Intra-EU mobility: trends, policies and · PDF fileIntra-EU mobility: trends, policies and...

Coordinating the Network of EU Agencies 2015

Intra-EU mobility: trends, policies and

impact

Conference on ‘Stimulating Mobility of Young Workers through

Mentoring’, Lisbon, 29th of May 2015

By

Klára Fóti

Research Manager,

Eurofound, LCQL


Recent Eurofound research – as key source

• Eurofound report Labour mobility in the EU: Recent trends and policies (2014), based on national reports (28 EU countries)

• Preliminary findings from Eurofound project Intra-EU mobility: Impact on public services. Empirical evidence from nine host countries. (Consolidated overview report to be published in 2015)


Outline

• Introduction: policy discourse

• Trends and extent of mobility between 2008 and 2013

• Experiences with measures for labour market and social inclusion

• Intra-EU mobility: direction East-West dominates – focus on inflow from the Central and East-European Member States (EU8+EU2=EU10) with high level of employment

• Take-up of unemployment benefits and employment services by EU10 citizens in some host countries


Intra-EU mobility: key dilemmas

Conflicting views on facilitating intra-EU mobility: At EU level: - Free movement as one of the core values of the EU, closely linked

to European citizenship; - The level of intra-EU mobility is low (compared, especially, to US) - Higher labour mobility within the EU – an efficient tool for better

matching labour demand with supply At Member State level: - Most key host countries of EU15: concerns, such as potential

abuse of their welfare system, social dumping, etc. - Many sending countries of the EU12/EU13: losing talented young

people (brain drain), aggravated consequences of ageing of their population, etc.


Annual cross-border and within-region mobility as a percentage of total population, 2010

0,29

0,39

0,95

0,98

1,24

1,5

2,4

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3

EU27: between 27 countries

Canada: between Quebec and 9 otherprovinces/territories

EU15: between NUTS-1 regions within countries

Canada: between 10 provinces/territories

US: between 4 main regions

Australia: between 8 states/territories

US: between 50 states

Labour mobility: low in international comparison (OECD-data)

Source: OECD, 2012


Changing patterns in labour mobility in the EU

Change in employment by nationality, 2008–2012, EU27 (thousands)

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Change

08-12

EU27 migrant

workers 5,771.5 5,870.8 6,073.0 6,405.2 6,599.0 14.3

Non-EU migrant

workers 8,854.6 8,574.0 8,559.5 8,684.7 8,582.3 -3.1

Native born

workers 206,535.0 202,930.8 201,679.5 201,851.1 200,799.0 -2.8

Source: EU-LFS, 2008–2012


EU nationals working in another Member State as a percentage of total employment, 2008–2012

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2008 2012

Scale of intra-EU labour mobility

Source: EU-LFS, 2008–2012


Mobile EU citizens and third-country nationals as % of the total labour force, by country of residence, 2013

Activity rate Employment rate Unemployment rate

TCN 67.7% 52.6% 12.4%

Nationals 72% 64.5% 22.2%

EU mobile

citizens

77.7% 68% 10%


Age composition of natives, EU-born foreign and non-EU-born foreign workers (%)

Source: Eurostat, EU-LFS, annual data, 2011, quoted in Eurofound, 2014, p. 29.


EXPERIENCES WITH MEASURES FOR INCLUSION


Main barrier to intra-EU mobility: Language

Practical difficulties encountered or expected in relation to working abroad (% of respondents)

52%

24%

16%

16%

13%

11%

10%

10%

10%

9%

6%

4%

4%

2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Lack of language skills

Finding a job

Finding a suitable housing

Adapting to a different culture

Dealing with the necessary adinistrative formalities

Accessing health care and other social benefits

Obtaining a work permit

Finding a job for my partner / spouse

Having my educational and professional qualifications recognised

having my pension rights transferred

Problems to return home and integrate inot professional or private life

Problems with income taxes or similar

Access to childcare, school or university for your children

Other

Source: Eurobarometer, 337/ Wave 72.5


• 14 EU Member States offer publicly funded language courses to EU mobile citizens: CZ, DK, EE, DE, IT, LV, LT, LU, MT, PT, RO, SK, SE

• National public employment services offer language courses to their citizens prior to departure to another country: HR, EE, FR, LV, LU, PL and SI

Availability of publicly-funded foreign language courses in the Member States

Source: Eurofound 2014, based on national reports


Main source of help received by working EU migrants in the host country to find current job or set up a business

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

GR CY PT IE FR LU LT NL UK AT ES BE SE EU15

Relatives/friends Public employment services

Private employment services Migrant or ethnic organisation

Other None

Availability of information about job opportunities in EU countries

Source: 2008 ad-hoc module of the EU-LFS Notes: Data available only for selected EU countries; data refers to migrants aged 15–74 yrs.


• Evidence that EURES – through the national public employment agencies – is increasingly becoming a key provider of information on job vacancies

• Public employment services in some Member States (FR, LV, LT and SE) have established additional job search databases to promote international vacancies

• With support of ESF and in cooperation with EURES, special agreements were signed by the German government with other EU Member States to attract young EU workers to Germany (see details on MobiPro-EU on the next slide)

• Cooperation between national employment agencies and information-sharing resources is still limited and needs to be further enhanced.

Support to cross-border matching of jobseekers and vacancies


• Sweden seems to be the only country providing support also for cross-country mobility within its active labour market policy measures. Its public employment service provides: – support for relocation expenses

– support for travelling costs for job interviews

– compensation for travel costs and accommodation for participants in labour market programmes

– Support provided for interregional and cross-border labour mobility

• Coordination between public employment services (PES) is conducted by EURES, but more to be done. This is the reason for recent EURES-reforms.

Support for moving


Support for young people – two examples

• MobiPro-EU: “The Job of my Life”. A programme, funded by Germany and partly by the EU and started in 2013. The new government continued it for the period of 2014-2017, for dual learning (budget: EUR 560 million), for people aged 18-17. Initially: agreement with Spain, later cooperation with EURES member-organisations, where unemployment is high. Partner countries: PT, ES, IT, BG, HR and IE. The programme included pre-departure training

• INOVContacto in Portugal: provision of quality training opportunities for young graduates, not only from the EU. Follow-up conducted with the participants (evaluation), having an alumni network.


INTRA-EU MOBILITY: DIRECTION EAST-WEST DOMINATES WITH HIGH EMPLOYMENT

(FOCUS ON EU10 CITIZENS)


Increased inflow of EU 10 citizens compared to other EU citizens

between 2004 and 2013: the example of Germany

Increase in immigration of EU mobile citizens – due mainly to increasing inflow from EU10 countries

Increasing inflow from EU10 by countries

•

Source: Country study on Denmark and Germany, respectively


Number and share of EU10 citizens in the 9 host countries

Number of EU10 citizens

63.898

1200000

225.962

1.175.138 1.128.511

126.643 158.037 143.075

1328250

0

200.000

400.000

600.000

800.000

1.000.000

1.200.000

1.400.000

Their share in total population (%)

1,1

1,6

5

2,5

1,9

0,8

2

1,5

2,1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 2 4 6 8 10

Sources: Country studies/Eurostat


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

EU28 EU27 EU15 DK DE IEES IT

NLAT

SWUK

67,6 67,6 67,5 66,9 68,4 65

54,8

66,9 72

66,9 65

80,3

Total

Native

EU12

Source: Eurostat

Employment rate of EU12 mobile citizens (NMS), compared to that of natives and total, by host countries, 2011


TAKE-UP OF BENEFITS AND SERVICES BY EU10 MOBILE CITIZENS,

COMPARED WITH OTHER GROUPS


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Natives EU-10 Poland Bulgaria Romania EU-15 Candidatemember-states

Social assistance

Unemployment

Occupational disability

Take up of benefits – example Netherlands

Take up of main types of benefits by natives, EU-10 migrants and some other migrant groups in percent in the Netherlands (December, 2012)

Source: Eurofound – country study Netherlands


• Needs of mobile EU citizens not met by host countries: information provision and language services

• Pressure at local level (schools, health service etc.) where there is increased concentration of EU mobile citizens (especially UK, Germany)

• Staff in service providers need better and more training on regulations concerning EU mobile citizens

Impact of intra-EU mobility on public services


• More attention should be directed towards inclusion measures, for example language courses and information provision not only to facilitate better labour market and social integration, but also to prevent poverty among EU mobile citizens

• Enhanced cooperation between national employment services would assist job-matching across borders

• There is a need to know more about “best practices” so that they could be applied in other Member States as well.

Some conclusions

Intra-EU mobility: trends, policies and · PDF fileIntra-EU mobility: trends, policies and...

Documents

Transcript of Intra-EU mobility: trends, policies and · PDF fileIntra-EU mobility: trends, policies and...