Interwar Period: United States

Objectives Comprehend the factors that contributed to United

States’ national security and foreign policy during the interwar years.

Describe the factors that influenced United States’ military doctrine during the interwar period

Roaring Twenties The powerful economy might of

America from 1920 to October 1929 is frequently overlooked or simply submerged by the more exciting topics such as Prohibition and the gangsters, the Jazz Age, etc.

However, the strength of America was generated and driven by its vast economic power.

American Foreign Policy (1920s)

Isolationism – belief that the U.S. was falsely drawn into WWI

Demobilization of Armed Forces

Minimize Foreign Entanglements that lead to WWI

League of Nations

World Court

Promote Free Trade -- Economic Prosperity would influence international relations in preventing conflict and war

Diplomacy of Peace Washington Conference (1921)

Naval disarmament effort among Britain, Japan and the United States

Good Neighbor Policy (1933)

Policy of U.S. non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America. The United States would be a “good neighbor” and engage in reciprocal exchanges with Latin American countries

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

Treaty between the United States and other Powers providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy. Signed in 1929 by: United States, Australia, Dominion of Canada, Czechoslovkia,

Germany, Great Britain, India, Irish Free State, Italy, New Zealand, and Union of South Africa, Poland, Belgium, by France and Japan

The Great DepressionSignaled by the catastrophic collapse of stock-market prices on the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929

12 million people out of work

12,000 newly unemployed every day

20,000 companies filed bankruptcy

1616 banks filed bankruptcy

1 farmer in 20 evicted

23,000 people committed suicide in one year - the highest ever

The New Deal Among the New Deal measures in 1933:

Emergency Banking Act: Provided the president with the means to reopen viable banks and regulate banking;

Economy Act: Cut federal costs through reorganization of and cuts in salaries and veterans' pensions;

Civilian Conservation Corps Act : Three million young men, between the ages of 18 to 25, found work in road building, forestry labor , etc.Federal Emergency Relief Act: distributed $500 million to states and localities for relief

Tennessee Valley Authority Act: Allowed government to build dams and power plants in the Tennessee Valley, coupled with agricultural and industrial planning, to generate and sell the power, and to engage in area development.

U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1930’s

Nation still struggling out of the Great Depression

Isolationism and Peace Movements remain popular in American public thought

Journey to “The Arsenal of Democracy” Neutrality Act (1935): Designed to keep the United States out of a

possible European war by banning shipment of war materiel to belligerents

Cash and Carry (1939) The revision allowed the sale of materiel to belligerents, as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash

Lend lease (1940) European allies didn't have to pay cash or arrange transportation any longer. Instead, the U.S. would demand payment

at a later time.

Interwar Defense Policy

Demobilization

Army from Division to Brigades

Defense policy strongly influenced by:

National Strategy: Isolationism and diplomacy first

Budgetary constraints

Navy or Air Force

Airmen begin an aggressive fight for budgetary survival and institutional existence

Capture the public eye and interest

Air Corps Tactical School (ACTS) Arguably one of the most advanced schools

on airpower theory during the interwar years

Strong zealotry for airpower for defense, but more importantly for strategic bombing.

Established a fundamental doctrine:

Modern great powers rely on industry and economic centers for survival

Disruption or paralysis of these systems destroys the enemy’s capability and will to fight

Target select is vital: US industrial studies by ACTS in 1930s.

US Navy reaction

Fight for Independence While ACTS fought US Navy for dwindling

defense budget during the interwar period, it also fought it own service…the US Army

Army leadership very skeptical of ACTS claims, but airpower was also drawing in defense spending

Court Marshall of Col Billy Mitchell (1925)

Chief ACTS concerns:

Failure to understand strategic bombing

Inadequate equipment/training

“Penny packing” use of airplanes

General “Hap” Arnold

8:30-10:45

War Plan Development In late 1940, President Roosevelt tasks the armed services to develop a

series of war plans against the Axis Powers.

The United States developed a series of plans, called Rainbow Plans, that addressed array of potential adversaries. The primary war planning institutions were the war colleges of the US Army and US Navy (Joint Planning Board).

Assumption of a defensive posture by the U.S.

Provision of support for the British Commonwealth and China.

Implementation of Rainbow 4 actions for defense of the hemisphere.

Cooperation with certain South American countries.

Undertaking of "progressive" mobilization including a draft and other measures to accelerate production of war material and training of personnel.

Beginning of preparations for the "almost inevitable conflict" with totalitarian powers.

War Plan Development Army Air Corps General Staff and ACTS

slip into the annex of the US Army’s plan, Air War Plan Directive 1 (AWPD-1).

AWPD-1 while agrees to provide an air defense and support of land forces in case of an invasion, it is largely a detailed blueprint of daylight precision bombing.

The Army’s overall War Plan is approved (as is the AWPD-1 annex).

AWPD-1 becomes the US air war strategy for WWII.

Interwar Period: United States

Battle proven

Joint Operations / Planning

Adequate Defense Budget

Adaptive to new technology

Consistency of command and organization

Technologically advanced defense industry

Industrial Capacity

Military Readiness

Political Unity

X

X

X

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