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Transcript of Intra-Vehicular Wireless Sensor Networks Sinem Coleri Ergen Wireless Networks Laboratory, Electrical...
Intra-Vehicular Wireless Sensor Networks
Sinem Coleri Ergen
Wireless Networks Laboratory,
Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Koc University
Outline
Motivation for Intra-Vehicular Wireless Sensor Networks Physical Layer Design Medium Access Control Layer Conclusion Current Projects at WNL
Outline
Motivation for Intra-Vehicular Wireless Sensor Networks Physical Layer Design Medium Access Control Layer Conclusion Current Projects at WNL
History of In-Vehicle Networking
Early days of automotive electronics Each new function implemented as a stand-alone ECU, subsystem
containing a microcontroller and a set of sensors and actuators Data exchanged between point-to-point links
sensorsensor sensorsensor
ECUECU
Body Control Module
Body Control Module
ECUECU
History of In-Vehicle Networking
In the 1990s Increase in the number of wires and connectors caused weight, cost,
complexity and reliability problems Developments in the wired communication networks
sensorsensor
ECUECU
sensorsensor actuatoractuator sensorsensor
ECUECUECUECU
Body Control Module
Body Control Module
History of In-Vehicle Networking
In the 1990s Increase in the number of wires and connectors caused weight, cost,
complexity and reliability problems Developments in the wired communication networks Multiplexing communication of ECUs over a shared link called bus
sensorsensor
ECUECU
sensorsensor actuatoractuator sensorsensor
ECUECUECUECU
Body Control Module
Body Control Module
History of In-Vehicle Networking
Today Increases in number of sensors as electronic systems in vehicles are replacing
purely mechanical and hydraulic systems causes weight, cost, complexity and reliability problems due to wiring
Advances in low power wireless networks and local computing
sensorsensor
ECUECU
sensorsensor actuatoractuator sensorsensor
ECUECUECUECU
Body Control Module
Body Control Module
sensorsensor sensorsensor
sensorsensor
sensorsensor
sensorsensorsensorsensor
ECUECU
sensorsensor
History of In-Vehicle Networking
Today Increases in number of sensors as electronic systems in vehicles are replacing purely mechanical
and hydraulic systems causes weight, cost, complexity and reliability problems due to wiring Advances in low power wireless networks and local computing Intra-Vehicular Wireless Sensor Networks (IVWSN)
sensorsensor
ECUECU
sensorsensor actuatoractuator sensorsensor
ECUECUECUECU
Body Control Module
Body Control Module
sensorsensor sensorsensor
sensorsensor
sensorsensor
sensorsensorsensorsensorsensorsensor
Active Safety Systems
•Change the behavior of vehicle in pre-crash time or during the crash event to avoid the crash altogether
•Examples: Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Traction Control System (TCS), Electronic Stability Program (ESP), Active Suspension System
Requires accurate and fast estimation of vehicle dynamics variables
•Forces, load transfer, actual tire-road friction, maximum tire-road friction available
On-board sensors + indirect estimation
Intelligent Tire
•More accurate estimation
•Even identify road surface condition in real-time
Enable a wide range of new applications
First IVWSN Example: Intelligent Tire
IVWSN: Distinguishing Characteristics
Tight interaction with control systems Sensor data used in the real-time control of mechanical parts in different
domains of the vehicles
Very high reliability Same level of reliability as the wired equivalent
Energy efficiency Remove wiring harnesses for both power and data
Heterogeneity Wide spectrum for data generation rate of sensors in different domains
Harsh environment Large number of metal reflectors, a lot of vibrations, extreme temperatures
Short distance Maximum distance in the range 5m-25m
Outline
Motivation for Intra-Vehicular Wireless Sensor Networks Physical Layer Design Medium Access Control Layer Conclusion Current Projects at WNL
Wireless Channel Measurements
Building a detailed model for IVWSN requires Classifying the vehicle into different parts of similar propagation
characteristics Collecting multiple measurements at various locations belonging
to the same class
engine
beneath chassis
passenger compartment
trunk
Wireless Channel Model: Beneath Chassis
81*18 measurement points at Two different vehicles: Fiat Linea and Peugeot Bipper Different scenarios: engine off, engine on, moving on the road
Channel Model: Large Scale Statistics
General shape of impulse response: Saleh-Valenzuela Model
cluster amplitude
ray decay rate
inter-arrival time of clusters
Channel Model: Small Scale Statistics
Characterized by fitting 81 amplitude values to alternative distributions
Channel Model: Simulation Results
Qualitative comparison Quantitative comparison
experimental power delay profile
simulated power delay profile
Outline
Motivation for Intra-Vehicular Wireless Sensor Networks Physical Layer Design Medium Access Control Layer Conclusion Current Projects at WNL
Medium Access Control Layer: System Requirements
Packet generation period, transmission delay and reliability requirements: Network Control Systems: sensor data -> real-time control of
mechanical parts: Automotive system, no automatic way of validating the performance of
control systems for different
-> use extensive simulations of closed loop models for a given
Main characteristics: Fixed determinism better than bounded determinism in control systems As increases, the upper bound on decreases down to zero
Medium Access Control Layer: System Requirements
Adaptivity requirement Nodes should be scheduled as uniformly as possible
EDF
Uniform
Medium Access Control Layer: System Requirements
Adaptivity requirement Nodes should be scheduled as uniformly as possible
EDF Uniform
1
Medium Access Control Layer: System Requirements
Adaptivity requirement Nodes should be scheduled as uniformly as possible
2
EDF Uniform
Medium Access Control Layer: System Requirements
Adaptivity requirement Nodes should be scheduled as uniformly as possible
3
EDF Uniform
Medium Access Control Layer: System Model given for each link l Choose subframe length as for uniform allocation Assume is an integer: Allocate every subframes
Uniform distribution minimize max subframe active time
EDF
Uniform
max active time=0.9ms
max active time=0.6ms
✓
Medium Access Control Layer: One ECU
Transmission rate of UWB for no concurrent transmission case
Transmission time
Maximum allowed power by UWB regulations
Energy requirement
Delay requirement
Periodic packet generation
Maximum active time of subframes
Medium Access Control Layer: One ECU
Optimal power and rate allocation is independent of optimal scheduling One link is active at a time Given transmit power, both time slot length and energy
minimized at maximum rate
Maximum rate and minimum energy at and
Medium Access Control Layer: One ECU
Optimal scheduling problem decomposed from optimal power and rate allocation: Mixed Integer Programming Problem
NP-hard: Reduce the NP-hard Minimum Makespan Scheduling Problem on identical machines to our problem.
Periodic packet generation
Maximum active time of subframes
Medium Access Control Layer: One ECU
Smallest Period into Shortest Subframe First (SSF) Scheduling 2-approximation algorithm
Medium Access Control Layer: One ECU Simulations
Use intra-vehicle UWB channel model Ten different random selection out of
predetermined locations
Medium Access Control Layer: Multiple ECU
How to exploit concurrent transmission to multiple ECUs to decrease the maximum active time of subframes? Allow concurrent transmission of sensors with the same packet
generation period -> fixed length slot over all frame assignment
What is the power, rate allocation and resulting length of time slot if they are combined?
How to decide which nodes are combined?
Medium Access Control Layer: Multiple ECU
Optimal power allocation for the concurrent transmission of n links: Geometric Programming Problem
-> Power control needed in UWB Packet based networks
Transmission time=packet length/rate of UWB for concurrent transmission
Energy requirement
Delay requirement
Medium Access Control Layer: Multiple ECU
Which slots to combine?
-> Mixed Integer Linear Programming problem
Propose Maximum Utility based Concurrency Allowance Scheduling Algorithm Define utility of a set: decrease in transmission time when
concurrent
In each iteration, add the node that maximized utility Until no more node can be added to increase utility
Outline
Motivation for Intra-Vehicular Wireless Sensor Networks Physical Layer Design Medium Access Control Layer Conclusion Current Projects at WNL
Conclusion
Intra-vehicular wireless sensor networks Increases in number of sensors causes weight, cost, complexity and
reliability problems due to wiring Advances in low power wireless networks and local computing
Physical layer Large scale-statistics: path loss, power variation General shape of impulse response: Modified Saleh-Valenzuela model Small-scale statistics
Medium access control layer Adaptivity requirement: Minimize maximum active of subframes Tight interaction with vehicle control systems Delay, energy and reliability requirements One ECU: 2-approximation algorithm Multiple ECU: Utility based algorithm to decrease subframe length
Publications
Y. Sadi and S. C. Ergen, “Optimal Power Control, Rate Adaptation and Scheduling for UWB-Based Intra-Vehicular Wireless Sensor Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 219-234, January 2013. [pdf | link]
C. U. Bas and S. C. Ergen, “Ultra-Wideband Channel Model for Intra-Vehicular Wireless Sensor Networks Beneath the Chassis: From Statistical Model to Simulations”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 14-25, January 2013. [pdf | link]
U. Demir, C. U. Bas and S. C. Ergen, "Engine Compartment UWB Channel Model for Intra-Vehicular Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 2497-2505, July 2014. [pdf | link]
Outline
Motivation for Intra-Vehicular Wireless Sensor Networks Physical Layer Design Medium Access Control Layer Conclusion Current Projects at WNL
Thank You!
Sinem Coleri Ergen: [email protected]
Personal webpage: http://home.ku.edu.tr/~sergen
Wireless Networks Laboratory: http://wnl.ku.edu.tr