Venn diagram (next slide).


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Techno-centric concerns, which encompass

techno-economic systems, represent

human skills and ingenuity the skills thatengineers must continue to deploy and

the economic system within which we

deploy them.



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Eco-centric concerns represent the

ability of the planet to sustain us both

by providing material and energy

resources and by accommodating us and

our emissions and wastes.



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Socio-centric concerns represent human

expectations and aspirations the needs of

human beings to live worthwhile lives, summed

up by the phrase in many interpretations of

sustainable development as a better quality of

life for everyone, now and in the future.



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Sustainable development can be thought of as

the process of moving the circles together so

that they almost completely overlap but with the

societal and techno-economic circles sitting

within the environmental circle, at which point

all human activity is sustainable Figure at side.


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Although Figure on last slide is simplistic, it

reminds us that sustainability means living

within all three types of long-term

constraint:

technology cannot be deployed as though it has

no environmental or societal implications.



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Engineers must therefore be key players in

sustainable development, and have an obligation

as citizens not just to act as isolated technical

experts.

Achieving sustainability through sustainable

development will require some significant shifts

in behavior and consumption patterns.



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Often it will be and should be engineers

who lead processes of making decisions

about the use of: material,

energy and water resources,

the development of infrastructure,

the design of new products and so on.



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One implication is that engineers must

recognize and exercise their responsibility

to society as a whole, which may

sometimes conflict with their responsibility

to the immediate client or customer.



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Engineers will still be called on to design and manage

complex systems, or simple systems to meet complex sets

of demands.

However, sustainable development redefines the contexts

within which these skills must be deployed.

It is a new integrative principle, not a new set of tools, so

that the concept cannot simply be regarded as an add-on

to existing engineering skills and educational programs.

Scoping of Engineering for SD


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Holistic view, recognizes three (3) main

issues.

Firstly, engineering and sustainable

development are closely linked, with many

aspects of sustainable development depending

directly and significantly on appropriate and

timely actions by engineers.



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Secondly, engineering design is only a part,

though a very important part, of the extended

engineering process of analysis, synthesis,

evaluation and execution, as summarized in The

Universe of Engineering A UK Perspective,

(The Royal Academy of Engineering, 2000).



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Thirdly, engineering input to sustainable

development solutions must be provided in

partnership with many other interests. Such engineering input begins with participation

in framing the issue of concern or how it is

described in terms of the actual needs or wants

underlying the issue to be addressed.



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The input needed then proceeds through the

development and detailing of the engineering

dimension of options, to the implementation of the

option that is judged as the most attractive by andto the variety of stakeholders.

It is also vital that the engineering input includes

consideration of all of the consequences of that

implementation into the future.

Engineering Principles for SD


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The Principles of engineering for sustainable

development are presented together with the

guidance on its application in practice, should

assist all involved in engineering to make their

vital and urgent contribution to society to:

drive down the adverse environmental and social

aspects of engineered products, services and

infrastructure



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dramatically improve their environmental

performance

improve the contribution of engineering products,

services and infrastructure to a high quality of life help society to move towards a significantly more-

sustainable lifestyle

ensure products, services and infrastructure

meeting these criteria are competitive in their

marketplace and, ideally, the most competitive



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This task is vital and urgent, and demands innovation,

creativity and other traditional engineering skills, alongside

an ability to work with the many other disciplines involved.

It also requires a new view of the world, and a

preparedness to adopt new ways of working and thinking

about the impacts into the future negative as well as

positive of engineered products, processes and

infrastructure.


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Sustainability by American Societyf Ci il E i (ASCE)


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of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

A set of environmental, economic and social

conditions in which all of society has the

capacity and opportunity to maintain and

improve its quality of life indefinitely without

degrading the quantity, quality or the availability

of natural, economic and social resources.



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Code of Ethics, Fundamental Canon 1

"Engineers shall hold paramount the safety,

health and welfare of the public and shallstrive to comply with the principles of

sustainable development in the

performance of their professional duties.



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Policy

The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

supports government policies that encourage

anticipation of and preparation for possible

impacts of climate change on the built

environment.

Sustainability by American Societyof Civil Engineers (ASCE)


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Issue

Climate change could pose a potentially serious

impact on world-wide water resources, energy

production and use, agriculture, forestry, coastal

development and resources, flood control and

public infrastructure.



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Examples include:

Alterations to the hydrologic patterns for multi-purpose water

resource projects, of particular concern to civil engineers

working in the hydroelectric industry, and water supply utilities

where reservoir storage capacity may need to be increased.Climate extremes such as floods and droughts and other

significant variations in hydrologic patterns that may

necessitate changes or additions to flood control

infrastructure to provide adequate public safety andperformance.



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Changes in frequency and strength of

tropical storms that will require changes in

coastal protection systems.Changes in ocean levels that will require

adaptation of coastal infrastructure,

including ports.



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Changes in permafrost conditions that require

retrofitting existing foundations and alterations to

foundation design.

Such impacts could require modified agriculturalpractices and measures to deal with rising sea

levels, water supply and quality, threats to critical

infrastructure facilities and the potential for theoutbreak of disease.

According to Royal Academy ofEngineers UK


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Engineers, UK

According to Royal Academy of Engineering,

UK, 2005, there are 12 principles of

Engineering for Sustainable Development

that should be taken into account and are

of relevant to be mentioned here:



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Engineers, UK

1. Look beyond your own locality and the

immediate future

2. Innovate and be creative

3. Seek a balanced solution

4. Seek engagement from all stakeholders

5. Make sure you know the needs and wants

6. Plan and manage effectively



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Engineers, UK

7. Give sustainability the benefit of the doubt

8. If polluters must pollutethen they must pay as well

9. Adopt a holistic cradle-to-grave approach

10.Do things right, having decided on the right thing todo

11.Beware cost reductions that masquerade as value

engineering

12.Practice what you preach

Principle 1 Look beyond your ownlocality and the immediate future


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locality and the immediate future

In considering the effects of our decisions on the wider

world, we need to:

identify the potential positive and negative impacts of our

proposed actions, not only locally and soon but also outsideour immediate local environment, organization and context,

and into the future

seek to minimize the negative, while maximizing the

positive, both locally and more widely, and into the future

Principle 1 Look beyond your ownlocality and the immediate future


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locality and the immediate future

Examples where these considerations may apply

include the environmental and social effects of raw

material extraction, which may arise a very long way

from a product manufacturing plant or other point of

use such as construction, and in the environmental

effects of operating a product, which may also arise

far from its point of manufacture.

Principle 2 Innovate and be creative


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A sustainable development approach is creative, innovative

and broad, and thus does not mean following a specific set of

rules.

It requires an approach to decision-making that strikes abalance between environmental, social and economic factors.

This means that:

we are not seeking a holy grail of a single correct solution

Principle 2 Innovate and be creative


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alternative solutions can be identified that fit with the

sustainable development approach

it is very difficult to predict with certainty how these

alternatives will work into the future, so we need to provideoptions and flexibility for change and other action in the

future

there are no guarantees that our solutions will be truly

sustainable we therefore must do our best with the skills,knowledge and resources we have at our disposal now

Principle 3 Seek a balanced solution


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Approaches like the three pillars and the five capitals

seek to deliver economic, social and environmental success

all at the same time, and so seek to avoid any product,

process or project that yields an unbalanced solution. This could be one that generates significant environmental

harm, that generates social disquiet or that generates

economic loss or spends public funds inefficiently, because

each of these should be characterized as un-sustainable.



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Thus, in considering options and in our decision-

making, we need to:

not just seek to balance the adverse and positive

impacts on economic, social and environmentalfactors in the challenge we are addressing but seek

gains in all three

ensure, as far as practicable, that renewable or

recyclable resources are used preferentially before

non-renewable, non-recyclable ones



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ensure non-renewable resources are used, wherever

possible, only for the creation of permanent new assets

focus on the future at least as much as the present

aim for durability, flexibility and low impact products and

infrastructure

live off the interest rather than depleting natures

capital assets recognize that the environment is an

ecological system, and assess the carrying capacity ofthe environment and natures capacity for regeneration



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avoid irrecoverable changes to already-refined

materials

recognize that, even though enhancement of social

capital may be difficult to quantify, it is a very

important aspect of sustainable development

recognize that sustainable solutions that are

competitive will be promoted and propagated by the

market

Principle 4 Seek engagement fromall stakeholders


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all stakeholders

Society will ultimately say what is needed or wanted for any

development, sustainable or otherwise.

So reaching decisions in this area requires:

engagement of stakeholders to bring their different views,

perceptions, knowledge and skills to bear on the challenge

being addressed

professional engineers to participate actively in the decision-

making as citizens as well as in their professional roles


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Electricity

Generation from

fossil fuels

Household

appliances

Cement Replacing Materials


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Cement Replacement Materials in

Construction Industry


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Fiber ReinforcementSteel Reinforced Concrete

Wi d E


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Wind Energy

Photovoltaique Panels


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Photovoltaique Panels


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Hydroelectric Power Generation


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Recycling of Waste Materials

Conclusion


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Project site

Design

Construction

OperationMaintenance

Renovation

Deconstruction

Comfort

Durability

Utility

Economy

Sustainability as a process should be considered at all phases


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Questions

Thank you

Intro of Sustainability and Sustainable Development

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