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Transcript of Intracloud lightning with the high pulse repetition rate can be associated with emission of the high...
Intracloud lightning with the high pulse repetition rate can be associated with emission of the high energy photons and neutrons
Leonid V. SorokinEconomic & Mathematical modeling Department,
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
Thermonuclear reactions in gas discharge • The first public announcement on the thermonuclear reactions in gas discharge was
done by I.V. Kurchatov in his Speech at AERE/Harwell on 25th April 1956 [Kurchatov, 1956].
• Observation of Neutron Bursts Associated with Atmospheric Lightning Discharge [G. N. Shah, H. Razdan, Q. M. Ali, C. L. Bhat, 1985], [Shyam A., Kaushik T. C. 1999].
• The Discovery of Intense Gamma-Ray Flashes from the Earth atmosphere was done in 1994 by the Burst And Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on board the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory [Fishman, 1994].
• The measurements of the x-ray emission from rocket-triggered lightning was done by Dwyer, J. R., et al. [Dwyer, 2004].
• The laboratory sparks in air was studded after that [Dwyer, 2005] and the X-ray was found from 1.5 to 2.0 m spark gap and 5-10 cm series spark gaps within the 1.5 MV Marx generator.
• The gamma ray attenuation in air from the high-altitude intracloud lightning is not so huge to detect them from space [Williams, 2006].
• Usually TGFs are associated within several milliseconds with lightning current pulses [Carlson, 2009] or with intracloud lightning discharges [Stanley, 2006].
• The BATSE TGFs production are at altitudes less then 20 km and at higher altitudes from 30 km to 40 km and the dispersion signatures can be explained as a pure Compton effect [Østgaard, 2008].
• Neutron production in TGFs have been observed experimentally in coincidence with lightning [Carlson, 2010]
• The 99.99997% of the earth's atmosphere mass is concentrated below 100 km, distributed approximately as 50% is below 5.6 km and 40% from 5.6 km to 16 km. The lightning phenomenon also covers the first 100 km of the earth's atmosphere.
Non luminous emissions• First observed by both the ALEXIS and STRONG satellites in the
1990s, TIPPS or 'Trans-Ionospheric Pulse Pairs' are very intense VHF pulses originating from thunderstorm.
• They are 10,000 times stronger than normal lightnings and last 5µs. The second impulse is due to the reflexion on Earth of the first impulse and it usually separated by 10 to 110µs.
• First detected by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, Gamma ray bursts (1 ms) occur over thunderstorm regions. Their source is believed to lie at altitudes greater than 30 km.
• Sprites are produced by an avalanche of relativistic electrons started a cosmic radiation. This electron beam could interact with the air molecules and produce a X ray radiation and secondary gamma radiation.
• The sprites have an energy of approximately 20ev. But the Gamma ray bursts have an energy of one million ev.
TARANIS (Tool for the Analysis of RAdiations from lightNIngs and Sprites)
The polar orbit at 650 km altitude Payload includes:
2 cameras and 3 photometers (from IR to UV),
X- and -ray detectors (20 kev - 10 Mev), energetic electron detectors (70 kev - 4
Mev), and electric- and magnetic sensors in a wide
range (1 Hz - 30 MHz). Launch is scheduled for 2015.
French micro-satellite project managed by the Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement and Centre National
d'Etudes Spatiales (Orleans)
ASIM
(Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor)Scientific management - by
the National Space Institute, Denmark.
Mounted on the ISS external module Columbus, ASIM will study giant electrical discharges at high altitudes above thunderstorms.
The package of instruments includes 6 specially designed cameras, 6 photometers, and X- and -ray detectors. Expected to be launched in 2013, duration ~2 years.
JEM-GLIMS (Global Lightning and sprIte MeasurementS)
Optical instruments (20 kHz sampling) looking the nadir direction: • 2 wide FOV cameras• 6 wide-angle photometers in various bands VLF receiver: E-field in the range of 1-40 kHz. VHF antenna: in the range of 70-100 MHz
Launch: beginning of 2012
TLEs and TGF observation from Japanese Experiment Module of International Space
Station (ISS).
FIREFLY.Vission to study terrestrial Gamma-
Ray flashes
Science instrumentationGamma-Ray Detector Instrument. Scintillator system will measure the energy and time of arrival of X- and gamma-rays associated with TGF. The same instrument will be able to detect electrons in the hundreds of keV to few MeV range.
VLF receiver to measure e/m bursts from tens of Hz to tens of KHzPhotometer at high time resolution
Experiments are controlled by the same system which acquires 100 ms of data from all 3 sensors, if signal is above a pre-set threshold.
Expect to detect ~50 strokes per day and ~1 TGF every couple of days.
Launch in March 2011 .Part of the National Science Foundation's
CubeSat program.
TERRESTRIAL GAMMA-RAY FLASH PRODUCTION BY LIGHTNING
• Carlson, BE, Lehtinen NG, Inan US. 2007. Constraints on terrestrial gamma ray flash production from satellite observation. Geophysical Research Letters. 34:8809.
• Ostgaard, N, Gjestland T, Stadsnes J, Connell PH, Carlson BE. 2008. Production altitude and time delays of the terrestrial gamma flashes: Revisiting the Burst and Transient Source Experiment spectra. Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics). 113:2307.
• Carlson, BE, Lehtinen NG, Inan US. 2008. Runaway relativistic electron avalanche seeding in the Earth's atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics). 113:10307.
• Carlson, BE, Inan US. 2008. A novel technique for remote sensing of thunderstorm electric fields via the Kerr effect and sky polarization. Geophysical Research Letters. 35:22806.
• Carlson, BE. 2009. Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flash Production by Lightning. • Carlson, BE, Lehtinen NG, Inan US. 2009. Terrestrial gamma ray flash production
by lightning current pulses. Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics). 114 • Carlson, BE, Lehtinen NG, Inan US. 2010. Neutron production in terrestrial gamma
ray flashes. Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics). 115 • Carlson, BE, Lehtinen NG, Inan US. 2010. Observations of Terrestrial Gamma-Ray
Flash Electrons. American Institute of Physics Conference Series. 1118:84-91.
A.P.J. van Deursen
High-voltage laboratory at the Technical University of Eindhoven in the Netherlands (28 October 2010).
Nguyen, C.V.
• Plasma turbulence in the Spark discharge 1MV with 1m channel. Author’s color video at 1200 fps taken on the camera Casio Exlim EX-F1 in the High-voltage laboratory at the Technical University of Eindhoven in the Netherlands (28 October 2010). Courtesy to A.P.J. van Deursen and C.V. Nguyen
The pinch effect• The pinch effect can create instability of continuous gas discharge;
it can be due to the current oscillations that lead to the plasma density variation, the shock waives or some turbulence in the hot plasma.
• The X-ray emission usually observed during the pinch effect in the hot plasma conditions [Kurchatov, 1956] that is very common to the parameters of lightning stroke.
• The electrons and ions will be accelerated in the huge electric field for the energies of some MeV, and after that collide with emitting X-ray burst together with the high energy photons.
• The collision of relativistic electrons with Krypton (Kr) and Xenon (Xe) in the plasma discharge can significantly intensify the X-ray emission due to their bigger atomic charge.
17/05/2010, Moscow, 17:31
Burst of pulses in lightning electromagnetic radiation
• E. P. Krider, G. J. Radda and R.C. Noggle, Regular radiation field pulses produced by intracloud lightning discharges, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 3801-3804 (1975)
• V. A. Rakov, M. A. Uman, G. R. Hoffman, M. W. Masters and M. Brook, Burst of pulses in lightning electromagnetic radiation: Observations and implications for lightning test standards, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 38, 156-164 (1996)
• Y. Wang, G. Zhang, T. Zhang, Y. Li, Y. Zhao, T. Zhang, X. Fan and B. Wu, The regular pulses bursts in electromagnetic radiation from lightning, Asia-Pacific International Symposium on electromagnetic compatibility, Beijing, China, DOI 10.1109/APEMC.2010.5475814 (2010)
• E. P. Krider and R. C. Noggle, Broadband antenna system for lightning magnetic fields, J. Appl. Meteorol. 14, 252-256 (1974)
• I. Kolmašová1, O. Santolík., The submicrosecond structure of unipolar magnetic field pulse trains generated by lightning discharges // 1st TEA – IS Summer School, June 17th – June 22nd 2012, Málaga, Spain, Pp. 132-133.
An example of the most frequently measured burst type
• Source: I. Kolmašová1, O. Santolík., The submicrosecond structure of unipolar magnetic field pulse trains generated by lightning discharges // 1st TEA – IS Summer School, June 17th – June 22nd 2012, Málaga, Spain, Pp. 132-133.
A typical shape of negative unipolar pulses
• Source: I. Kolmašová1, O. Santolík., The submicrosecond structure of unipolar magnetic field pulse trains generated by lightning discharges // 1st TEA – IS Summer School, June 17th – June 22nd 2012, Málaga, Spain, Pp. 132-133.
Concentration of Deuterium
• It looks like the Deuterium concentration is too small in the regular water for the nuclear fusion reactions.
• The hydrogen isotopes concentration in water is Hydrogen 99.985% and Deuterium 0.015%, so about one in 6420 Hydrogen atoms in seawater is Deuterium.
• About one molecule of semiheavy water HDO can be in 3210 molecules of the regular water and heavy water D2O occurs in the proportion of one molecule in 41.2 million.
• The sea water evaporates from the sea surface and the water vapor rising in the atmosphere. During the cloud formation the air humidity in the cloud is close to 100% and a big amount of water is condensate in the droplets and ice particles.
• Due to the different freezing points of the water (TH20=0˚C) and heavy water (TD2O=3.82˚C) the concentration of heavy water will be bigger in the cloud ice particles.
• The D-T, D-D and D-3He reactions can go with the resulting energy barrier approximately from 100 KeV. We consider the D-D reactions going with the equal probability:
(1)(2)
• The products of the D-D reaction can collide with Deuterium:
(3)(4)
Basic Equations
)MeV 2.45()MeV 0.82( 10
32
21
21 nHeHH
)MeV 3.02()MeV 1.01( 11
31
21
21 pHHH
)MeV 14.1()MeV 3.5( 10
42
21
31 nHeHH
)MeV 14.7()MeV 3.6( 11
42
21
32 pHeHHe
Proton capture reaction • The proton capture reaction is well known
nuclear reactions of type (p,γ) and (p,a), so it can affect the chemical element and isotope structure of air gas mixture.
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
MeV 5.4932
21
11 HeHH
MeV .8149131
11 HH
MeV 1.94137
126
11 NCH
MeV 22.201
136
137 eeCN
MeV 7.55147
136
11 NCH
MeV 7.29158
147
11 ONH
MeV 76.201
157
158 eeNO
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
MeV 4.97126
157
11 CNH
MeV .1321168
157
11 ONH
MeV .60179
168
11 FOH
MeV .615189
178
11 FOH
MeV .9947199
188
11 FOH
MeV .983157
188
11 NOH
Isotopes
• The isotopes of Cl, K, F, Na, Br, Rb, I, Cs can appear in the proton capture reactions with Ar, Ne, Kr, Xe.
(16)
(17)
11
11
XXH AZ
AZ
42
31
11
XXH AZ
AZ
(n, n)
• The absorption cross section is often highly dependent on neutron energy. So the fast neutrons (2.45 MeV) should be slowdown to the thermal neutrons in the reaction (18). In the wet air it is possible due to the reaction of type (n, n) on the atoms of Hydrogen (1H), Carbon (12С), Nitrogen (14N) and Oxygen (16О).
(18)nXnX AZ
AZ
10
10
(n,γ)• After that for the thermal neutrons are used,
the process is called thermal capture. This reaction of type (n,γ) (19) can go on Helium (3He), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and others isotopes with huge absorption cross section.
(19)• Xenon-135 is a perfect neutron absorber (20)
due to its huge cross section for thermal neutrons σ = 2.65x 10+6 barns.
(20) XenXe 13654
10
13554
XnX AZ
AZ
110
(n,p)
• The reaction of type (n,p) goes with proton emitting
(21)
• The examples of this reaction of type (n,p) can be the Tritium, σ= 5400 barns (22) and Carbon-14 (23) production.
(22)
pXnX AZ
AZ
111
10
MeVpHHen 76.011
31
32
10
Carbon-14 • Carbon-14 is produced (23) in the upper layers of the
troposphere and the stratosphere on the altitudes from 9 to 15 km by thermal neutrons absorbed by Nitrogen-14 atoms [Ramsey, 2008]. This altitude is very common to the intracloud lightning discharges and X-rays from them [M. A. Stanley, 2006]. The Carbon-14 production rates vary because of changes to the cosmic ray flux and due to variations in the Earth’s magnetic field and had not agreed with high geomagnetic latitudes models [Ramsey, 2008].
MeVpCNn 63.011
146
147
10 (σ= 1.75 barns),
KeVeNC e 47.156147
146
(n,a) & (n,2n)
• The reaction of type (n,a) goes with emitting of α-particle (4He nucleus)
(24)
• The reaction of type (n,2n) goes with emitting of two neutrons
(25)
42
32
10
XnX AZ
AZ
nnXnX AZ
AZ
10
10
110
Discussion• X-ray and gamma-ray bursts with neutrons appear not in every lightning
discharge, they are rare in CG lightning and usually associated with intracloud lightning where the high pulse repetition rate can be observed.
• It is possible to explain this phenomenon by pinch effect or hot plasma instability with the plasma focus conditions in the compact area of plasma channel.
• The conditions for the pinch effect can be only in the case when the next lightning discharge goes in the same channel during the continuous current stage.
• For the intracloud lightning the repetition rate can go up to some hundreds within 0.1 ms, so the pinch effect can be common for them.
• The CG lightning usually goes with lower rate of some events per second and choosing the new channel for the next stroke. But it can happen that CG lightning goes in the same channel within some ms twice.
• So for the CG lightning the probability of pinch effect is lower then for intracloud lightning.
• This fact can explain that a few CG lightning can produce X-rays and gamma-rays with neutrons and for the intracloud lightning the high energy photons and neutrons are common.
Conclusion• The production of neutrons 2.45 MeV and protons
3.02 MeV in D–D Fusion reaction together with proton capture and neutron capture reactions can explain the production of the radioactive materials, gamma-ray radiation and the air ionization during the lightning discharges within a thunderstorm.
• The role of Helium ( 3He), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and others isotopes with huge absorption cross section is significant for the thermal neutrons capture.
• The X-ray and gamma-ray signatures from lightning can be explained due to the Compton scattering effect.
• The observation of the long period gamma-ray radiation during the thunderstorm can be due to the decay of isotopes.
References• Kurchatov I.V. On the possibility of producing thermonuclear reactions in gas
discharge // Atomic Energy, 1956, vol. 3, 65-75. (Nucleonics, June, 1956, 14, 37-42) 359-366
• Neutron Generation in Lightning Bolts / G. N. Shah, H. Razdan, Q. M. Ali, C. L. Bhat // Nature. — 1985. — Vol. 313. — Pp. 773–775.
• Fishman, G.J., P.N. Bhat, R. Mallozzi, J.M. Horack, T. Koshut, C. Kouveliotou, G.N. Pendleton, C.A. Meegan, R.B. Wilson, W.S. Paciesas, S.J. Goodman and H.J. Christian (1994) Discovery of Intense Gamma-Ray Flashes of Atmospheric Origin, Science, New Series, Vol. 264, No. 5163 (May 27, 1994), 1313-1316
• Shyam A., Kaushik T. C. Observation of Neutron Bursts Associated with Atmospheric Lightning Discharge // J. Geophys. Res. — 1999. — Vol. 104, No A4. — Pp. 6867–6869.
• Rakov, V. A., and M. A. Uman (2003), Lightning: Physics and Effects, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York
• Dwyer, J. R., et al. (2004), Measurements of x-ray emission from rocket-triggered lightning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L05118, doi:10.1029/2003GL018770
• Dwyer, J. R., H. K. Rassoul, Z. Saleh, M. A. Uman, J. Jerauld, and J. A. Plumer (2005), X-ray bursts produced by laboratory sparks in air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20809, doi:10.1029/2005GL024027
• Williams, E., et al. (2006), Lightning flashes conducive to the production and escape of gamma radiation to space, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D16209, doi:10.1029/2005JD006447
• Smith, D. M., L. I. Lopez, R. P. Lin, and C. P. Barrington-Leigh (2005), Terrestrial gamma flashes observed up to 20 MeV, Science, 307(5712), 1085– 1088, doi:10.1126/science.1107466
References• Stanley, M. A., X.-M. Shao, D. M. Smith, L. I. Lopez, M. B. Pongratz, J. D.
Harlin, M. Stock, and A. Regan (2006), A link between terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and intracloud lightning discharges, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06803, doi:10.1029/2005GL025537
• Nguyen, C.V. and A.P.J. van Deursen (2008), Multiple x-ray bursts from long discharges in air. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41 (2008) 234012 (7pp), doi:10.1088/0022-3727/41/23/234012
• Ramsey, C. Bronk (2008). "Radiocarbon Dating: Revolutions in Understanding". Archaeometry 50 (2): 249–275. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00394
• Carlson, B. E., N. G. Lehtinen, and U. S. Inan (2009), Terrestrial gamma ray flash production by lightning current pulses, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A00E08, doi:10.1029/2009JA014531
• Carlson, B. E., N. G. Lehtinen, and U. S. Inan (2010), Neutron production in terrestrial gamma ray flashes, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A00E19, doi:10.1029/2009JA014696
• Østgaard, N., T. Gjesteland, J. Stadsnes, P. H. Connell, and B. Carlson (2008), Production altitude and time delays of the terrestrial gamma flashes: Revisiting the Burst and Transient Source Experiment spectra, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A02307, doi:10.1029/2007JA012618
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