Interregional Patterns of Culture and Contact, 1200-1550 Chapter 14 The Latin West, 1200-1500.
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Transcript of Interregional Patterns of Culture and Contact, 1200-1550 Chapter 14 The Latin West, 1200-1500.
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Interregional Patterns of Culture and Contact, 1200-1550
Chapter 14
The Latin West, 1200-1500
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Objectives• Be able to analyze the causes and consequences of
Europe’s fourteenth-century demographic disaster.• Be able to describe and explain the significance in
world history of technological development and urbanization in the Latin West in the later Middle Ages.
• Understand the ways in which the intellectual developments of the later Middle Ages reflected Westerners’ views of themselves and their relationship to the past.
• Understand the ways in which the Hundred Years War and the emergence of the “new monarchies” laid the foundations for the modern European state system.
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The Later Middle Ages• 1200 - 1500 CE• European Issues
– Muslim invasions– lack of European unity– Black Death– Hundred Years War
• European Progress– material prosperity– effects of war– ‘Latin West’ identity
• Christianity• competition• technology / learning
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Rural Growth and Crisis
Rural Europe– 9/10 rural– tough on peasants
• Serfdom– % of harvest & labor– motivation / inefficiency
• Women– inferior to men– “image of God is found in
man”
• Farming transition– warming climate– 3-field system & harness
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Rural Growth and Crisis
Populations Issues– equals China by 1300– Latin growth to east– exceeds farm production
• climate / war• 30-35 year life span
Black Death– 1347-1351 CE– death within days– 1/3 of Western
Europeans– recovery by 1500 CE
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Rural Growth and Crisis
Social Result– laborer demand for
higher wages• bought land with wages
– peasant revolts– disappearance of
serfdom• shift from manor to
cities– rise in per capita
production• overall contraction
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Rural Growth and Crisis
‘Industrial Revolution’• borrowed technology
– watermills• cog in iron metallurgy• rise in mining
– windmills
• building booms– stone quarrying
Environment– damming of rivers– quarry pits and mines– river pollution– deforestation
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Urban RevivalTrading Cities
– growth of trade and manufacturing after 1200
– N. Italy and Flanders• Venice and Genoa• Hanseatic League• Belguim
• Italian Trade– Constantinople - 1204
• Black Sea trade– Mongol expansion west
• far east trade• Marco Polo - 1271-1295
• European trading fairs– textile industry
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Urban Revival
Civic Life– social freedom
• independent states– adaptation to changing
markets (autonomy)– social mobility
• residents claim freedom– Jewish ‘homeland’
• business skills• persecution
– Christian Church
• Guilds– trade specialists (union)– dominate civic life
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Urban Revival
Guild Duties– regulate business
practices– regulate prices– trained apprentices– women members
• Jewish discrimination
Merchant Bankers– money changing & loans– church and state
• tithes and war loans– Florence & Augsburg– Jewish money-lenders
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Urban Revival
Gothic Cathedrals– 1140 CE– competition
• pointed arch• flying buttresses
– height and light– stained glass
Clock– time-keeping
• China water clock– 1st regular use in urban
life• tower• church steeple
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The Renaissance
Renaissance– “rebirth” in N. Italy– 12th century urban
renewal• universities• intellectual and artistic
• Scholarship– ancient Greek and Arabic
• S. Italy, Sicily, & Toledo– Jewish translation– monasteries
• Dominicans / Franciscans– modern universities
• degree granting
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The RenaissanceUniversities
– 80 by 1500 CE• Oxford and Cambridge
– often formed by guilds• apprentice• master / doctor
– Latin• fluidity of movement
– specialty• medicine, law, theology• “queen of the sciences”
• scholasticism– synthesis of philosophy
with Biblical truth• Summa Theologica
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The RenaissanceLiterature
– ‘The Divine Comedy’• Dante Alighieri
– ‘Canterbury Tales”• Geoffery Chaucer
• vernacular– local or regional language– larger audience
• humanists– literary movement
• philosophy and ethics– Greco-Roman classical
themes– reforming of secondary
education
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The RenaissanceHumanists
– mastering of Greek and Latin
• Vatican Library• corrections of copyists
Printing– movable type– new ink– printing press
• Johann Gutenberg• Gutenberg Bible - 1454
– rise in literacy– access to ancient texts
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The RenaissanceArtistic Influence• style
– replace stiff w/ natural– identifiable emotions
• technology– linseed oil
• subject– mythical tales– everyday life
• patronage– wealthy
• de’ Medici– prelates
• Rome as papacy
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Political Transformation
Monarchs– hereditary– limited treasuries– noble rights
Nobles– landed– advise and consent
Church– independence
Cities– independence– economic influence
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Military TransformationTechnology
– crossbow• metal-tipped arrows• professional position
– firearm
Papal / Monarch Politics– Pope Boniface
• papal bull of 1302– King Philip IV
• Avignon (1309)• loss of papal neutrality
– Great Schism • 1387-1405 CE• rival papal claimants
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The Great Schism
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Royal AuthorityFrance
– King Louis IX• royal courts; bypass
noble consent– King Philip IV
• creates 3rd estate: weaken nobles/church
England– King John ‘Softsword’
• Magna Carta - 1215– subject to law– nobleman rights– Church independence
• State boundaries
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Hundred Years War
Hundred Years War– 1337-1453 CE– marriage alliances– French king and vassals
• Edward III
• military influences– French crossbowmen– English longbowmen– cannon fire
• Battle of Agincourt - 1415– Joan of Arc
• Battle of Orleans - 1429
• 1453 truce
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Hundred Years War
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New Monarchies
Centralization of Power– British Isles– French nobles
• knights ‘outgunned’• professional military
– nobles, merchants, church
‘National’ Boundaries– incorporation
Representative Institutions– England
• Parliament - 1500 CE– France
• Estates General
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Iberian Unification
Reconquista– Iberia from Muslim rule
• Toledo - 1085• Lisbon - 1147• Cordoba - Seville - 1249
– expanding Christianity
• Marriage - 1469– Isabella of Castile– Ferdinand of Aragon
• Granada - 1492• expulsion
– Jews and Muslims