Internetworking -...

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Internetworking

Prof. Ir. Kudang B. Seminar, MSc, PhD

Direktur Komunikasi & Sistem Informasi IPB

Bogor, 12 Februari 2014

Internetworked Enterprises (IE) • A new model of business has emerged within the

Digital-Economy called Internetworked Enterprise

(IE); it’s a model that posits networks, communities of

individuals and refusal of a centralized mindset as the

core elements of the new frame of reference.

• Internetworked Enterprises are called by some

scholars 'Extended' Enterprises, which use digital

network to co-operate and compete with other e-

business community partners by exchanging

knowledge and information across trans-national

borders.

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Passiante, Giuseppina (Ed.) (2010). Evolving Towards the

Internetworked Enterprise: Technological and Organizational

Perspectives. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-7278-1

• Evolving Towards the Internetworked Enterprise:

Technological and Organizational Perspectives is an

edited volume based on a three year research project

financed by the Italian Ministry of Research and

Education.

• This book presents an overview of IE business

methodologies, models, and an interpretative framework

analyzing the sector and organizational contingencies that

influence the digitalization of organizational processes in

networks of SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprise). A set

of case studies that provide empirical evidence on the IE

phenomenon is included as well.

What is Internetworking?

• Internetworking : suatu bentuk hubungan, kerjasama atau kemitraan yang mendayagunakan TI (teknologi informasi) berbasis jaringan (internet, intranet, ekstranet)

• Trend: menuju pada Internetworked Enterprises (B-to-B, B-to-C, G-to-G, G-to-B, G-to-C)

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Figure 1-11

Supply Chain Management (SCM)

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Physiology of an Internetworked Enterprise

Virtual Clusters at different ontological levels

at each level, emergent systems show a similar topology even if “dimension” of nodes is different

system shows a scale invariance.

Groups

Individuals

Internetworked Enterprise

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Globalization

Technology

Efficient

Global

Markets

Global Business

Operation and Alliances

The Networked Global

Corporation

Drives of Change

Competitive Environment

Competitive Response Implementation

How Information Technology Support The Globalization of

Business?

Shift of Paradigm in Business: Towards Electronic Data

Interchange (EDI)

E-Mail

LAN/

WAN

Video

Conference

Fax Voice

mail

Pagers

Cable-

Television

Phone/

Celullar

Merging of Computing

& Communications

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Businesses’ Trend

• Becoming internetworked enterprises

• Supported by computer networks to

allow fast & accurate data exchange

and expansion of business scale with

better coordination, and cooperation

• Widely distributed enterprises

connected via MAN, WAN, LAN

Trend of Telecommunication

Technology

Toward the use of the Internet and other open

and interconnected local & global digital

networks for multimedia with heavy use of

high speed fiber optic lines and satellite

channels to form a global information

superhighway system.

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Information Superhighway

An advanced high speed Internet-like

network that connects individual

households, businesses, government

agencies, libraries, schools, universities,

and other institutions with interactive

voice, video, data and multimedia

communications.

ISDN (Integrated Services

Digital Network)

A network that provides integrated

services of data exchange in various

forms: voice, video, data, images, and

multimedia communications.

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Business Value of

Internetworking

• Overcome geographic barriers

• Overcome time barriers

• Overcome cost barriers

• Overcome structural barriers

Internet, Intranet, Extranet

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Layered System View

Intranet

Extranet

Internet

Corporate members

Clients, partners, customers

Global society: competitors

What is Internet?

• a worldwide system of computer networks

• a public, cooperative, and self-sustaining

facility accessible to hundreds of millions of

people worldwide

• use a set of protocols called Transmission

Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

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What is Intranet?

• Networks connecting an affiliated set of

clients

• Using standard Internet Protocols,

especially TCP/IP and HTTP, and some

FTP

• IP-based network of nodes behind a set of

firewalls

• part of a company's intranet that is extended to

users outside the company

• securely share part of a business's information

or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners,

customers, or other businesses

What is Extranet?

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CASE SAMPLE:

COMPUTER NETWORKS

EXTRANET

INTRANET INTRANET

INTERNET

DISTRIBUTED NETWORK

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INTERNETWORKED ENTERPRISE

IT

Perusahaan

Pemerintah Konsumen

Efficient

Global

Markets

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RENTAL TANAMAN HIAS

SHORT TERMS

Grand Openning Events

Graduation

LONG TERMS

Political Events

Holiday Events

OUR PRODUCTS

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Florist

Petani bunga

Manajemen dan staf

Konsumen Bank

Pemasok pupuk dan

sarana pendukung

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INTRANET

• Owner

• Pegawai

• Pemasaran

• Produksi

• Penjualan

EXTRANET

• Toko Bunga

• Bank

• Jasa Pengiriman

• Suplier Bunga

INTERNET

• Pelanggan

• Suplier bahan baku

TANGIBLE BENEFIT

Hemat lahan produksi & ruang simpan

Biaya produksi ↓

Efisien inventory

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Hambatan geografis ↓

Pelayanan ↑ dan feedback dari pelanggan faster

Relasi dengan mitra ↑

Kemampuan bersaing ↑

Pengembangan perusahaan ↑

Citra perusahaan ↑

Efisiensi biaya dan operasional ↑

Konsumen hemat waktu dan tenaga

Easier

Faster

Anytime

Anywhere

APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE

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3/10/2014 Kudang B. Seminar 33

Internetworking for Strategic

Advantage

Kudang B. Seminar


Fundamentals of Strategic

Advantage

An enterprise must survive in the globally competitive era

Internetworking can change the way businesses compete

Internetworking is designed & implemented as vital competitive networks that help an enterprise achieve its strategic objectives

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Information Systems as a

Strategic Resource

Competitive Marketplace

Company A Internally

Strategic

Company B

Inter-Firm

Strategic

Focus

“Alliance”

Externally

Strategic


Competitive Forces

Rivalry of competitors within its industry

Threats of new entrants,

Threats of substitutes,

The bargaining power of customers, and

The bargaining power of suppliers

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Competitive Strategies

Cost Leadership Strategy

Differentiation Strategy

Innovation Strategy

Growth Strategies

Alliance Strategies


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Cost Leadership Strategy

Become a low cost producer of products

and services

Find ways to help suppliers or customers

reduce their costs

Increase the costs of competitors.


Differentiation Strategy

Develop ways to differentiate products and

services from competitors.

Reduce the differentiation advantages of

competitors.

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Innovation Strategy

Develop new products & services

Enter new markets or marketing segments

Establish new business alliances

Find new ways of producing

products/services

Find new ways of distributing

products/services


Growth Strategies

Significantly expand the company’s

capacity to produce goods and services

Expand into global markets

Diversify into new products and services

Integrate into related products and

services.

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Alliance Strategies

Establish new business linkages and

alliances with customers, suppliers,

competitors, consultants and other

companies (mergers, acquisitions, joint

ventures, forming virtual companies, etc.).


Creating a Virtual Company (VC)

Adaptability

Opportunism

Excellence

Technology

Borderless

Trust-based

VC is an organization that uses information

technology to link people, assets, and ideas.

Characteristics

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Business strategies of VC

Share infrastructure and risk

Link complementary core competencies

Reduce concept to cash time through sharing

Increase facilities and market coverage.

Gain access to new markets and share market or customer loyalty

Migrate from selling products to selling solutions.


Using the Inter-, Intra-, Extra-net

Strategically

Cost and Efficiency Improvements

Performance Improvement in Business Effectiveness

Global Market Penetration

Product and Service Transformation

System Security

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What is a Portal

Collection of a variety of useful information into a one-stop Web page

Bridges to information silos

Access points that reach across deep and surface web content

Online access to intranet corporate information

One-stop information access point

Google with “good” content

What is a Portal

During this presentation a portal means: A common place to find information

A point and click entry place to other places

Easy access to data

What you want, where you need it, when you need it.

According to Webopedia: A Web site or service that offers a broad array of resources and

services, such as e-mail, forums, search engines, and on-line shopping malls. The first Web portals were online services, such as AOL, that provided access to the Web, but by now most of the traditional search engines have transformed themselves into Web portals to attract and keep a larger audience.

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Portals According to IBM

A 2001 presentation by IBM on iSeries says Portal stands for: P = Personalization for the end user

Personal or community desktop

O = Organization of the user's desktop

Consolidated access to data in a layout that suites them

R = Resource division determines "Who Sees What"

Membership services and layered authentication

T = Tracking of activities

The more the portal is used, the more it can be tailored

A = Access to heterogeneous data stores

RDBM, e-mail, news feeders, web servers, various file systems

L = Location of important people and things

Realtime access to experts, communities, and content

Portals versus Websites

Portals do not replace Websites

External users still need access to your home

page

Portals are designed to be access points to

specific information and places

Portals work well in intranets and extranets

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Browser-Based Data

Integration

A Web-based access point

to federated content:

Content from multiple data

sources

applications, databases,

content systems, the Web

A personalized home page

Accessible via multiple

channels

Desktop, mobile devices,

phone (voice interface)

Portal functionality

Discover -High quality searching

Capture -Harvesting and delivery tools

Manipulate -Text-processing and citation management tools

Distribute -Contribution and publication tools

Consult -Access to Virtual/Online Reference and electronic scholarly communities

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Portal types (according to WhatIs.com)

General portals:

Yahoo!

MSN

Hotmail

Excite

Niche portals:

Fool.com (for investors)

Garden.com (for gardeners)

SearchNetworking.com (for network administrators)

Portal types (according to PortalsCommunity.com)

A significant portal implementation can be

comprised of multiple types of portals and

blended into a hybrid solution.

Types: Corporate or Enterprise (Intranet) Portals -

Business to employees (B2E) portals;

eBusiness (Extranet) Portals;

Personal (WAP) portals;

Public or Mega (Internet) portals.

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Enterprise Information Portals (EIP)

Designed for activities and communities to improve the access, processing and sharing of structured and unstructured information within and across the enterprise;

Incorporate roles, processes, workflow, collaboration, content management, data warehousing and marts, enterprise applications and business intelligence;

Provide employee access to other types of portals such as eBusiness portals, personal portals and public portals.

Federated Portal: A union of independent departmental or group portals into a cohesive portal solution;

Provide access to syndicated content which is defined as external information, from a single or multiple sources, that is maintained by a third party (e.g. news feeds).

eBusiness (Extranet) Portals

Extended enterprise portals: Examples:

business to customer (B2C) which extend the enterprise to its customers for the purpose of ordering, billing, customer service, self-service, etc.;

business to business (B2B) which extends the enterprise to its suppliers and partners. B2B portals are transforming the supplier and value chain process and relationships.

eMarketplace portals: Examples:

www.commerceone.net: focuses on the North American Maintenance, Repair and Operations (MRO) market. CommerceOne provides commerce-related services to its community of buyers, sellers and net market makers;

www.vertical.net: connects buyers and sellers online by providing industry-specific news and related product and service information;

www.globalnetxchange.com: a B2B (business to business) network for mass merchants, specialty, grocery and category retailers to buy, sell, trade or auction goods and services.

http://www.commerceone.net/

http://www.vertical.net/

http://www.globalnetxchange.com/

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eBusiness (Extranet) Portals

ASP portals – Application Service Provider (ASP)

portals are B2B (business to business) portals that

allow business customers the ability to rent both

products and services.

Examples of an ASP:

Salesforce.com - manages the sales and reporting process

for a distributed mobile sales team;

Mysap.com and oraclesmallbusiness.com are complete

enterprise systems offered through a portal framework via

the Web.

Personal (WAP) portals

Pervasive/omnipresent portals or mobility portals: embedded in Web and cellular phones, wireless PDAs

(Personal Desktop Assistant), pagers, etc. Personal or mobility portals are increasingly popular and important for consumers and employees to obtain product and service information such as prices, discounts, availability, order status, payment status, shipping status, etc;

Appliance portals - These portals are embedded in TVs (WebTV), automobiles (OnStar), etc.

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Public or Mega (Internet) portals

Organizations that fit into this category are

becoming “new media” companies and are focused

on building large online audiences with large

demographics or professional orientation.

Two major types of public portals:

General public portals or mega portals:

address the entire Internet versus a specific community of

interest and include: Yahoo, Google, Overture, AltaVista,

AOL, MSN, Excite, etc.

General public portals or mega portals will become fewer

and consolidate over time.

Public or Mega (Internet) portals

Industrial portals, vertical portals or vortals: Rapidly growing and are focused on specific

narrow audiences or communities such as consumer goods, computers, retail, banking, insurance, etc.

Examples of vertical portals include:

www.ivillage.com which focuses on families;

www.bitpipe.com that is a syndicator of information technology content.

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Portal characteristics

Single, powerful search

Fast and powerful

Integration of diverse content (public web, licensed journals, digitized materials, news feeds, etc.)

Searches across formats and record syntaxes

Searches may be limited by range of options (subject, format, date)

Results are deduped, sorted and may be ranked by relevancy

Content may be searched by subject

Portal characteristics

Supports authentication

Supports authorization

Can be personalized

Can be customized

Integrates appropriate applications such as

course management software or citation

building tools, etc.

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Requirements for an enterprise

portal

Easy to Use. “An enterprise portal must be geared to the skills of the broadest range of users in order to promote self service.” As a consequence the enterprise portal has a graphical interface and uses a public browser like consumer portals in the internet.

Universal Information Access. An EIP must provide broad access to structured and unstructured information from “a variety of sources—intranet, internet and extranet.” Portals require comprehensive metadata sources to describe the content in the right context so “the user can easily find and access it.”

Dynamic Resource Access. The user must be able to “search by category, publish information, subscribe to new content, query and analyse information, and plan and execute activities.”


portal

Extensible. The enterprise portal can provide access to all sources, only if it includes a published application programming interface (API) that “developers can use to hook in existing and future applications.”

Collaborative. Users should not only be able to publish documents, but also should be able to annotate existing documents and “create and participate threaded discussions.” When users subscribe to objects, such as reports, spreadsheets and messages, they must have the obligation to “define the format, delivery channel, and alert method.” Only publishers and administrators should be able to give access rights to objects to users or groups.

Customizable. Administrators should have the ability to “configure different permissions for different” users and groups. Nonetheless users must have the possibility to “configure settings appropriate to their own needs.”

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portal

Proactive. “The enterprise portal can be truly empowering only if it provides an infrastructure for proactive activities.” There must be the ability to “subscribe to alert mechanisms, create key-performance-indicator monitors, and create agents for automatic searches, or queries” to keep the user informed.

Secure. As the portal is a bridge between internal and external interactions it “should provide security mechanisms to ensure the privacy and integrity of data.” In fact the organization must “control access at a very granular level—by user, by group, or even by object—and should provide security mechanisms to ensure the privacy and integrity of data.”

Scalable. Most enterprises that use the portal technology are very big and are growing every year, consequently the portal must support “thousands of concurrent requests, hundreds of information sources, and dynamic generation of web pages by thousands of users.” Therefore the architecture behind portals must be very robust and provide capabilities such as “load balancing across multiple servers, intelligent caching, pooled connections, or other performance-enhancing techniques.”

Manageable. “Simple graphical tools must enable administrators to set rapidly up the user interface, establish permissions, and integrate with other resources.” Monitoring, tuning, and content-management tools should also be part of the portal solution.

Personalization and customization

Personalization: dynamically serve customized content (pages, products, recommendations, etc.) to users based on their profiles, preferences, or expected interests;

Personalization v. Customization:

In customization, user controls and customizes the site or the product based on his/her preferences;

usually manual, but sometimes semi-automatic based on a given user profile.

Personalization is done automatically based on the user’s actions, the user’s profile, and (possibly) the profiles of others with “similar” profiles

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Content Customization

Individual customizations are stored as a Profile in an SQL

database based on the user’s Windows logon name.

Individuals manage their Profile settings using the “Edit Your

Profile”, … web page.

The Profile stores the following information about a user:

Content modules

Content layout

Colour scheme

Other preferences

Personalization example

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A simplified scheme for

personalization

Why Personalization?

“Know Thy Customer” and “Knowledge is Power”

“Relationships based on customer insight propel an organization from simply treating customers eciently to treating them relative to their needs, preferences, and value potential. . . .”

“Knowing the customer is paramount in today's marketplace where the customer has more options, greater exibility and higher expectations…”

John C. Nash (Accenture)

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“We’ll bring your event to LIFE”

-fin-

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